Tibet, China Net News "This is Chema, this is ghee, this is sugar, and this is honey … …” February 5th is the first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar, which is also the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar. Lauren, a tourist from the United States, is recording a video to share her trip in Tibet. This year’s Lunar New Year and Tibetan New Year met unexpectedly, attracting many tourists to Tibet to feel the rich flavor of the year, and many of them "foreigners" visited Tibet in winter.

　　On the first day of the new year, the reporter met Lauren, a tourist from the United States, and her group members at the Yaowangshan observation deck in Lhasa, Xizang Autonomous Region. This is a delegation of eight foreign guests from seven countries, including the United States and Colombia.

　　Nima, the tour guide, said that this was their first day in Tibet, and in the next few days, they would also go to Yangzhuo Yongcuo, Gyangze, Mount Everest National Park and other places.

　　Bibiana from Colombia is coming to Tibet for the first time. Nima told her in the car that this year’s Lunar New Year and Tibetan New Year are on the same day. Bibiana said happily: "I am very lucky, which is equivalent to experiencing two festivals at once."

　　During the interview, the reporter found that Bibiana was very interested in Tibetan traditional handicrafts. "This is encouraged, right? I also want to buy such clothes. Where can I buy them? " Bibiana couldn’t hide her excitement when she saw tourists wearing clothes with Tibetan ethnic characteristics around her, and asked reporters where she could buy them.

　　Also interested in Tibetan traditional handicrafts is American tourist Lauren. She arrived in Lhasa by train from Xining the day before. "The Qinghai-Tibet line in winter looks bleak, and I don’t like it very much. But after arriving in Lhasa, I feel very good. "

　　After exchanging WeChat with reporters, Lauren was very interested in the pictures of Zizha (butter sculpture) posted by reporters’ circle of friends. "What is this? It’s cool. I want to see it with my own eyes next." Knowing that "Zizha" is one of the necessities for Tibetans during the Tibetan New Year, Lauren immediately thought that these things were also placed in the lobby of the hotel, so she recorded the video and sent it to her family in the United States. "I wish the artists who made butter sculpture were still in Lhasa, so I could buy or see how they made it." Lauren said.

　　After visiting Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and other places, on February 7, the tour guide Nima took the guests to continue to enjoy the beautiful scenery of Yangzhuo Yongcuo, and then arrived in Jiangzi County, Shigatse City.

　　In Shigatse, Lauren and her group members not only tasted all kinds of delicious food before the Tibetan New Year, but also enjoyed the traditional Tibetan dance with steady steps and smooth drums — — Harmony. This made Lauren and the group members watch intently, and took out their mobile phones to record videos from time to time.

　　During the trip, Nima also told Lauren and the group members along the way what the Tibetan New Year is, what is the difference between it and the Lunar New Year, and what are the customs of the Tibetan New Year. This makes Lauren, who is already interested in China culture, even more fascinated by Tibet.

　　On February 12th, Lauren ended her trip in Tibet. She told reporters through WeChat that Tibet is beautiful. "If there is an opportunity, I still want to walk on this land in Tibet. Go to some places in Tibet and have a look. I also want to see the monks arguing the scriptures. " (Tibet, China Net reporter/Wang Yuanyuan)

Bo Yihang, an associate professor at the Academy of Fine Arts of Beijing Film Academy, shared AI’s empowerment in the film field from the perspective of digital humanities.

1905 movie network news Science and film merge to create the future. On May 5th, the China Film Science and Technology Summit and the 14th China Film Science and Technology Forum held a forum on film and television technology and talent development in Yongchuan, Chongqing, where representatives from the film and television industry, experts and scholars gathered together to make suggestions and suggestions for promoting the development of domestic film and television high technology and talent training, and to help achieve the goal of building a film power and a cultural power.

In the sharing session of film and television technology, six industry representatives gave speeches and exhibitions around different themes. Bo Yihang, an associate professor at the Academy of Fine Arts of Beijing Film Academy, first brought a share entitled "AI Empowering the Film Field from the Perspective of Digital Humanities", and expounded her research and thinking on cutting-edge theories such as computational film, the prosperity and decline of AI, machine learning, intelligent metrological cinematography, and the cultivation of algorithm consciousness.

Ma Ping, deputy general manager of China Film Digital Production Base, shared realistic science fiction and imaginative technology.

Ma Ping, deputy general manager of China Film Digital Production Base, took the film as an example, and put forward the enlightenment and prospect for the integration of science and film in the new era. He believes that science fiction movies have multiple meanings for the integration of science and technology culture. "Science fiction promotes the development and innovation of science and technology; Improve the development level of division, specialization and process of film industry production; Ignite the enthusiasm of the whole people for science and technology and improve the influence of science and technology education; The unique grand narrative background of science fiction movies inspires people’s patriotic feelings and recognizes and thinks about the future destiny of mankind. "　

Wei Li, Chairman of 1905 Film Network

Wei Li, the chairman of 1905 Film Network, introduced the mode, main body, cases, characteristics, opportunities and challenges of overseas dissemination of China film content with the theme of "Science and Technology Innovation Empowering China Film and Television International Communication", and took the overseas distribution of 1905 Film Network as an example to share and explore the development path of China film and television going abroad.

Wei Li said that the overseas distribution of 1905 Film Network has three stages. The first stage is to manually hand in AI intelligence, and more content "going out" becomes possible. 1905 Film Network promotes high-quality Chinese film and television works to overseas TV stations and new media platforms, sells copyrighted content to international first-line streaming media websites, and also distributes content to pay TV stations and network platforms in East Asia (Japan and South Korea), Southeast Asia (New Matai) and South Asia (India).

Wei Li, Chairman of 1905 Film Network, participated in the Forum on Film and Television Technology and Talent Development.

The second stage is to lead the research and development of the 1905 GO platform, and to transform "borrowing a ship to the sea" into "shipbuilding and sailing". With the implementation of the "going out" strategy of Chinese culture, the international communication of Chinese culture presents a new feature of platform going out to sea. Platform construction is helpful to grasp the dominant position of international communication and improve the initiative of foreign promotion.

