Lian Junxiang and Xu Hanyi recently held a press conference in the State Council Press Office. The relevant person in charge of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention said that due to the sharp increase in personnel flow during Spring Festival travel rush, it is expected that the epidemic situation in COVID-19 may rebound to some extent before and after the Spring Festival, and many respiratory diseases will continue to appear alternately or jointly in many parts of the country.

So, what is the toxicity of the new strain JN.1 in COVID-19? Will influenza and COVID-19 cross-infect?

one

The number of people infected with JN.1 strain in China is increasing.

According to the data of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of cases in COVID-19 increased from the end of last year to the beginning of this year.

On January 6th, this year, the number of newly confirmed cases exceeded 10,000 for the first time, reaching 10,684. The number of positive detections in the last week has increased significantly.

At present, the mainstream strain is still EG.5 and its subfamilies, but the number of people infected with the latest JN.1 strain is increasing. As Spring Festival travel rush is coming, the epidemic of the virus may still be variable.

2

The mortality of new strains in COVID-19 is not high.

So, how harmful is the latest JN.1?

According to the global data, the spread of Covid-19 JN.1 is rapid, but the risk has not improved.

JN.1 is a second-generation subfamily of Omicron BA.2.86 mutant, which was first detected in Luxemburg at the end of August last year.

According to the latest data from GISAID, JN.1 began to spread around the world in November last year, and it took only one month to become the global mainstream strain, accounting for 50% of the new cases every day. At present, this proportion has exceeded 70% and spread to at least 59 countries and regions around the world.

The rapid transmission is also reflected in the level of virus activity in wastewater. The higher the value of this indicator, the wider the spread of the virus.

According to the data of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (hereinafter referred to as CDC), the concentration level of Covid-19 in wastewater in the United States was 12.85 in the week of December 30th, reaching the second highest level in history since the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic in the United States.

According to relevant scholars, compared with the previous Covid-19, JN.1 virus has acquired a key new mutation, so its spreading ability is stronger.

Judging from the hospitalization and mortality, the influence of JN.1 did not exceed that of the previous strain.

According to the data of CDC in the United States, in the week of January 6th, there were 35,800 new hospitalized applicants in COVID-19, with an average of about 11 per 100,000 people.

Although the trend has increased, it is not too serious compared with the previous peak. At the beginning of 2022, the number of people applying for hospitalization in the United States due to Covid-19 infection peaked at about 45.5 per 100,000 people, which is 4.4 times of the current level.

Judging from the death situation, the number of people who died of COVID-19 infection in the United States is decreasing.

In the week of January 6th, the number of people who died of Covid-19 infection was 0.3 per 100,000 people. Last year’s peak was 1.2/ 100,000 people, which is also about four times the current level.

If compared with 2020, the gap is bigger, about 26 times as much as the current one.

three

It is unlikely that influenza will merge with COVID-19.

At present, the positive rate of influenza virus detection in China has declined, but among them, the proportion of B-stream is increasing, and the proportion of mixed infection is increasing recently. It may be infected at the same time, or it may be that "A stream is just right and B stream is recruited".

According to the data of China National Influenza Center, in the first week of 2024, the proportion of mixed infection increased to 36%, compared with only 12.4% a month ago.

With the spread of JN.1, will people who have had the flu still be infected with COVID-19?

Judging from the research data, it is possible, but the proportion is not high.

According to a paper published two years ago by scholars from the University of Aix-Marseille, 54 related studies around the world were collected and analyzed, including the data of about 18,000 patients infected with COVID-19.

The results showed that only 0.7% of the patients were co-infected with COVID-19 and influenza, that is to say, only about 140 of the 18,000 patients were co-infected with Covid-19 and influenza virus.

But compared with B-stream, A-stream is more likely to be infected with COVID-19.

The data showed that among 143 patients with concurrent infection, 74% were infected with influenza A, 20% were infected with influenza B, and only one patient was infected with three viruses at the same time, with a low probability. Refined to the age of patients, children are more likely to be infected than adults.

The data shows that the proportion of children with infection is 3.2%, which is about 10 times as much as that of adult patients (0.3%).

four

Complicated with infection or aggravated illness

Although the possibility of concurrent infection is very low, once infected, it may aggravate the condition.

As early as 2021, the national key experiment of virology found that in the experimental mice, co-infection would cause more cells and tissues in the body to be attacked by the virus, which would lead to more serious lung pathological reactions, a large number of cell infiltration and obvious alveolar necrosis [2].

From the comparison of patients’ data, co-infection does lead to more serious symptoms of patients.

According to the paper published by Nanjing Medical University in 2022 [3], compared with patients infected with COVID-19 alone, patients with combined infection are more likely to need a ventilator, and the risk is 2.31 times that of patients infected with alone.

Among them, the risk of using a ventilator with COVID-19 and H1N1 infection is higher, which is 5.04 times that of single infection.

Symptoms mainly focus on respiratory complications, such as acute hypoxic respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart injury and acute kidney injury.

Not only that, patients with infection are also more likely to live in ICU.

Research shows that [3], the risk of patients with co-infection staying in ICU is 2.09 times that of patients with single infection.

According to the paper published in the International Journal of Epidemiology in 2021 [4], in the face of co-infection, the elderly population is more likely to be seriously ill and more likely to cause life-threatening.

For example, among patients aged 50-59, 60% were admitted to ICU after infection, while the proportion of single infection was 24%. In patients aged 80 and above, the proportion of death after infection was 66.7%, which was also higher than that of single infection (46.5%).

However, co-infection may not increase the risk of death. Studies have shown that [3], there is no significant correlation between co-infection status and death.

Including the elderly, children and high-risk groups with basic diseases, it is necessary to pay attention to timely differential diagnosis and take related drugs after symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, so as to alleviate symptoms, shorten the course of disease and reduce the risk of severe illness and hospitalization.

Paper citation:

【1】Dao, T. L., Colson, P., Million, M., & Gautret, P. （2021）. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Virology Plus, 1（3）, 100036.

【2】Bai, L., Zhao, Y., Dong, J., Liang, S., Guo, M., Liu, X., … & Xu, K. （2021）. Coinfection with influenza A virus enhances SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Cell research, 31（4）, 395-403.

【3】Cong, B., Deng, S., Wang, X., & Li, Y. （2022）. The role of respiratory co-infection with influenza or respiratory syncytial virus in the clinical severity of COVID-19 patients: A systema tic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 12.

【4】Stowe, J., Tessier, E., Zhao, H., Guy, R., Muller-Pebody, B., Zambon, M., … & Lopez Bernal, J. （2021）. Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and the impact of coinfection on disease severity: a test-negative design. International Journal of Epidemiology, 50（4）, 1124-1133.

Original title: "The National Disease Control Bureau said that the epidemic situation in COVID-19 may rebound around the Spring Festival, and the harm of new strains is detailed."

Read the original text

Today, many old operators want to switch to more favorable packages, but they can’t. Today, Wen Ku, Director of the Information and Communication Development Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, responded that the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has interviewed the three major operators on this matter, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology requires enterprises to take measures. Unless otherwise agreed in the contract between the two parties, users should not be restricted in their tariff options..

The three major operators have indicated that they will strictly implement the relevant regulations issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and properly handle the problem of restricting the choice of packages by old users. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will pay close attention to the progress of this situation and effectively protect the rights and interests of users.

Recently, many netizens revealed on social platforms that China Unicom will open the old package to self-service package, which can be freely upgraded to Internet packages such as Tencent Dawang Card and Ant Bao Card. China Unicom responded to the reporter of national business daily that Unicom’s existing online and physical channel business processing system has no business processing entrance related to Internet packages, which means that old users have not been supported to switch to Internet packages at will.