The third stage is to operate the content matrix accurately with technology and innovation as the engine. "As of May 2023, 1905 Movie Network has built 18 matrices on overseas social media platforms, reaching 240 countries and regions. In terms of platform construction, there are more than three aspects: the multinational landing of movie channels, the establishment of multilingual channels, and multi-dimensional interaction. " Wei Li said that the 1905 brand overseas matrixing captures and analyzes user portraits and user habits more accurately from the data analysis level by leveraging technical means, and formulates data promotion strategies in a targeted manner; From the level of productivity, comprehensively improve the efficiency of work and coordination and increase productivity; And there is still a lot of room for various AI tools to further empower the brand internationalization road.

Wei Li, Chairman of 1905 Film Network, talks about scientific and technological innovation to empower China films to spread internationally.

In the new era, scientific and technological innovation will help film production and empower film marketing. Science and technology and cross-border cooperation will promote the internationalization of China films. Facing the grand goal of building a socialist cultural power in 2035, Wei Li said, "We filmmakers will bravely shoulder the mission, seize the day, and effectively improve the overseas communication effect and influence of China’s film and television content through strategies such as resource integration, technology empowerment, and going to sea together, accelerate the internationalization process of China’s film and television industry, and promote the excellent Chinese culture to go out, be determined to move forward, and be stable and far-reaching."

Deputy general manager of Lingyun Guangyuan Guest Vision shared the creation of a vivid and beautiful digital world.

Zhang Kai, co-founder of Beijing Tiantu Wanjing Technology, shared perception of virtual production and virtual production process management.

Director of Lingran Chuangzhi Industrial Meta-Universe Joint Research Center of Tianjin University shared the platform of digital movie cloud collaborative production and integration of production and education for meta-universe.

In addition, Li Miao, deputy general manager of Lingyun Guangyuan Guest Vision, introduced how to create a vivid and beautiful world of digital intelligence; Zhang Kai, co-founder of Beijing Tiantu Wanjing Technology, shared high technologies such as perceptual virtual production and virtual production process management. Wang Yifu, director of Lingran Chuangzhi Industrial Meta-Universe Joint Research Center of Tianjin University, explained the platform of digital movie cloud collaborative production and integration of production and education for meta-universe.

During the dialogue and exchange, the guests gave full play to their expertise and expressed their opinions, and put forward many constructive suggestions around the two major topics of domestic film and television science and technology development and film and television talent development, encouraging the exploration of new technologies, strengthening the scientific and technological literacy of industry talents, and accelerating the high-quality development of China film and television.

[Global Network Comprehensive Report] According to US media reports on February 22, the new Volvo XC90 was released on the 22nd. The car’s exterior and interior have undergone minor changes, as well as power system and energy efficiency upgrades.

Russell Datz, a Volvo spokesperson, has confirmed that the new XC90 will go on sale later this year as a 2020 model year and that the new powertrain will not be available in the early US market. Other market models will be equipped with a new braking-by-wire system, which includes a kinetic energy recovery function. The mild hybrid system works with Volvo’s existing internal combustion engine to recover lost energy during braking. Volvo expects the system to improve fuel economy by 15 per cent and reduce emissions from the XC90 by 15 per cent.

Volvo will mark the new powertrains with a "B". Other market models outside the US will be available in gasoline or diesel versions of the XC90 B5, or B6 petrol models. Volvo says these powertrains will eventually become standard for the brand.

It is not clear when the new powertrain will be available on US models, but the existing T8 powertrain has increased its battery capacity from 10.4 to 11.6kwh. Worldwide, the T6 and T8 powertrains with 2.0-liter turbocharged and supercharged inline-4-cylinder engines also feature braking-by-wire technology similar to the B5 engine. Volvo says the new car’s range has also increased by 15%. The T8 powertrain can now deliver 420 horsepower, compared to 400 horsepower previously. But Datz says the only change on US models is the larger battery size, while the T6 and T8 powertrains have not yet changed.

In terms of appearance, the 2020 XC90 features a new grille design, new wheels, and new exterior color options. In terms of interior, the new car is equipped with a new luxury wool blend trim and new leather seats. The car is available in six- and seven-seat versions.

Active safety features include a blind spot monitor and automatic steering auxiliary features for the pedestrian detection system. In addition, the new car is equipped with a lane deflection reminder function to help relieve lane traffic pressure.

The 2020 XC90 will begin production at the Torslanda plant in Sweden this May.

(Internship Compiler: Li Yumin, Reviewer: Liu Yang)

In recent years, Anhui Normal University has conscientiously implemented the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader’sThe Important Thought of Poverty Alleviation and Development, the funding education work as education project, people’s livelihood project, aroundThe fundamental task of "cultivating people by virtue" is to adhere to the working concept of "student-oriented, helping people as much as possible, subsidizing and educating people", and initially form a working mechanism of "unified leadership of schools, overall guidance of departments, and implementation by colleges", and realize the "four highs and four zeros" funding work with high funding coverage, high funding amount, high success rate, high satisfaction, zero complaints, zero mistakes, zero arrears and zero dropout.144”Quality system of subsidizing education.

First, solve the problem and independently develop a smart system.

Relying on the easy-shift platform, the school promoted the informatization construction of funding work, independently developed a smart funding system, and initially realized the following functions:The first is accurate identification.The quantitative index system of poor students identification is developed by using mathematical model, and the quantitative identification system is developed.So as to distinguish students with difficultiesgroup, and canIdentify itThe degree of difficulty has greatly improved the scientific and accurate identification of students with difficulties.The school has been fully implemented"Online identification+class evaluation+field visit verification" is a new identification model for students with financial difficulties.The second isAccurate funding.The school analyzed the data of the demand ratio of financial aid for poor students in three poverty levels and established the evaluation index of demand and financial aid.Carry out classified funding.2018In, all the poor students in the school were assisted.0.510,000 yuan, of which the average poverty level is0.810,000 yuan, the difficulty level is average.0.5Ten thousand yuan, the average difficulty level.0.3Ten thousand yuan,realizeWe should do our best to help.The third is accurate distribution.The subsidy for difficulties does not need to be applied by students, and is directly distributed to students’ campus cards according to the system data. The school also independently developed."wish1+1"module, according to the needs of poor students to buy warm clothes and school supplies, through the entrusted express mail directly to the aided students.The fourth is accurate inquiry.The realization of customized and accurate query of all kinds of information has laid a solid foundation for accurate funding. At present, data information can be quickly connected with national and provincial funding systems.

Second, highlight the humanities and make every effort to promote it."Four Warms Accompanied" Project

According to the season, the special period of study, family accidents and other factors, timely organize and carry out.The "Four Warnings Accompanied" project, to achieve "where the poor students are, where the funding work is".One is"Warm Spring Action".Spring is a special time when students have heavy study tasks, concentrated examination and research, and increased pressure on life.Festival. Before the state grant has been issued, the school will provide students with sudden family changes during the winter vacation.、Orphans and disabled students, martyrs, special care recipients, etc.Special hardship groups issue temporary hardship subsidies to solvetheirLife problems.The second is"Operation Warm Winter".The school is located along the river, in winter.Wet and cold. Before the arrival of winter, the school distributed warm clothes to the poor students to let them spend the cold winter with peace of mind.The third is"Warm Learning Action".On the eve of the final exam and postgraduate entrance examination, subsidies will be given to students from poor families who participate in work-study programs, so that they will no longer participate in work-study programs and review for the exam with peace of mind.The fourth is"Warm Road Action".In the season of employment and postgraduate re-examination, transportation subsidies for job hunting and postgraduate re-examination are provided for difficult graduates.2018In, the school passed.“Four warm companions"Project fundingFamily economic difficultiesgrow9478Person-times, with a total amount of442.69Ten thousand yuan.

Third, grasp the demand and focus on building"40%" education mode

1.　Cultivate and inspire ideas“I want to be a success."Love

According to the growth needs of students from poor families, ideological cultivation is carried out, which effectively stimulates poor students.The feeling of "I want to be a talent"The first is to compile teaching materials for aiding education.The book is divided into seven chapters, including career planning, interpersonal communication, self-improvement, gratitude and dedication, honesty and trustworthiness, mental health, innovation and entrepreneurship, with 170,000 words. According to the reading characteristics of poor students, the question-and-answer writing method is adopted to solve their growth confusion. At present, the teaching materials are being published. It will become the first subsidized education textbook specially written for students from poor families in Anhui Province.The second is to create"Moss Flower" inspirational class.according toBased on the principle of "one classroom, two classrooms", a "menu" and "open" curriculum system with ideals and beliefs, self-motivation, gratitude and dedication, honesty and trustworthiness, career planning, interpersonal communication, mental health and innovation and entrepreneurship as the main contents is constructed, which requires every poor student.It needs to be completed every year28A study task of 10 hours,Realize the full coverage of hierarchical and classified education for poor students in the whole school;depend on"Binghui Scene Simulation Laboratory" opened the "Moss Flower" Theater, and put the story of subsidizing education on the stage, so as to achieve one theme, one tutor, one comment and one experience in each period, so that poor students can receive more vivid and vivid education. This year has been held.sixA special training,Students from poor familiesparticipate in3720People.The third isChoose excellent models of trees.By carrying out“Top Ten Self-improvement Stars”“Top ten volunteers”“Top ten college students"Waiting for the selection activities, looking for inspirational role models around you, Wu Qingshan, winner of the May Fourth Youth Medal in China, has emerged one after another.“China college students’ self-improvement star pacesetter"Guzilinur·Ainiwal et al.190Many poor students are typical. Hold an annual awardThe award ceremony and scholarship awarding ceremony were strengthened by designing mascots, taking photos on the red carpet, reviewing and looking forward to short films, drawing prizes by friends of students, telling stories of peers, and awarding prizes by leading professors.Students from poor familiesThe sense of ritual education, enhance their self-confidence and sense of honor.2018In 2000, the awarding ceremony and awarding ceremony were held at two levels.36Second, do itFamily financial difficultiesStudents participate in full coverage.

2.　Personality guidance, promotionA trip to "I can become a talent"

Through the construction of two-level development counseling stations in schools and colleges, implementPomegranate seedProject, promoteA trip to "I can become a talent".First, there is a platform for guidance.around"Students from poor families need in-depth counseling and personalized counseling", and the school actively promotes the school.Two-level development counseling station construction, and issued management and assessment methods. At present, there are two levels of school and college.17A development counseling station.The second is to guide a team.The school has set up a team of professional development counseling teachers with qualifications such as career planning guidance, employment guidance, entrepreneurship guidance and psychological counseling. At present, there are full-time and part-time development counselors at the school and college levels.126People, including subtropical high or above.32People.Third, there are methods for guidance.explore“one-to-one"The combination of personalized counseling and group counseling helps students analyze their shortcomings and advantages and clarify the direction of success.2018In, the two-level development counseling station was launched.Individualized counseling and group counseling8200Remaining person-times.Fourth, the guidance has characteristics.For Xinjiang nationalityStudents from poor familiesimplement“Granite seed"Engineering,pass“Point-to-Point"Pairing mode, targeted personality guidance.“Granite seed"engineeringObtain the approval of provincial offices and exchange experiences; The school conducts it every year.“Hundreds of scholars visit hundreds of schools."Activities, in-depth understanding of students’ family situation, rightStudents from poor familiesConduct personality guidance.2018Year,138The famous academic staff paid a return visit.632A poor family.

3.　Classified training, propulsion"I can become a talent" move

according toThe principle of "make up for weaknesses and grow talents", implement classified training and promote the move of "I can become a talent".The first is to set up"Double Support" project, focusing on development planning.“Shuangfu"The project is designed for the weak.homeStudents with financial difficulties in courtSet up a platform, set up teams and individuals to plan projects, and let them improve their work by combining pairing assistance or individual independent design.Career planning ability.2018Year,“Shuangfu"project approval and initiation35Item, item30Item, yes356A poor student participated in the project.The second is to implement work-study programs and strengthen self-reliance.The school has built a work-study mode combining internal and external affairs, with weak arrangement ability.homeStudents with financial difficulties in courtParticipate in the school work-study program and arrange for the instructor to carry out it.“one-to-one"Guidance and assistance; Encourage othershomeStudents with financial difficulties in courtTake part in off-campus work-study programs to improve their labor skills.The third is to hold academic competitions to improve professional quality.encouragehomeStudents with financial difficulties in courtJoin robot contest, normal students’ skill competition, innovation and entrepreneurship competition, career planning competition, patent competition, etc. in combination with their majors, so as to enhance their professional learning interest and professionalism.2018Year, yes693namehome