However, judging from the reaction of some netizens, some Unicom business halls have taken the lead in supporting old users to freely transfer to Internet packages, but they need to go to the business hall in person. I believe that online self-service should not be far away from us.

The following is the full text of Wen Ku, Director of the Information and Communication Development Department:

China national radio reporter:

Recently, many users have reported that they hope to get access to the Internet package from an economical point of view, because the Internet package can automatically upgrade old users to more favorable new packages, but on the contrary, the operator’s traffic package can’t do this, and automatic product iteration can’t be carried out. Is there any further policy to promote ordinary people to enjoy more new benefits, or is it possible to introduce some policies that allow users to switch between the operator’s package and the Internet package independently?

Wen Ku:

Thanks for asking. We have also noticed the problem you have just reflected in our work, and we have also seen many users report this problem to us. After receiving these feedback from users, we immediately interviewed three enterprises and asked them to take measures to limit users’ tariff options unless otherwise agreed in the contract between the two parties. Here we put forward clear requirements for the three enterprises:

First, enterprises are required to strictly follow the document No.630 issued by the former Ministry in 2006, which is a notice on guaranteeing the option of mobile phone users’ tariff plans, and there is a notice document behind it, which is a notice on the implementation of market-adjusted tariffs for telecommunications services. These two documents have a clear description of this issue. We hope that the three enterprises will strictly follow this document, and will not introduce schemes that restrict old users’ choice of tariffs, and require enterprises to sort out the existing tariff schemes, and rectify them immediately if there is any behavior that restricts users’ choice of tariffs.

Second, enterprises are required to properly handle user-related complaints, and actively communicate and solve the package change requirements put forward by users. For some packages launched in cooperation with third-party Internet companies, enterprises say that they need system transformation, and at present, old users can not directly handle them online. We require basic telecommunications enterprises to provide convenience for users and handle the package change related procedures for users through manual processing.

Third, enterprises are required to make it clear that there is a timetable for the transformation plan of the Internet-related package system, which should be announced to the public in time to realize direct online handling for old users as soon as possible.

After our interview and communication, the three basic telecommunications companies all indicated that they would strictly implement the relevant regulations we have issued and properly handle the problem of restricting the choice of packages for old users. We will pay close attention to the progress of this situation in the future to effectively protect the rights and interests of users.

Thank you.

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【peakDear journalists and friends, good morning. Welcome to the regular press conference of the Ministry of Commerce. Today, I first have four pieces of information that I need to take the initiative to inform you.

I. Development of China’s foreign trade from January to May this year.

Since the beginning of this year, China’s foreign trade development has continued to maintain a steady and positive trend, and its quality and efficiency have been further improved.

It mainly has the following characteristics: from the international market, China’s import and export to traditional markets such as the United States, the European Union, Japan and Hong Kong increased by 5.3%, 7.3%, 4.5% and 6.8% respectively. Imports and exports to countries along the "Belt and Road" increased by 11.1%, which was 2.3 percentage points higher than the overall growth rate; Imports and exports to ASEAN increased by 11.9%, which was 3.1 percentage points higher than the overall growth rate. The country markets with rapid growth are Russia, Indonesia, Vietnam, etc., with growth rates of 18%, 16.5% and 24.4% respectively.

From the perspective of commodity structure, the structure of export products has been continuously optimized. The export of mechanical and electrical products was 3.61 trillion yuan, up 7.9%, 2.4 percentage points higher than the overall growth rate, and the proportion increased by 1.3 percentage points to 58.8%. Some imported commodities achieved rapid growth, and the total import value of 10 categories of bulk commodities such as natural gas, crude oil and coal increased by 10.9%.

From the perspective of business entities, foreign-funded enterprises are still an important force in China’s foreign trade development, with the proportion of private enterprises growing steadily and the import and export of state-owned enterprises developing healthily. The import and export of private enterprises was 4.52 trillion yuan, an increase of 11.7%, accounting for 1 percentage point higher than that of the previous year to 38.9%, and it continued to maintain its position as the largest export business entity; The import and export of state-owned enterprises was 2.11 trillion yuan, up by 13.8%, accounting for 18.1% of China’s total foreign trade. The import and export of foreign-funded enterprises was 4.95 trillion yuan, up 4.3%, accounting for 42.6%.

In terms of trade patterns, the proportion of general trade continued to increase, processing trade increased slightly, and border trade developed rapidly. In the first five months of this year, the import and export of general trade was 6.84 trillion yuan, up by 12.7%, and the proportion increased by 2 percentage points to 58.8%. The import and export of processing trade was 3.09 trillion yuan, up by 1.7%, accounting for 26.5%. Small-scale border trade developed rapidly, with the import and export reaching 104.29 billion yuan, an increase of 15.2%.

From the perspective of domestic regions, the eastern region continues to grow steadily, and the proportion of the central and western regions continues to increase. In the first five months of this year, the import and export of the central and western regions reached 1.81 trillion yuan, an increase of 16.7%, and the proportion increased by 1.1 percentage points to 15.6%. The import and export of the eastern region was 9.82 trillion yuan, an increase of 7.4%, accounting for 84.4%.

Two, about China’s foreign investment cooperation in the first five months.

From January to May 2018, domestic investors in China made non-financial direct investments in 2,987 overseas enterprises in 149 countries and regions around the world, with a cumulative investment of 47.89 billion US dollars, up 38.5% year-on-year, and maintained growth for seven consecutive months. The turnover of foreign contracted projects was US$ 56.88 billion, up 12.9% year-on-year; The amount of newly signed contracts was US$ 85.49 billion, up 13.4% year-on-year. Foreign labor cooperation sent 178,000 laborers of various types, and at the end of May, there were 998,000 laborers abroad, an increase of 69,000 over the same period last year.

In the first five months of this year, China’s foreign investment cooperation maintained a steady and healthy development, mainly with the following characteristics:

First, investment cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road has been steadily advanced. From January to May, Chinese enterprises made new investments in 54 countries along the Belt and Road, totaling 5.93 billion US dollars, up 8.2% year-on-year. The newly signed foreign contracted projects in countries along the "Belt and Road" amounted to 36.22 billion US dollars, accounting for 42.4% of the total in the same period; The completed turnover was USD 30.74 billion, accounting for 54% of the total amount in the same period.

Second, the industrial structure of foreign investment has been continuously optimized, and irrational investment has been effectively curbed. From January to May, foreign investment mainly flowed to leasing and business services, manufacturing, mining, wholesale and retail, accounting for 29.9%, 15%, 12.3% and 7.6% respectively. There are no new projects for foreign investment in real estate, sports and entertainment.

Third, the eastern region is still the main force of foreign investment, and enterprises in the three northeastern provinces are increasingly active. From January to May, the total foreign investment of 10 provinces and cities in the eastern region was US$ 27.72 billion, up 75.4% year-on-year, accounting for 78.1% of local foreign investment. The foreign investment of the three northeastern provinces was US$ 1.43 billion, an increase of 88.2% over the same period of last year.

Fourth, there are many newly signed large-scale projects for foreign contracted projects, which plays an obvious role in promoting exports. From January to May, there were 274 projects with newly signed contracts worth more than 50 million US dollars, totaling 73.08 billion US dollars, accounting for 85.5% of the total newly signed contracts. Foreign contracted projects drove the export of goods to 7.54 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 25.7%.