4.　Effectiveness evaluation, realizationThe dream of "I have become a talented person"

Explore and form a set of quantitative evaluation system of subsidized education with five first-level indicators such as gratitude and honesty, self-improvement, study and practice, communication and development achievement as the core. Evaluation haircurrent,2012Since,Family financial difficultiesStudents have made remarkable progress in obtaining scholarships, graduation, employment, further studies, organizational development and voluntary service. such as2018In, the organizational development rate of students from poor families was higher than the average level of the whole school.3.69Percentage points, the employment rate is higher than the school average.4.67Percentage points, the enrollment rate is higher than the school average.6.49Percentage points, the scholarship rate is higher than the school average.14.6The winning rate of competitions at or above the provincial level is higher than the average level of the whole school.0.46Percentage points, volunteer service time is higher than the average level of the whole school.0.5Wait an hour.

studyThe results of the school’s financial aid work deeply touched every poor student, and they spontaneously issued a love relay initiative., established“Love relay"Fund, return to the alma mater. In recent years,studySchool alumni Chen Liqin, Wang Daming and other alumni donated more than0.5100 million yuan, for the school to set up scholarships, strengthen infrastructure, etc., of which the donors are in school.Family financial difficultiesRaw accounts for one third.studyCharacteristics of school-funded educationdoFrance attracts Fudan University and Hefei University.University of Fertilizer Technology, Shanghai University, etc.10Many brotherly colleges and universities in and out of the province came to our school for investigation and exchange, which was reported by official website, the Ministry of Education.

The five strongest lineups of the Twin Cities Cup in the Battle of the Golden Shovel: the White Devil Bodyguard Sniper, the Variant Holy Shield Big Mouth Lineup, the Syndicate Akali, the Pinduoduo Blasting and Killing the Rat King, and the Reward Turn to the Ninth Five-Year Plan. These lineups have all climbed to the top on five platforms, including an upgraded version of the White Devil Bodyguard Sniper — — Jess, who keeps secrets, is particularly prominent.

　

First, the battle of the golden shovel The lineup of the White Devil bodyguards in the Twin Cities Cup qualifiers

1. The white magic bodyguard being a hero:

Miss Doom, Ember, Bloom, Jess, Tariq, brits, Arianna, Janna, Yumi.

　

2. White magic bodyguard sniper equipment:

Leona’s preferred equipment:An archangel’s staff, a sniper’s coat of arms, a spear of a new moon.

Ember preferred equipment:The last whisper, giant catcher, mercury

Jess preferred equipment:Titan’s determination, thorn armor, African claws

Bloom preferred equipment:Thorn armor, African claws, fanatic armor

Youmi preferred equipment:morellon omicon

3. White Magic Bodyguard Sniper Heicks Technology:

The heart of the sniper, the soul of the white wizard, standing behind me, the heart of the bodyguard, hitting the weakness and soaring.

Second, the battle of the golden shovel The Shuangcheng Cup qualifier variant Shengdun big mouth lineup

1. The mutant saint shield big mouth hero:

Galen, Kemo, Catherine, Graves, Mondo, Jess, brits, Casadin, Tam.

2. Variant holy shield big mouth equipment:

Galen preferred equipment:Maniac armor, African claws, thorn armor.

Kekemo’s preferred equipment: the violent blade of Ghost Rope, the fist of justice, and the giant catcher.

3. Variation of Shengdun Big Mouth Heicks Technology:

Badminton player I, the heart of the holy shield, soaring, the heart of the mutant warrior, unstable evolution, and fighting spirit against the wind

　

Third, the battle of the golden shovel Syndicate Akali lineup in the Twin Cities Cup qualifiers

1. Syndicate Akali hero:

Akali, Sacco, Bloom, Jiela, Dreius, Tariq, Janna, Arianna.

2. Syndicate Akali equipment:

Akali preferred equipment:Infinity edge, guardian angel, archangel’s staff

Bloom preferred equipment:Maniac armor, African claws, thorn armor.

Sacco preferred equipment:Infinity edge, the violent blade of Guisuo

Jiela preferred equipment:morellon omicon

3. Syndicate Akali Heicks Technology:

The crown of the syndicate, the crown of the assassin, the smoke bomb, the battle of cutting throat, soaring, the heart of the syndicate

　

Fourth, the battle of the golden shovel, the Twin Cities Cup qualifier, Pinduoduo exploded and killed the rat king lineup

1. Pinduoduo killed the hero of the rat king:

Twitch, Camille, Isoriel, Kieran, Xin Jide, Warwick, Jess, Salfenny.

2. Pinduoduo blasting kill flowing rat king equipment:

Twitch’s preferred equipment:Infinity edge, the last whisper, Hurricane Luana.

Camille’s preferred equipment:Redemption, African Claw, Thorn Armor

Akali preferred equipment:Archangel’s staff, guardian angel

Xin Jide’s preferred equipment:morellon omicon

Isoriel’s preferred equipment:Thief gloves

Jess preferred equipment:Thief gloves

3. Pinduoduo explodes and kills the stray rat Wang Haike Technology:

Direct attack weakness, featherweight player II, golden ticket, Pandora’s equipment, instant injection, featherweight player III.

　

Five, the battle of the golden shovel Shuangcheng Cup qualifiers bounty to the ninth five-year line-up

1. The bounty turns to the hero of the Ninth Five-Year Plan:

Early stage:Bounty hunters: Illaoi, Tam, Captain, Female Gun, Quinn 4 fights: Tam, Wei, Mondo, Zach (Big Bug).

Later period:Jin Kesi, Kasha, Jess, Tam, Yumi, Gariod, Mondo.

2. Bounty to Ninth Five-Year Plan Equipment:

Kasha:Ghost rope’s violent blade, pearlescent armguard, fist of justice.

Jinkesi: Pearl Guard, infinity edge, Giant Catcher

Jess:Thorn armor, Titan’s determination, African cat: ghost book, auxiliary outfit

Tam:Faqiangzhuang

Mondo:African claw, thorn armor, fanatic armor.

3. The reward is transferred to Heicks Science and Technology in the Ninth Five-Year Plan:

Bounty hunter’s soul, bounty hunter’s heart, ancient archives, clear mind, unexpected wealth, fighter’s soul, Titan’s strength, high-end shopping.

　

　

-Speech at the 11th Five-Year Scientific Research Work Conference of the State Language Commission.

　　Vice Minister of Education and Director of the State Language Committee　　 Zhao qinping

　　(28 November 2006)

Dear experts and comrades,

　　The 11th Five-Year Scientific Research Conference of the State Language Commission was held here today to summarize the scientific research work of the State Language Commission and local language commissions during the 10th Five-Year Plan, discuss the 11th Five-Year Scientific Research Plan for the application of spoken and written languages, and study and deploy the scientific research work of the language commission system. At the same time, the 43rd national Putonghua proficiency tester qualification examination training course started here today. Putonghua training test is one of the three basic measures to promote Putonghua, which has made remarkable achievements in the past ten years. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the vast number of testers, experts and scholars who participated in testing research and comrades in various regions and industries who care about and support this cause!

　　Below I will talk about three aspects of the scientific research work on the application of language and characters in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan.

　　Building a harmonious language life is the goal of language work.

　　On October 11th, 2006, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) adopted the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues in Building a Harmonious Socialist Society. The "Decision" holds that: "Social harmony is the essential attribute of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and an important guarantee for the country’s prosperity, national rejuvenation and people’s happiness." "Social harmony is the unremitting goal of our party."

　　Language is the most important symbol system for human communication and thinking, an important part of culture and the most important cultural carrier. The attribute of language determines that language life is an important part of social life, and the harmony of language life is an important manifestation of social harmony and an important factor to promote social harmony. To build a harmonious society, language and writing workers have an important historical mission.

　　At present, China’s language life is harmonious on the whole, but there are also many problems that need to be treated scientifically and properly. For example:

　　1. The relationship between Mandarin and dialects;

　　2. The relationship between the languages of all ethnic groups in China;

　　3. The relationship between mother tongue education and foreign language learning;

　　4. Protection of endangered languages;

　　5. The relationship between the international spread of Chinese and the domestic language and writing work;

　　6. The communication of language life between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait;

　　7. Language communication among Chinese communities in the world;

　　8. Language and writing problems in virtual space in China.

　　To treat the problems in current language life scientifically and properly, we must understand the national conditions of the language. It is necessary to monitor and study the situation of language life, especially the hot issues of language life, and make a scientific analysis by setting up a national language resource monitoring and research center. It is necessary to advocate a pragmatic style of study, support the field investigation of local languages, and support the investigation and study of language life in all fields of society. We should pay attention to summing up the historical achievements of language and writing work in China, draw lessons from foreign experience reasonably, and be good at summing up the laws from today’s work practice. It is necessary to strengthen the publicity of the national language policy and language standards, attach importance to the popularization of linguistic scientific achievements, actively provide high-quality language services to the society, help all sectors of society and the general public solve the language problems they encounter, and guide the language life to develop in a harmonious direction.　

　　Second, language science is the basis for doing a good job in language and writing.

　　The development of language and writing is regular, and the work of language and writing must follow the development law of language and writing. Language life is constantly developing and changing, and language work must grasp the basic situation and development trend of language life.

　　Great achievements have been made in the language and writing work in New China for more than 50 years, which has made important contributions to China’s cultural construction, scientific and educational development and economic and social progress, and also provided a solid foundation for today’s national informatization process. At the end of March this year, the meeting held by the Ministry of Education and the State Language Committee to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the publication of the State Council’s Resolution on the Simplification of Chinese Characters and the Instruction on Promoting Putonghua, and the academic seminar on the standardization of language and characters jointly held by the Institute of Linguistics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Institute of Language Application of the Ministry of Education have made a good summary. Of course, there have been some mistakes in the work of language and writing in history, leaving a profound lesson. Historical practice shows that the effectiveness of language work depends on the understanding of the law of language development and the understanding of language life and its development trend. Therefore, in order to do a good job in language and writing, we must strengthen the research of language science.

　　In language science, basic research is very important, and the application research of language and writing plays a more direct role in the work of national language and writing. The basic research needs to be strengthened, but the applied research of language and writing develops late, with less achievements, which needs to be strengthened more. We should strive to form a relatively complete discipline system and education system of applied linguistics within a few years, establish a number of dynamic scientific research bases and talent training bases of applied linguistics, and cultivate a large number of applied linguistics talents with modern academic vision, innovative consciousness and compound nature to meet the needs of the country for applied linguistics. The discipline construction of applied linguistics should be put on the agenda, and a seminar on the discipline construction of applied linguistics can be held when necessary. The discipline construction of applied linguistics is more extensive than the scientific research of applied linguistics, including the construction of bases, the determination of research directions, the construction of teaching staff and the setting of degrees. From the perspective of scientific research, discipline construction emphasizes the research direction; From the perspective of personnel training, it emphasizes knowledge structure and curriculum system.

　　The country pays more and more attention to the interdisciplinary research between natural science and humanities. Applied linguistics is an applied discipline, especially with information technology, and also involves psychology, law, education and so on. In the past, the key laboratories of the Ministry of Education paid little attention to interdisciplinary subjects, especially those lacking the intersection of natural science and social science. In recent years, the country has begun to promote interdisciplinary subjects, especially the combination of natural science and social science, such as new media and digital art. Applied linguistics, especially computational linguistics, is a typical combination of information technology and linguistics. We should establish some bases in these areas, and these bases can become key laboratories of the Ministry of Education to a certain extent. I hope to see such key laboratories during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period. The knowledge structure of applied linguistics talents should have at least three aspects: linguistic knowledge, interdisciplinary knowledge (such as information technology) and related cultural qualities.

　　Informatization is a subject that all countries in the world are very concerned about. Standardization and informatization of language and characters are the basis of realizing social informatization. It is important to promote the standardization and informatization of language and writing as an important task of applied linguistics research and as an important task of national language and writing work. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the introduction of modern information technology achievements into language research, into the application of social language and writing, and into the work of language and writing, so as to realize the modernization of language research means and language and writing work means.