In the first five months of this year, 3,373 foreign-invested enterprises were put on record or approved by the relevant authorities, with an agreed investment of US$ 45.503 billion from China. Among them, 3,356 non-financial foreign investment enterprises have been registered or approved, and the Chinese agreed investment is 42.015 billion US dollars; 17 financial foreign investment enterprises have been put on record or approved, with an agreed investment of US$ 3.489 billion.

Iii. About the situation of absorbing foreign capital in the first five months of this year.

From January to May 2018, the national absorption of foreign capital mainly has the following characteristics:

First, newly-established enterprises continued to grow rapidly, and the actual use of foreign capital rose slightly. From January to May, 24,026 foreign-invested enterprises were newly established nationwide, with a year-on-year increase of 97.6%. The actually utilized foreign capital was 345.59 billion yuan, up 1.3% year-on-year (equivalent to 52.66 billion US dollars, up 3.6% year-on-year).

In May, 5,024 foreign-invested enterprises were newly established nationwide, up by 106.5% year-on-year; The actual use of foreign capital was 58.81 billion yuan, up 7.6% year-on-year, equivalent to 9.06 billion dollars, up 11.7% year-on-year.

Second, the high-tech manufacturing industry maintained a rapid growth momentum. The actual utilization of foreign capital in manufacturing industry was 100.42 billion yuan, up 12.3% year-on-year, accounting for 29.1%. The actual use of foreign capital in high-tech industries increased by 9.8% year-on-year, accounting for 20.5%. The actual use of foreign capital in high-tech manufacturing industry was 33.69 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 61.9%. Among them, pharmaceutical manufacturing, electronic and communication equipment manufacturing, medical equipment and instrumentation manufacturing increased by 12.3%, 56.4% and 442.3% respectively. The actual utilization of foreign capital in high-tech service industry was 37.24 billion yuan, of which the transformation service of scientific and technological achievements increased by 4.1% year-on-year.

Third, the absorption of foreign capital in the central and western regions continued to grow, and the growth rate of foreign capital in the Pilot Free Trade Zone was ahead of the whole country. The actual utilization of foreign capital in the central region was 24.19 billion yuan, up 40.1% year-on-year, and that in the western region was 22.77 billion yuan, up 11.9% year-on-year. There are 3,358 foreign-invested enterprises newly established in 11 pilot free trade zones, up 10% year-on-year. The actual utilization of foreign capital was 40.78 billion yuan, up 14.1% year-on-year, accounting for 11.8% of the whole country.

Fourth, among the main sources of investment, investment in Singapore, South Korea, Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Macao increased significantly. The actual investment increased by 33.9%, 66.9%, 5.1%, 16.3%, 56.9% and 72% respectively.

The actual amount of foreign investment in ASEAN increased by 38.9% year-on-year; Investment in countries along the Belt and Road increased by 38.8% year-on-year.

Four, about the situation of China’s cultural trade in the first four months of this year.

From January to April 2018, China’s cultural trade and investment grew steadily, and the total import and export of cultural products and services reached US$ 36.96 billion, a year-on-year increase of 13.5%. Among them, the total import and export of cultural products was US$ 25.51 billion, a year-on-year increase of 9%; The total import and export of cultural services was US$ 11.45 billion, up 25.1% year-on-year. The foreign investment of culture, sports and entertainment industry was 730 million US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 7 times, accounting for 2% of China’s total foreign investment. Mainly has the following characteristics:

First, the scale has steadily increased. From January to April, the export of cultural products reached US$ 22.43 billion, a year-on-year increase of 7.3%; Imports reached US$ 3.08 billion, up by 23.7% year-on-year; the trade surplus of cultural products reached US$ 19.35 billion; the export of cultural services reached US$ 2.41 billion, up by 9.4% year-on-year; imports reached US$ 9.04 billion, up by 30% year-on-year; and the trade deficit of cultural services reached US$ 6.63 billion.

Second, the structure tends to be optimized. The import and export of cultural services accounted for 31% of the total cultural trade, an increase of 3 percentage points over the same period last year. In the export of cultural services, license fees for audio-visual and related products, cultural and entertainment services and advertising services increased by 44.1%, 32.3% and 24.6% respectively, accounting for 85% of the export of cultural services, accounting for an increase of 11 percentage points. In the export of cultural products, the export of cultural special equipment and publications with high added value increased by 13.6% and 6% respectively.

Third, the market is more diversified. China exported 4.57 billion US dollars of cultural products to countries along the "Belt and Road", up 10.7% year-on-year, accounting for 20.4% of the total export of cultural products, accounting for an increase of 0.7 percentage points. The export of cultural products to "BRIC countries" such as Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa reached 1.34 billion US dollars, up 35.2% year-on-year.

The above is the information I need to inform you on my own initiative, and I would like to answer the questions raised by journalists and friends below. Please ask questions below.

【CCTV journalistPlease tell us what consensus, achievements and highlights the SCO Qingdao Summit has reached in economic and trade cooperation.

【peakThe Qingdao Summit of the SCO has achieved many achievements in the economic and trade field, which has injected new impetus into regional economic cooperation. Mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

First, continue to promote trade facilitation in the region. During the summit, the heads of member countries jointly issued the Joint Statement on Trade Facilitation, which will promote the process of trade facilitation among member countries and promote the growth of trade by simplifying customs procedures, reducing import and export procedures and improving transparency. The SCO countries actively participate in and support the China International Import Expo to be held in Shanghai in November this year, which will build a strong cooperation platform for expanding inter-regional trade.

The second is to increase efforts to support the cooperation of SMEs. All parties stressed the importance of strengthening cooperation in e-commerce, developing service industry and service trade, and supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and jointly signed a memorandum of understanding to promote cooperation among small and medium-sized enterprises. By supporting exhibition forums and organizing seminars and training, they will promote cooperation among small and medium-sized enterprises in various countries in e-commerce, innovative research and development, and stimulate the potential of regional economic cooperation.

The third is to issue a common voice in support of the multilateral trading system. In the Qingdao Declaration, the heads of member states emphasized their support for improving the global economic governance system, consolidating the multilateral trading system and safeguarding the authority and effectiveness of the World Trade Organization, and issued a unanimous voice against the fragmentation of international trade relations and trade protectionism. Thank you.

【Central Radio and Television General Station Yang Guang reporterOn the issue of the Qingdao Summit of the SCO, we have noticed that the Chairman of the Supreme Leader mentioned that he supports the construction of a demonstration zone for local economic and trade cooperation of the Shanghai, China Cooperation Organization in Qingdao. What specific functions will this demonstration zone undertake? What’s the goal? What are the main areas of cooperation with SCO member States?

【peakEconomic and trade cooperation is an important engine for the development of the SCO. Building a demonstration zone of China-SCO local economic and trade cooperation in Qingdao is to give full play to Qingdao’s geographical advantages and the functional advantages of land-sea combined transport, and to build a new platform for economic and trade cooperation between China and SCO countries. At present, Qingdao is working with relevant departments to further improve the work plan of the demonstration zone, initially considering exploring the mode of two-way interaction at home and abroad, focusing on developing modern service industries such as trade logistics and cross-border e-commerce, and promoting trade and investment cooperation among SCO countries and regions. At the same time, through the demonstration construction of local economic and trade cooperation, China enterprises are encouraged to actively participate in the construction of overseas economic and trade cooperation parks in other SCO countries, carry out cooperation in processing and assembly, agriculture, logistics and other fields, explore convenient customs clearance modes, and build a service platform for two-way trade and investment.

We will actively support the construction of Qingdao Demonstration Zone and promote the pragmatic economic and trade cooperation among SCO countries to achieve new results. Thank you.

【Guoguang reporter from Central Radio and Television General StationPresident Supreme Leader and President Putin held the first meeting between the two heads of state this year in Beijing on the 8 th. What achievements have the two sides made in the economic and trade field during the meeting? What role will it play in promoting bilateral economic and trade relations in the future?

【peakDuring the meeting between the heads of state of China and Russia, China and Russia reached a number of important consensuses on pragmatic economic and trade cooperation, signed a series of pragmatic cooperation documents and achieved fruitful results.

With regard to the connection between the Belt and Road Initiative and the Eurasian Economic Union, the two sides signed the Joint Statement on Completing the Joint Feasibility Study of the Eurasian Economic Partnership Agreement, and will hold consultations on issues related to service trade, investment, e-commerce, economic and technological cooperation, small and medium-sized enterprises and trade in goods in the future negotiations of the Eurasian Economic Partnership Agreement. This will help to promote the establishment of a comprehensive, high-level trade and investment liberalization arrangement in Europe and Asia that will be open to other economies in the future.

In terms of trade and investment, the two sides signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Field of E-commerce, and agreed to set up an e-commerce cooperation working group to strengthen cooperation in policies and regulations, information exchange, local cooperation, joint research and e-commerce platforms. It will create favorable conditions for the development of cross-border e-commerce trade between the two countries. In addition, the two sides also signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Strengthening Investment Cooperation, agreeing to promote the implementation of key investment cooperation projects and support small and medium-sized enterprises to strengthen investment cooperation.

In terms of strategic large-scale projects, the two sides signed seven documents on four projects in the nuclear field, and decided to cooperate on major projects such as demonstration fast reactors. This is by far the largest cooperation project in the nuclear field between the two countries, which will strongly promote bilateral trade and industrial cooperation. In the space field, the two sides signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Field of Moon and Deep Space Exploration. In the field of transportation, the two sides signed an intergovernmental agreement on international road transport, which will further promote the facilitation of international road transport.

Generally speaking, the economic and trade achievements reached during the meeting between the heads of state of China and Russia are fruitful, which fully reflects the close economic and trade relations between the two countries and lays a solid foundation for the level of economic and trade cooperation between the two countries to reach a new level in the new era. Thank you.

【Economic information daily reporter】 At the beginning of June, the the State Council executive meeting decided to substantially reduce the tariffs on imported goods, including washing machines and refrigerators. I would like to ask the Ministry of Commerce, this year is 40 years of reform and opening up. What will be the next step in increasing exports?

【peakWhile actively expanding imports, we will also strive to promote exports, promote superior import and export of foreign trade, and achieve balanced development.

As we all know, export has been an important driving force of the national economy for 40 years since the reform and opening up, and it is known as one of the "Troika" and plays an irreplaceable role in China’s economic development and industrial upgrading. Since 2009, China has become the world’s largest exporter of goods.

In the new era, China’s economy has entered a stage of high-quality development, and exports are also facing the problem of high-quality development. In the next step, China’s export development will not simply pursue scale and speed, but pay more attention to quality and efficiency. In terms of endogenous motivation, we will focus on cultivating new advantages in export competition, no longer at the expense of resources and environment, nor simply relying on low-cost human resources, but highlighting new core competitiveness such as technology, brand and service. In terms of export market, we will continue to promote market diversification, increase the development of emerging markets, and meet the diversified needs of different markets.

In short, we will strive to promote the transformation of China’s exports from scale and speed to quality and efficiency, and continue to play a role in promoting the high-quality development of the national economy. Thank you.

【Shanghai securities news reporterLast Friday, the customs released the import and export data for May, which showed that the trade surplus of goods in the first five months reached 99.67 billion US dollars, and the data released earlier by the Ministry of Commerce showed that the deficit of service trade in the first four months had reached 88.24 billion US dollars. Therefore, some analysts say that the deficit of service trade may exceed the surplus of goods trade from January to May, and the deficit of service trade in the whole year may exceed $300 billion. May I ask the spokesman, what do you think of the expanding trend of the current service trade deficit? What specific measures will the Ministry of Commerce take to promote the development of service trade?

【peakThe trade situation is closely related to a country’s industrial development level and market demand. At present, the development of China’s service trade conforms to the universal law of international economic and trade development, and also reflects the level and stage of China’s economic development.

From the international experience, it is a universal law that there is a service trade deficit in the process of transformation of manufacturing powers. I have a set of figures here: since statistics were available in 1980, the service trade between Japan and Germany has been in deficit for 36 consecutive years. In 1999, Germany’s service trade deficit reached a peak of $60 billion, accounting for 27% of that year’s service trade. In 1990, Japan’s service trade deficit accounted for 34% of service trade. It is predicted that in the next few years, China’s service trade deficit will still expand, and it may develop to a certain extent before it gradually narrows.

Domestically, the service trade deficit is the result of the dual needs of China’s industrial transformation and upgrading and residents’ consumption upgrading. As China’s economy enters the stage of high-quality development, the demand for high-quality service trade products is also increasing. For example, in certain industries such as intellectual property, the demand is increasing rapidly, and the trade deficit is also expanding. On the one hand, it shows that China’s market potential is huge; on the other hand, it should be noted that the overall competitiveness of China’s service industry is still far behind that of developed countries.

In the next step, we will take promoting the healthy development of service trade as an important part of building a trade power, better promote the overall development of the national economy in the new era, and meet consumers’ demand for high-quality services.

First, actively promote pilot demonstrations from point to area. On the basis of summing up the pilot experience, we will promote the relevant experience to the whole country as soon as possible. The second is to cultivate new formats and models and accelerate the digitalization of service trade. Third, build the national brand of "China Service" and cultivate China’s own comprehensive service providers. We hope that through efforts, China’s service trade will be upgraded in scale, its structure will be continuously optimized, and its competitiveness will be continuously enhanced, thus forming a new competitive advantage of China’s open economy in the new era. Thank you.

【China news service reporterWe noticed that China’s foreign trade continued to grow at a high level in May. Some analysts believe that the effect of export preemption before the United States imposed tariffs on China was obvious. What do you think of this issue?

【peakIn the first five months of this year, China’s foreign trade continued to maintain a stable and positive trend and achieved steady and rapid development, which was the result of the joint action of many factors. First, the demand in the international market is picking up. Since the beginning of this year, the international economy has continued on the track of recovery. According to the forecast of the World Trade Organization, the growth of global trade volume will reach 4.4% in 2018, exceeding the growth rate of the global economy for two consecutive years. Secondly, the core competitiveness of China’s foreign trade is constantly increasing. Despite the pressure of rising factor costs, the transfer of some industries and the competition from other economies, China’s foreign trade is still actively transformed and upgraded under the impetus of the market, and its competitiveness is constantly improved in many aspects such as product quality, grade, brand and service. Third, the rapid growth of imports has also driven the overall growth of foreign trade. With the release of consumption potential in the domestic market and the rising prices of some commodities, China’s imports increased by 12.6% in the first five months of this year, driving the growth of overall foreign trade.

As for the phenomenon of grabbing exports due to your concern about changes in the trade environment, according to our understanding, there are such cases, and some enterprises have increased the number of short orders to avoid risks. But this is not the mainstream and will not affect the steady and healthy development of China’s foreign trade. We will continue to work hard to create a trade environment conducive to transformation and high-quality development for enterprises. Thank you. Here’s the last question.