　　 It is necessary to strengthen the research on the evaluation system of language and characters. The Putonghua training test in China has been carried out for more than ten years and has made great achievements. The proficiency test of Chinese characters is about to begin, and I believe it will also play a good social role. The Chinese Proficiency Test (HSK) for Chinese as a second language and the Chinese Proficiency Test (MSK) for ethnic minorities have been implemented successively, which has achieved good social reputation. However, we still lack the language proficiency assessment system of Chinese as the mother tongue. On the one hand, it is necessary to gradually improve the current Putonghua proficiency test and writing application ability test, and gradually adopt modern means to improve the quality and efficiency of testing and management; At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the research on the evaluation system of language application in some important countries in the world, and strive to complete the comprehensive evaluation system of Chinese native speakers’ language ability in recent years in order to meet the needs of mother tongue education in schools at all levels and meet the needs of social industry access system and on-the-job training. This evaluation system, in cooperation with HSK and MSK, can form a complete Chinese proficiency test system in China.

　　Promoting scientific research is an important task for language committees at all levels.

　　Language and writing work is social, contemporary and academic. Especially in the current society, language concepts are diversified and language life is complicated. Language and writing management is always facing new situations and solving new problems. Therefore, it is necessary to have a solid scientific research as the foundation and a large number of experts as the backing to do a good job and improve the quality and efficiency of the work. Promoting the study of language science is an important task of language committees at all levels.

　　There are many departments concerned about language science research, and there are also many foundations involved in language research. In close contact with these departments and foundations, the State Language Committee should also formulate its own scientific research plan, set up scientific research teams and guide and coordinate the scientific research work of local language committees according to the work functions entrusted by the state. Apply for projects through multiple channels and strive for project funds. Because applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary subject, evaluation system and software construction can all apply for project funds from the science and technology department.

　　Local language and writing institutions should scientifically plan their local scientific research work, have the initiative to coordinate the local language and writing research work, and play an important role in the local language and writing research work. Local language committees should put scientific research on the agenda, incorporate it into the relevant work evaluation index system, implement the responsibility of scientific research management to people, and gradually form an incentive mechanism for language research. It is necessary to formulate scientific research plans according to local conditions, scientifically solve problems in local language life through academic research, and make contributions to the national language and writing research work. We should pay attention to the role of local universities and academic groups and rely on experts and scholars closely. It is necessary to give full play to subjective initiative, raise funds for scientific research in various ways, and comprehensively use traditional means and modern information technology to do a good job in publicizing and popularizing language policies and language norms and standards. Scientific research should be regarded as a new bright spot in the work of the Language Committee in the new period, so that the quality and management level of language and writing work in various places can be effectively improved through scientific research.

　　Comrades, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, with the efforts of national language researchers and language committees at all levels, China’s language application research has achieved fruitful results, and remarkable progress has been made in the development of language standards, information-processing-oriented language application research, tracking and monitoring of social language life, and modernization of research methods and information service means. A new situation has emerged in the national and local language and writing work, and new achievements and measures have been made in the legal construction of language and writing work, the evaluation of urban language and writing, the promotion of Putonghua, and the construction of language and writing training and evaluation system. On this basis, China’s future language and writing work, China’s future language and writing scientific research work, will certainly achieve greater results.

　　We should strive to promote the harmony of language life and contribute to the sustainable development of the country, the construction of an innovative country and the construction of a harmonious society!

　　Thank you!　

　　After 70 years, India’s 200 million Dalits are still "like dirt" and it is difficult to break through the caste barrier

　　[Special correspondent of Global Times in India Zhou Liangchen Special correspondent of Global Times Zhang Xiaozhu Global Times reporter Xing Xiaotong] On the 25th, India officially welcomed Cowende, the president from the untouchable class. This is the second untouchable president in 20 years. Because Cowend’s campaign opponent is also an "untouchable", this makes many people feel that "untouchable" is getting more and more attention in India, and their spring has come. The actual situation is far from so optimistic. In the decades since Indian law abolished the caste system, although the lives of the people in Park Jung Su (also known as untouchables) at the bottom have been greatly improved, and many elites have emerged from the political and business circles, they are, after all, a very small number of the 200 million untouchables. In Indian society dominated by Hinduism, especially in rural areas, most "untouchables" are still deeply bound by traditional "hidden rules". Although the modern democratic electoral system has made "untouchables" the darling of the election season, the reality is that "someone here is not disturbed by his life experience when he becomes president, and it is embarrassing to be murdered and raped there."

　　Contrast-someone is president and someone is on hunger strike.

　　"A Da Park Jung Su has become the president of this country, but in a village in Andhra Pradesh, 300 Da Park Jung Su families are facing social exclusion." On the 25th, Cowende, who was born as a Dalit, was formally sworn in as the President of India, which was a big day for the large Dalit class. However, the website of India Today reported that more than 300 Dalit families in Andhra Pradesh began to hunger strike indefinitely on the same day to protest against discrimination by high caste groups.

　　The incident originated on April 24th when the local people in Park Jung Su erected a statue of Ambedkar (a lawyer from "Dalit" background, known as "the father of Indian Constitution"), but it was opposed by the high caste community, and the statue was removed by unidentified people within a few hours. Moreover, because Da Park Jung Su people mainly work in agriculture but have no land, high-caste landowners refuse to continue to employ them.

　　On the 26th, New Delhi TV station paid attention to the reaction of Park Jung Su community in Bonda, the northern part of Cowend’s hometown. According to the article, Cowend’s inauguration as president has hardly caused repercussions in the village of Mubarakpur, where Park Jung Su people are the majority, and everyone can’t agree whether he will bring good luck to the people of Park Jung Su. A pharmacist in Da Park Jung Su mentioned that local villagers had recently built a separation wall. According to this report, in another Da Park Jung Su village 5 kilometers away, many people still don’t know who Cowende is.

　　Not only the people in Park Jung Su who are at the bottom, but also to many Indians, Cowend is a stranger. Some analysts said that the ruling People’s Party launched Cowende in order to win the votes of the "untouchables" in the 2019 general election. After all, there are 200 million people in this group. There are "untouchables" complaining. Instead of this, it is better to let "untouchables" enter the temple and get water from the well …

　

　

　　Participation in the situation-from discrimination to violence

　　"Dalits, like the word proletariat, stand for’ oppressed people’ and have been widely used in Indian society in recent years." Manorankin Mohanty, chairman of the Institute of China Studies in India and former professor of political science at Delhi University, said in an interview with the Global Times that "the Indian Constitution explicitly opposes caste discrimination, and the law allows Dalits to enter temples and fetch water, but that is only at the legal level. The discrimination against Dalits has not been eliminated in real life."