【Macao Australia Asia TV reporterForeign media reported that the French Prime Minister will visit China at the end of the month. Would you please tell us about the current economic and trade situation between China and France? I’d also like to ask you to introduce the consultation plan on WTO reform submitted by France to China. How will China and France jointly speak out against trade protectionism?

【peakWith regard to Sino-French economic and trade cooperation, since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and France, bilateral economic and trade cooperation has developed steadily. In March 2014, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader paid a successful state visit to France, which ushered in a new era of close and lasting comprehensive strategic partnership between the two countries. Bilateral economic and trade relations accelerated in an all-round way and gradually formed an all-round, wide-ranging and multi-level cooperation pattern. At present, France is China’s fourth largest trading partner, the fourth largest source of actual investment, the third largest investment destination and the second largest technology importer in the EU. China is the largest trading partner of France in Asia. In 2017, the bilateral trade volume between China and France reached US$ 54.46 billion, up 15.4% year-on-year, of which China exported US$ 27.67 billion, up 12.1% year-on-year and imported US$ 26.79 billion, up 19.1% year-on-year. In the first four months of this year, the bilateral trade volume between China and France reached US$ 18.64 billion, up 22.5% year-on-year, of which China exported US$ 9.34 billion, up 16.9% year-on-year. China imported 9.3 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 28.7%. The cooperation between the two sides in energy, aviation, pension, environmental protection, finance and other fields is increasingly close.

At present, China has not received the French consultation plan on the reform of the World Trade Organization. As an important member of the European Union, France has always actively supported free trade and opposed trade protectionism. China is willing to make joint efforts with France to safeguard the multilateral trading system, oppose trade protectionism and promote the sustained and healthy development of trade liberalization and economic globalization.

Today’s press conference is over, thank you.

　　There are 19 liquor stocks in A shares, with a total market value of over 1 trillion as of May 5 this year. Who would have thought that after 26 trading days, the market value of only four leading stocks has exceeded one trillion. Yesterday, the market value of Kweichow Moutai was 594.2 billion, once again exceeding the market value of China Life Insurance of 593 billion.

　　Yesterday, the growth rate of the wine-making sector slowed down, only rising by 0.4%, ranking fourth from the bottom in the industry sector, but the market value of its four leading stocks has exceeded one trillion. Beijing Youth Daily reporter noted that as of yesterday’s close, the market values of Kweichow Moutai, Wuliangye, Yanghe and LU ZHOU LAO JIAO CO.,LTD were 594.232 billion, 207.601 billion, 136.91 billion and 71.347 billion respectively, with a total market value of 1,010.09 billion, approaching the total market value of China Agricultural Bank of China of 1,026.2 billion yuan.

　　There are 19 liquor stocks in A shares, with a total market value of over 1 trillion as of May 5 this year. Who would have thought that after 26 trading days, the market value of only four leading stocks has exceeded one trillion. It is also known that the total output of A-share liquor companies in 2016 was 1,354,800 tons, accounting for 10% of the national output; The total revenue related to liquor of these 19 listed liquor enterprises was 120.2 billion, and the net profit was 36.455 billion, with an average liquor gross profit margin of 67.07% and an average net profit margin of 18.57%.

　　It is worth mentioning that the share price of Kweichow Moutai hit a new closing high yesterday, reaching 473.04 yuan, and its market value not only surpassed Sinopec, but also surpassed China Life again. Yesterday, the market value of China Life was 593 billion yuan. This is the second time that the market value of Kweichow Moutai has surpassed that of China Life Insurance. As early as April 18th this year, the intraday share price of Kweichow Moutai broke through 400 yuan and reached a record high. At the close, Maotai closed at 404.65 yuan, with a stock increase of 2.24%. Its market value reached 508.3 billion yuan, surpassing China Life Insurance, and its A shares ranked sixth. Based on the closing price on April 18th, the market value of China Life was 500.806 billion yuan, while that of Maotai was 508.320 billion yuan, surpassing that of China Life.

　　On June 10th, Sinopec, which refined hundreds of millions of tons of oil, was defeated by Maotai, which brewed tens of thousands of tons of wine. As of the close of the day, Kweichow Moutai, with a market value of 585.062 billion yuan, surpassed China Petrochemical’s A-share market value of 583.858 billion yuan, ranking sixth in the total A-share market value.

　　On the occasion of the second anniversary of the stock market crash in 2015, the market value of Maotai was only in the early 200 billion. Since then, it has started the "runaway" mode: in 2016, there were only three negative lines on the monthly line, and in 2017, the monthly line was all positive. In July 2016, the stock price broke through 300 yuan with a market value of 394.5 billion yuan; After a small finishing, Kweichow Moutai continued to move upwards, driving the wine-making sector to attack across the board. On April 20th this year, Kweichow Moutai’s share price rose to the top of 400 yuan in one fell swoop, becoming the highest-priced A-share stock, with a market value of about half of Guizhou’s GDP, surpassing Diageo, the world’s veteran champion of spirits, with a market value of 509.68 billion yuan, and becoming the world’s most valuable winery.

　　The market believes that the recent surge in the market value of Maotai is not unrelated to its large-scale operation of Maotai College. Maotai College, sponsored by Guizhou, China Maotai Distillery (Group) Co., Ltd., is a non-profit private college at the undergraduate level, which is positioned as an application-oriented college. The number of full-time students is tentatively set at 5,000, and the first five undergraduate majors are brewing engineering, grape and wine engineering, food quality and safety, resource recycling science and engineering and marketing.

　　Although Kweichow Moutai has hit record highs, brokers still give it a higher target price and rating. Pacific Securities’ neutral expectation gives Maotai 25 times PE, with a corresponding market value of 860 billion and a corresponding stock price of 685 yuan. TF Securities gave Maotai a 27-fold valuation in 2018 and raised its 12-month target price to 615 yuan; China Merchants Securities maintains its target price of 500 yuan according to 22 times PE in 2018 and continues to strongly recommend it; On the other hand, Shen Wanhongyuan slightly raised its profit forecast based on Maotai’s first quarterly report exceeding expectations, with a one-year target price of 520 yuan, which is 24 times the performance of the 2018 report.

　　Text/reporter Liu Shenliang

　　【Pacific auto network new car channel】 Leiling dual-engine version was officially launched today (October 29). There are four different configurations for the two engines, all of which are equipped with the power combination of 1.8L+ motor.The price range is 139,800-159,800 yuan.. Please see the following table for the specific price:

　　In terms of appearance, the dimensions of the body of the Leiling dual-engine version are 4630mm×1775mm×1485mm and the wheelbase is 2700mm respectively. According to the configuration list of exposure, the whole system of Rayling dual-engine edition comes standard with, LED and function. 16-inch tires, automatic headlights and keyless entry are the configurations of medium and high-end models. Except for the lowest model, all other models are equipped with skylights.

　　In terms of interior configuration, the new car is fully equipped with paddles, but other configurations, such as,, one-button lifting of the driver’s seat window, central control screen and Bluetooth, are the leading and deluxe versions. And the navigation system with G-Book is exclusive to the top luxury model.

　

　　In terms of safety configuration, the ralink dual-engine version is in place, and the whole system comes standard, and the front row, front side and head are also standard. Only the entry version of the two models do not have reversing images, and the other high-end cars have this configuration. The back row space of the Lei Ling hybrid version is the same as that of the regular version. However, due to the addition of batteries, the trunk depth of the Lei Ling hybrid version is shorter than that of the normal version, and the backrest of the rear seat cannot be placed.