　　About 80% of Indians believe in Hinduism, and they were born in the caste order. According to the traditional teachings of Hinduism, people of high caste are polluted just by seeing Da Park Jung Su, let alone touching it. Da Park Jung Su had to carry a bag with him when he went out in ancient times, so as not to pollute the land. If they travel during the day, they should bring a bell and ring it in advance to remind people to avoid it.

　　Even today, in some Indian rural areas, if you see someone walking with their shoes in their hands instead of on their feet, it must be Da Park Jung Su. Because "Dalits" must be barefoot when they pass through the residential areas of high castes. There are also "untouchables" who ride through high-caste residential areas and have to get off and push them.

　　Walking around the Indian countryside, you will find that many villages are composed of two parts. Outside the village is a small residential area, and this "village outside the village" is the residence of "Dalits". Ordinary villagers generally don’t visit the homes of "Dalits", and "Dalits" don’t visit the village except to provide services. The temples used by ordinary villagers do not allow "untouchables" to enter, and the wells do not allow them to use them.

　　An article in The New York Times about Indian "caste discrimination" once told a case: a grieving father reported to the police that his daughter was missing, but the police asked, "What caste are you?" When he revealed that he belonged to a low caste, the police laughed at him and gave him no attention. A few hours later, the bodies of his 12-year-old daughter and 14-year-old niece were found hanging from a tree, and both were raped.

　　According to the article, the upper castes are rarely put into prison for raping da Park Jung Su people, and if they need to defend themselves, they can always find a statement: We will never touch women with lower castes. In a case in 1995, the accusation of gang rape made by a woman in Park Jung Su was rejected by the judge on the grounds that "it is impossible for an upper-caste person to rape a lower-caste woman to get dirty".

　　According to a report of the Indian National Human Rights Commission in 2010, crimes against Da Park Jung Su people occur every 18 minutes; On average, three da Park Jung Su women are raped and two are murdered every day. Park Jung Su people are not only worried about their safety, but also their overall quality of life is quite low: about 37% of Park Jung Su people live below the poverty line, 83 out of every 1,000 children in Park Jung Su die before their first year, and 12% do not live to their fifth year.

　　According to the statistics of the National Crime Records Bureau of the Indian Ministry of Interior, from 2009 to 2015, there were about 227,000 recorded crimes against Park Jung Su people. From 2009 to 2013, there were 3,194 murders in Da Park Jung Su, and 7,849 women in Da Park Jung Su were raped. Because the defendants and their supporters (including the police) destroyed evidence, obstructed trials and threatened witnesses, the conviction rate in these cases was very low.

　

　

　　Care-decades of "reservation policy"

　　Indian society does not turn a blind eye to what happened to the Da Park Jung Su people. After India’s independence in 1947, under the vigorous advocacy of the civil rights leader of Dalit, Ambedkar, the Indian Constitution not only explicitly stipulated that caste discrimination was illegal, but also implemented a "reservation policy" for Dalit and remote tribes, that is, reserved certain places for them in government departments, state-owned enterprises and institutions of higher learning. Because these ethnic groups are listed in the schedule of the Constitution, they are called "scheduled castes" and "scheduled tribes".

　　When visiting Nehru University in India, the Global Times reporter found that the proportion of care for "list castes" here is quite large. It can be said that nearly half of the students are "disadvantaged classes" who are taken care of, and many of them are far away from their hometowns in southern or northeastern India. The common feature of these students is that they are diligent and eager to learn.

　　The reporter has a doctor friend at Nehru University, with dark skin and a belief in Buddhism. Later, it was pointed out that those people who look "very Indian" but believe in Buddhism are probably from Park Jung Su, but they rarely mention their origins, but struggle silently.

　　In order to get rid of the fate of oppression, many people in Park Jung Su changed their religious beliefs. According to statistics, nearly 90% Buddhists, 1/3 Sikhs, 1/3 Catholics and most Muslims in India were once "untouchables". But on the whole, proselytes are still a minority.

　　The Indian government has promulgated many laws for the people of Park Jung Su, such as the Civil Rights Protection Act of 1955 and the Anti-Atrocities Act of 1989. In 2015, the amendment to the Anti-Atrocities Act clearly pointed out that Da Park Jung Su people have the right to use public facilities and have the right to enter religious places of worship. If anyone intentionally interferes, it will be considered as a violation of the Anti-Atrocities Act.

　　For decades, many efforts have made great achievements, especially the "reservation policy" has played a positive role in breaking the occupational hereditary caused by the caste system and improving the social status of "untouchables". Outstanding figures from "untouchable" backgrounds appear constantly. In politics, there are two presidents, the chief justice and the speaker. Mayawati, known as the "untouchable queen", has served as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state, for four times.

　　The attention paid to "Dalits" can be seen from this presidential election. The Indian Express said that when the chairman of the People’s Party announced Cowend as a candidate, he mentioned his caste background 15 times, and the Congress Party was forced to introduce the candidate of Da Park Jung Su. "Being a Da Park Jung Su suddenly became a virtue of Indian politics."

　　However, in the eyes of some da Park Jung Su people, once the election is over, I’m afraid no one will continue to care about their situation. Moreover, although Da Park Jung Su people have a certain proportion of seats in the legislature, there are not many people who actively speak for them. On the one hand, these politicians are limited to belonging to different parties, on the other hand, they are afraid of their high-caste superiors.

　　Caste-at the core and secretive.

　　Some Indian scholars believe that the caste system can be said to be the core of Indian society to some extent. Just because it is at the "core", it can’t be seen on the surface, and it is secretly affecting the operation of this society. The caste system is very complicated. It is related to skin color but not absolute. It is related to occupation but not absolute.

　　A reporter from Global Times once saw a doctor in a hospital in New Delhi. He met a doctor with fair skin and elegant speech. Seeing that his signature was Sharma, he was basically a Brahmin. However, in contemporary India, there are also special cases in which Hindus from lower castes convert their families to other religions or even change their surnames. Sometimes in the workplace, people will consciously dilute the traces of caste, and some people with low castes like to "hide their names", such as all calling themselves "Kumar". A reporter from Global Times called the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to find a staff member Mr. Kumar whom he had met before. As a result, there was laughter on the other end of the phone: There are more than a dozen Kumar in our office. Which one are you looking for?