　　The Lei Ling hybrid version is equipped with a hybrid system consisting of a 1.8L Atkinson gasoline engine and an electric motor, with an engine of 73kW(99PS) and a peak torque of 142Nm；. Matching 53kW(72Nm) and torque of 207Nm. The comprehensive maximum power of the hybrid system is 100kW(136PS), and the official comprehensive fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is 4.2L/100km.

● Edit summary

　　As a brother model, the two-engine version of Ralink is basically the same in space and performance as the two-engine version just listed yesterday. As the first model to be adopted at the same level, the strength of the Leiling dual-engine version is quite good. As for who to choose between Ralink and Corolla, it depends on your eyes.

　

● Competitive product analysis

　　Ralink Shuangqing is the first car in its class to introduce hybrid technology. The only competitors who are really equal are its own brother Corolla Shuangqing, which was listed the day before. As for who to choose between Ralink and Corolla, it depends on who you prefer. If you have difficulty choosing, draw lots. From a broader perspective, it seems that the subsidized product is one of the competing products of Leiling Shuangqing, but I think that Qin’s greatest competitiveness lies in the fact that it is convenient to obtain an iron brand in the city. There is a big difference between the two, and there is no direct competition. As for the non-hybrid vehicles with the same price, there are different opinions on power, configuration and fuel consumption, and technology. (Text: Pacific Auto Network Micco)

　

　　　　　　 Cctv newsRecently, the staff of Dalongtan Golden Monkey Field Research Base in Shennongjia, Hubei Province tracked and monitored the monkeys and found that a female monkey in the golden monkey population, a national first-class protected animal, successfully gave birth to the first golden monkey baby in the base this year.

　　　　　　 According to the relevant person in charge of the Dalongtan Golden Monkey Field Research Base, golden monkeys give birth from the beginning of March to the end of May every year, and females are generally pregnant from August to October in the first year, and the pregnancy period is nearly 200 days. Every female monkey usually gives birth once every two years, and it takes a year for the female monkey to feed the little golden silk monkey. In order to ensure that the mother monkey recovers as soon as possible and secretes enough milk to feed the baby monkey, the base adjusts the food supply type for the mother monkey, and sends special personnel to observe and monitor the mother monkey and the baby monkey around the clock.

　　　　　　 According to the statistics of the base, the population of golden monkey in Shennongjia has increased from 8 in 2005 to 10, and the number has increased from more than 1,280 to more than 1,470, and the habitat area has increased from 210 square kilometers to 354 square kilometers.

China Consumer News Beijing News(Reporter)Wu bofeng) On September 5th, under the guidance of insurance association of china, with the support of China Automotive Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. and China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Automotive Technology Research and Test Center (Beijing) Co., Ltd. evaluated eight models according to the regulations of China Insurance Automobile Safety Index 2023.

It is reported that this is the first release of the evaluation results of China Insurance Automobile Safety Index in 2024, involving eight models, including Ideal MEGA, BMW i5, Ai ‘an Haobo HT, Xiaomi SU7, Toyota Corolla Ruifang, Extreme Krypton 007, Ideal L6 and Jianghuai Ruifeng RF8. Specifically, the number of SUVs and cars is three, and the other two are MPV models, of which six are new energy vehicles.

The evaluation results show that the sub-indexes of crashworthiness and maintenance economy are good (A) for six models and average (M) for two models. Among them, in terms of structural crashworthiness score, BMW i5 got excellent evaluation, and the evaluation result was zero defect; In terms of maintainability score, one model received excellent evaluation, and three models, such as Xiaomi SU7 and Toyota Corolla Ruifang, received good evaluation; In terms of collision compatibility, four models, such as Ideal MEGA and JAC Ruifeng RF8, received excellent evaluation.

In the sub-index of occupant safety, the evaluation results of seven models are excellent (G) and above, and five of them are excellent +(G+). In the driver’s side 25% offset collision condition, the proportion of vehicles with excellent evaluation is 100%; In the passenger side 25% offset collision condition, seven models, such as Xiaomi SU7 and BMW i5, received excellent evaluation, and the evaluation results were all zero defects. In the frontal 50% offset collision condition, there are 7 models with excellent evaluation, of which 4 models have zero defects; In the case of side impact, there are 7 models with excellent evaluation, and the evaluation results of 6 models are zero defects; In the roof strength condition, the proportion of vehicles with excellent evaluation is 100%; In the seat/headrest working condition, the proportion of vehicles with excellent evaluation is 100%.

In addition, the safety sub-index of drivers and pedestrians, the evaluation results of eight models are excellent (G) and above, among which seven models get excellent +(G+).

Vehicle auxiliary safety sub-index, 8 models all got excellent (G) and above, among which 5 models got excellent +(G+). Among them, 7 models are equipped with AEB function as standard, with an equipment rate of 87.5%, and 7 models are equipped with emergency rescue service function, with an equipment rate of 87.5%.

　　　 [XCAR Information Original]

　　　　Chevrolet recently officially released the details of the 2012 Corvette. The interior of the new car is equipped with new seats, a modified steering wheel and a center console with padding. Options include a doctor’s stereo, a suit with GPS navigation and colored brake calipers (available in red, yellow, silver and gray).

Chevrolet corvette

Chevrolet corvette

　　　　Corvette Z06 can provide high-performance kit, electromagnetic adjustable suspension control device, carbon fiber hood and Michelin Pilot Sport Cup tires. The ZR1 can provide a new PDE high-performance package, including a rear spoiler with the same width and new aluminum wheels. In addition, the transmission of the car has been improved and the transmission ratio is higher, so the fuel economy can be improved by 2 miles per gallon. The car factory did not announce the price, but only said that the 2012 Corvette will be put into mass production in July.

Chevrolet corvette

Chevrolet corvette

Chevrolet corvette

Chevrolet corvette

　　　　Editor’s comment:Chevrolet 2012 Corvette has more outstanding driving performance and handling, while the interior has been further improved, paying more attention to performance and comfort.

　　Dong Jun Gong

　　In the college entrance examination season in June, students from all over the country charged the university. Throughout the ages, it is quite difficult to stand out in a wide range of examination selection. When it comes to the ancient examination system, people generally think of the imperial examination system. In fact, the imperial examination system, which was popular in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, is no less difficult than the imperial examination system. After evolution, this system gradually transited from "taking people by virtue" and "taking people by name" to "taking people by articles", and gradually changed from personal recommendation to unified examination. The reason for this change is that under the situation of "one in a million", the unified examination of "judging people by their articles" can ensure fairness to the greatest extent.

　　In Qing Dynasty, Liang Yi painted "Guanbang Tujuan"

　　Difficult subject

　　Emphasize the morality of Confucian classics

　　The imperial examination system, which was established in the Western Han Dynasty, passed through the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and was replaced by the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty. It has existed for more than 780 years in the history of China, and it is one of the most important official selection systems. The procuratorial system selects talents to be officials by means of inspection and recommendation. After the implementation of Chaju in Emperor Gao of the Western Han Dynasty, after continuous improvement and revision in Wen Jingwu’s three dynasties, a hundred schools of Confucianism were ousted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and a relatively complete inspection subject was gradually established, which is the so-called "four subjects" in later generations, namely: filial piety, virtue, scholar and different subjects. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to avoid the taboo of Emperor Liu Xiu, the scholar was changed to Mao Cai. These subjects are not difficult to understand today. Filial piety is a filial people and a relatively honest official. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was collectively called filial piety. Virtuous and scholar are roughly literal, focusing on Confucian cultivation and moral conduct. Different subjects are talents in astronomy, calendar, financial management, water control and grain storage. It can be said that the early inspection focused on the study of classics and morality, but relatively little on the skills needed for government operation.

　　Why is this happening? It’s not that that era didn’t pay attention to technical talents, which was caused by specific historical conditions. On the one hand, Confucianism catered to the emperor’s idea of ruling the world at that time, on the other hand, Confucianism had a more perfect theory of governing the country by the family than other theories. After it became a political theory adopted by the rulers, the selection of officials was carried out according to the standards required by Confucianism.

　　For example, filial piety, the core subject of Chaju, has a cornerstone significance in Confucian ethics. In addition to Emperor Liu Bang and Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu, emperors of the Han Dynasty all carried the word "filial piety" after their death in posthumous title. Then, from top to bottom, filial piety has also become the primary standard for scholars. However, when it comes to Chaju, it is not particularly serious whether an individual really has filial piety, as long as it conforms to the general ethics, and there is no need for excessive filial piety like Wang Xiang’s lying on the ice seeking carp or Guo Ju’s burying his son. For example, Shi Dan, the minister of Yuan Dynasty, Cheng Dynasty and Ai Dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty, was called Xiao Lian when he was young, and his filial piety was not specifically recorded in The Biography of Shi Dan in Hanshu. The real reason for being chaju is that he studied under Kuang Heng, a master of Confucian classics, specializing in the Book of Songs, one of the five Confucian classics, and his accomplishments in Confucian classics are very profound.

　　At that time, Confucian classics was the stepping stone to be an official. Under the strong stimulation of the procuratorial system, Confucian scholars everywhere devoted themselves to the study of Confucian classics with unprecedented passion. The wind of learning Confucianism in Shandong is particularly strong. In Dongping, there was a master Confucian named Xiahou Sheng, who was proficient in Shangshu. Later, the official was a teacher and was deeply respected by Emperor Xuandi of Han Dynasty. He lived to be 90 years old. After his death, the Queen Mother personally gave him 2 million yuan for his funeral, and all Confucian scholars in the world followed his example. Xiahou Sheng often teaches his students, saying, "If you have a clear understanding of the art, you will get blue and purple, which is like a handful of mustard ears. If you don’t know the classics, it’s better to go back to farming. " It’s easy to learn the Five Classics well, but it’s better to go home and farm if you don’t learn well. Although this statement is a bit too materialistic, it really hit the point that the imperial examination system at that time was mainly based on Confucianism, so it became the consensus of Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty.

　　However, will it lead to the weakening of the skills of the talent team if we just focus on the Five Classics? The answer is yes. In the Han Dynasty, the inspection of the officials of grammar has been carried out simultaneously, and professional skills such as "the skill of the first king in the Ming Dynasty", "the disaster of Yin and Yang in the Ming Dynasty", "the doctor", "the man who knows the art of war" and "managing the prison" have been introduced, and a certain number of officials have been selected to meet the needs of government operation. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped the political power to punish the shortcomings of the abnormal emphasis on Confucian classics in the Yuan Dynasty, and suddenly launched a series of new subjects, such as notifying Yijing, ancient records, astronomy, calendar calculation, clock rhythm, primary school, history, alchemy, materia medica, etc., which were recommended by thousands of people all over the country at once, setting the highest in the Han Dynasty. Wang Mang is notorious for usurping the Han Dynasty, but his reform measures are not all groundless, and some are also adjustments made for social problems. Later, Liu Xiu recreated Liu Han, and some of Wang Mang’s practices were changed and retained, such as Yin-Yang studies, celestial calendar calculations, laws and so on, which were all inherited.

　　Wei Ji, minister of Cao Weishi, wrote that there were too few judges selected in the inspection, and it was not enough to rely on the limited annual supplement, and the social orientation was wrong, which was biased against the judges. Wei Ji said: "Criminals are contemptible; The jailer, and the user is humble. " Emperor Cao Wei attached great importance to this proposal, so he set up a doctor of law in Tingwei Department as a supplement to the inspection. In modern terms, it is probably called "training by industry". Later, they became accustomed to each other and continued until the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

　　Fewer places

　　One in 200,000 people.

　　According to the inspection system, the vast majority of those who are inspected can be officials, which was called "releasing brown" in ancient times, that is, taking off the cloth and wearing the official uniform of "wearing purple and yellow". Because of its good prospects, it is very difficult to be selected.

　　The first difficulty is that there are too few places. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, each county and country inspected two people every year. The country was a vassal state set up by the princes of the Western Han Dynasty. After the deduction, the number of counties owned by the vassal state was slightly less than that of counties, which was roughly the same as that of counties. The number of counties and countries in the Western Han Dynasty increased with the increasing population, with 103 counties and countries in the Han Dynasty. Roughly speaking, there are only 206 examiners in China every year. Not only less, but also unfair. The population distribution among counties and countries is uneven. For example, there are as many as 2.596 million people in Runan County (now Zhumadian, Henan Province, south of Zhoukou), while there are only 219,000 people in Jiangxia County (now east of Wuhan, Hubei Province), with a difference of more than ten times, but the number of people in Chaju is two. Later, the Eastern Han Dynasty made adjustments. According to the head count, every 200,000 people were inspected once a year, small counties with less than 200,000 people were inspected once every two years, and pocket counties with less than 100,000 people were inspected once every three years. In addition, we will take care of the border areas. In the border counties, there will be one person in three years with less than 50,000 people, one person in two years with less than 100,000 people, and one person in each year with more than 100,000 people. Even according to this ratio, the peak population of the Eastern Han Dynasty is about 50 million, and the number of Chaju people is between 250 and 300. 200,000 people choose one, which is fierce competition.

　　Secondly, the difficulty lies in the selection method. The implementer of the inspection tour is called the advocate, and is generally filled by the chiefs of the three offices and nine ministries, as well as senior officials such as the county chief. The selection method is mainly based on usual understanding and face-to-face conversation. This means that ordinary people want to enter the sight of the Lord, or they are always very virtuous and talented, and their reputation is far-reaching, so as to attract the attention of senior officials and dignitaries. Otherwise, the fragrance of wine is afraid of the depth of the alley, and even if it is full of knowledge, it will inevitably be buried for life. In order to make the investigation well-founded, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote a letter to clarify four specific standards: first, noble virtue, innocent ambition; The second is to learn to practice, and to be a doctor in the middle school; Third, the Ming-da law is enough to make a decision, to ask questions about the case, and to make suggestions in the text; Fourth, he is resolute and resourceful, and he is not confused by things, and he is clear enough to make a decision before he is appointed as a third assistant. Although it is still a little more ambitious and lacks practical skills, it has made great progress than the Western Han Dynasty. Because Liu Xiu started from the bottom, he paid more attention to practical ability. However, the top-level design is good. When it is used, the emperor can’t always pay attention to the grassroots. The actual selection of the inspection is mostly operated by the county guards, and people who rely on impressions and relationships are everywhere.

　　According to Ying Shao’s "Customs Pass" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a sheriff named V Shigong who took care of his "same age" when he was in Chaju, that is, his colleague who was an official in Chaju in the same year. The Fifth Duke worked as a satrap in Guanghan, and the eldest son of Uncle Liao, Duan Jiu, who was the same age as Situ Changshi, went to Nanyang as a satrap. He also took Cai Yan, the younger brother and son of Cai Boqi, the satrap of Donglai, as officials. Uncle Duan Liao’s family had two sons, the eldest son Duan was dull and mediocre, while the second son Duan Kun was outstanding. The fifth generation of the public recommended the bad and eliminated the good, probably to solve the problem of the eldest son’s career advancement for Duan’s family. The Cai family has produced two filial piety for two years in a row. How can it not be criticized when the number of places in the inspection is so small? Cai Zan was fourteen years old, and he was not qualified for the official position at all. In order to avoid revealing the facts, the Cai family made him say that he was ill. After four years, at the age of eighteen, he was appointed as Pingchun Chang (the county magistrate of a small county). He had no work experience and had to write to ask for a new post of Suwei.

　　There are many frauds

　　Examination system to prevent corruption

　　In the Han Dynasty, the children of civilians were limited by the number of places and methods, so it was difficult to be inspected, and it was normal to leave pearls in the wild. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, due to the great development of the gentry class, Confucianism temporarily fell into a low tide, and the evaluation system marked by the Nine-grade Official Law sprang up suddenly. There were no poor people in the top grade and no gentry in the bottom grade, and the qualification of inspection was basically monopolized by the gentry. It was even more difficult for ordinary people to be an official through inspection. Some people of insight realized the problem and began to carry out reforms.

　　The symbolic reform is the Yangjia new system initiated by Zuo Xiong, the minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The first year of Emperor Shundi Yangjia in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 132) was the 107th year of the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Over the past hundred years, the aristocratic strongmen became more and more powerful, and the procuratorial system was influenced by the aristocratic strongmen. The phenomenon of favoritism, trust between your officials and unfairness in procuratorial work became more and more serious, and bureaucratic families such as four generations, three generations and three generations appeared frequently. Some honest officials came forward to oppose cheating in the inspection and almost paid the price of their lives. For example, Shi Bi, the chief of Hedong County, flatly refused Hou Lan’s request for help, and also killed the person who sent a message to Hou Lan as an example, resolutely defending the fundamental principle of "choosing people to serve the country" in the procuratorial system. Hou Lan became angry from embarrassment, colluded with senior officials such as Si Li, a captain and Ting Wei, put Shi Bi on death row and abandoned the city on charges (that is, put to death in public). Fortunately, a man named Wei Shao, Xiao Lian, felt sorry for Shi Bi’s integrity and sold his property to raise money to bribe Hou Lan, so as to be exempted from Shi Bi’s capital crime.

　　This extreme event was a big outbreak of the drawbacks of the procuratorial system in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which forced the Han court to make adjustments. Shangshu ordered Zuo Xiong to change the inspection system. There are two core policies: First, set an age limit. Generally, the object of inspection should be at least 40 years old. If it is true that "there are talents in different professions", you can also make an exception. The second is to establish an examination system, "all students try their best to learn the family law, and officials teach notes." This means that Confucian scholars should examine Confucian classics, while literati should examine the skills of writing chapters and laws.

　　The age limit is not unusual, and the examination system is a milestone breakthrough in the inspection system. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were occasional examinations on Confucian classics, but they were sporadic and rare, and any emperor held them once on a whim, and there was no definite law. Zuo Xiong established it as a law, which greatly increased the certainty and regularity of operation, so that everyone could compete according to a relatively clear rule. This article is to prevent the powerful families from hooking up with each other and asking for help. After the implementation of the new Yangjia system, Zuo Xiong personally checked the implementation of each county. Because Jiyin County rashly recommended a filial piety who was under 40, Zuo Xiong initiated a check and rectification, and dismissed more than ten officials, including Hu Guang, the satrap of Jiyin who violated the inspection system. After that, all localities were afraid of it for more than ten years, and the inspection atmosphere in the Han Dynasty was one of them.

　　The system of "Nine Grades" is a reform made by Cao Wei in another direction. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a bad tendency, that is, to raise officials by name. In order to win the attention of officials, many people do whatever it takes to create filial piety, talent and so-called festivals to attract the attention of officials. For example, there were three brothers, Xu Jing, Xu Yan and Xu Pu, in Huiji County during the Han and Emperor Dynasties. Xu Jing thought of a clever plan to make all three brothers win high fame. He occupied the fertile farmland mansion and a large number of slaves at home, and his two younger brothers earned very little, which earned him the reputation of "Kerang" and was recommended by the county. Xu Jing then returned the property of his two younger brothers three times, which in turn won the name of filial friend. He actually succeeded in deceiving the county chief and was also recommended. This kind of filth has seriously damaged the atmosphere of inspection and examination, and its root lies in the fact that the right to evaluate the reputation of scholars is exercised by the people, and the official can’t control it, which leads to oversight. Jiupin Zhengzhi system was established to correct this deviation, and its system soul is to set up Zhengzhi officials in various counties and counties, and to take the scholars’ evaluation power back to the official. It’s just that this system is born with the gene of serving the gentry. After its implementation, it has not only failed to get rid of the disadvantages of choosing scholars by name, but has become a tool to safeguard the privileges of the gentry, which is a big violation of the original intention of the inspection.

　　There were also some reforms in the procuratorial system in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but the direction became clearer and clearer. Taking people by virtue and fame is becoming secondary because of strong subjectivity, while taking people by literature and taking people by ability is becoming more and more important, especially in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the Southern Dynasties, the system of strategic examination and examination was established, the procedure of selecting officials was more and more rigorous, and the examination direction was more and more focused on practice and literary talent, which was the embryonic form of the imperial examination system.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Fuzhou, July 9 (Reporter Wu Jianfeng) In the midsummer season, many places in Fujian have continuously issued high-temperature orange warnings. Fujian Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security recently issued a notice, in order to reduce the impact of continuous high temperature weather on the work and health of employees, all employers should arrange their work scientifically and reasonably, and pay the high temperature allowance in full, and they should not take the way of offsetting it with heatstroke prevention and cooling drinks.

　　According to the regulations, if all employers arrange for workers to engage in outdoor open-air operations in hot weather above 35 degrees Celsius and cannot take effective measures to reduce the workplace temperature below 33 degrees Celsius, they should pay high-temperature allowances to workers. May is calculated according to the actual high temperature days in 12 yuan/day, and June to September is calculated according to the 260 yuan/month or the actual high temperature days in 12 yuan/day.

　　The relevant person in charge of the labor inspection department of Fujian Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security said that in addition to granting high-temperature allowance according to regulations, all employers should arrange their work scientifically and reasonably according to production characteristics and specific conditions, and take measures such as appropriately increasing the rest time of workers and reducing outdoor operations during high-temperature periods to ensure safe production. If the daily maximum temperature reaches 40 degrees Celsius or above, the employing unit shall stop outdoor open-air operations on that day; When the maximum daily temperature reaches 37 degrees Celsius or above and 40 degrees Celsius or below, the employer shall not arrange outdoor open-air operations for workers for more than 6 hours, and the continuous operation time shall not exceed the national regulations, and outdoor open-air operations shall not be arranged within 3 hours of the maximum temperature; When the daily maximum temperature reaches more than 35 degrees Celsius and less than 37 degrees Celsius, the employer shall take shifts and take turns to shorten the continuous working time of the workers, and shall not arrange the outdoor workers to work overtime.

　　In the next step, the human and social departments at all levels in Fujian Province will organize employers to carry out self-examination and self-correction on the implementation of the high temperature allowance regulations. Further unblock the channels for reporting and complaining, and accept and investigate violations of working hours and high temperature allowances during hot weather according to law. At the same time, strengthen labor security supervision and law enforcement, combine the work of eradicating wage arrears, and focus on the construction, transportation, logistics and express delivery, dock and dock, environmental sanitation, processing and manufacturing industries of outdoor open-air operations and high-temperature areas, and carry out inspections on employers’ compliance with high-temperature allowance laws and regulations. Those who violate labor security laws and regulations will be severely punished according to laws and regulations.