　　Caste is a sensitive topic in India. If you ask Indians, many people will say that the caste system has died out and there is no caste discrimination. Many people are even more secretive about the situation of the "untouchables" at the bottom of the caste order. Recently, Global Times reporters interviewed several Indians, including two Indian journalists and a scholar, on the issue of untouchability, but they were all declined.

　　The complexity of the caste problem in India is also reflected in the "reverse discrimination" riots that have repeatedly erupted in recent years. At the beginning of last year, a high-caste ethnic group named Jat in Haryana strongly demanded to enjoy the preferential policies given by the state to low castes. Demonstrators blocked roads, burned down vehicle buildings and destroyed water delivery channels in many parts of the state, leaving tens of millions of people in the capital area facing water shortage.

　　Mohanty told the Global Times reporter that in cities, the situation of "Dalits" is much better, and many great scholars, writers, scientists, judges and civil servants all have the background of "Dalits". But in rural areas, discrimination is still common. It is a slow process to completely eliminate caste discrimination, which can not be achieved only by introducing legal provisions, but also by creating other corresponding conditions, such as land ownership and policy decision-making power.

　　Mohanty believes that the appearance of two "Dalit" presidents is undoubtedly an incentive to the "Dalit" class and enhances their "pride", but it can’t bring them benefits. Democratic elections and the "Dalit" rights movement have contributed to promoting social equality, but there is still a long way to go to achieve the goal of "eliminating caste" proposed by Ambedkar.

In March 1957, East China Normal University will hold a large-scale academic seminar. At the request of the organizer of the conference, Qian Gurong, then a lecturer in the Chinese Department of East China Normal University, wrote the article "On Literature as Human Studies" the month before. In May of that year, this paper was published in Literature and Art Monthly (predecessor of Shanghai Literature).

On "Literature is Humanism" begins with a clear meaning-Gorky once suggested that literature should be called "Humanism". Later, Qian Gurong explained this: "We often quote Gorky’s opinion when explaining that literature must be described by people and create vivid typical images. But our understanding stops here, only knowing that we can’t take a step forward because we are stuck in emphasizing the importance of writing people. In fact, the meaning of this sentence is extremely profound. We can simply regard it as a master key to understand all literary problems. Whoever wants to go deep into the literature and art hall, whether he is a creator or a theorist, must master this key. Without this key, theorists cannot explain a series of phenomena in literature and art; If the creator forgets this key, he can’t write exciting real works of art. "

To be honest, "literature is human science" is the key to understand all literary problems. As a unique language art of human beings, how can literature settle down without "people"? This is common sense. But just because it is common sense, people tend to be ignorant of it and don’t ask for a very good solution. For example, as a proposition that anchors China’s values of modern and contemporary literature, whose mouth did "literature is a study of human" originally come from? For a long time, the academic community has been unable to agree. Even Qian Gurong, who used this key to open the door to China’s modern and contemporary literature, has experienced repeated explorations. Today, the answer he gave himself may not be convincing.

Collected Works of Qian Gurong

Qian Gurong’s initial answer was Gorky. The full text of On Literature as Human Studies is more than 30,000 words, and Gorky’s name is mentioned 33 times. The gesture of "I note the Six Classics" is self-evident. However, after reading this article, you will find that the actual effect is "six classics note me". Interestingly, as far as the view of humanitarian literature expressed by Qian Gurong is concerned, Gorky’s literary theory, which is the "Six Classics" that he quoted, that is, the "proletarian artistic authority" (Leninist), is not solid and powerful in supporting the thesis. Gorky’s theory is not completely compatible with Qian Gurong’s point of view in some specific discussion links, such as the task of literature, the motivation of literary creation, the abstraction or concreteness of people in literature, and especially the typical creative mode of literature. On the contrary, in the same article, Chernyshevski, another Russian writer cited by Qian Gurong, is in the same breath as the author.

As a matter of fact, searching for the whole paper on "Literature is a study of humanity" does not show the words "Literature is a study of humanity" or the sentences such as "Literature is a study of humanity" in the form of Gorky’s direct quotation. Looking up Gorky’s related writings and speeches, I found no such expression.

In this case, why did Qian Gurong associate "literature is human studies" with Gorky? Obviously, he equated Gorky’s suggestion that "literature is called’ humanism’" with "literature is humanism". And where does "calling literature’ human studies’" come from? Qian Gurong said: "It comes from Timofeev’s Principles of Literature." In 1953, the Principles of Literature, published by Pingming Publishing House, was mentioned in many places, and Gorky called literature a "human study". However, in this edition of Principles of Literature, Timofeyev did not annotate the origin of Gorky. It was not until 1959, that is, two years after "On Literature as Human Studies" was written, that Timofeyev indicated in the revised edition of "Principles of Literature" that Gorky’s statement came from the article "On Skills". In 1979, People’s Literature Publishing House published this article. According to this version, Gorky’s original words are not "calling literature" human studies ",but" literature is the best literature of "people’s studies" or "human studies".

It is necessary to point out that, from Gorky’s original words to Qian Gurong’s quotations, the semantics have changed a long time ago after being reported by many texts and translated in different languages. But one thing is certain, Gorky is not the original creator of "literature is human studies".

Because of this, since the publication of "On Literature as Humanism", the controversy about the real origin of "Literature as Humanism" has never stopped. As a party to the debate, Qian Gurong’s attitude has also gone through the process from "defense-persistence" to "doubt-correction" and even self-denial. Finally, he admitted that "Gorky may not have said that literature is a human study".

Of course, denying Gorky, Qian Gurong didn’t give up solving the mystery he created. He found a new answer: Dana.

How did Qian Gurong find Dana? There are related descriptions in his correspondence and interviews in his later years:

In July 2003, Qian Gurong said in a letter to literary critic Li Ling: "I remember that one day in the 1990s, I happened to read the English version of A History of English Literature written by Tanner. In the preface of the book, Tanner said in plain language:’ literature, it is the study of man’. Turner was born in 1828, 40 years earlier than Gorky. The invention right of the phrase’ literature is human studies’ should not belong to Gorky, but to Turner. "

In March, 2005, Li Shitao, a classmate from Qian Gurong, mentioned this matter again, and the expression was basically the same, adding that Dana’s History of English Literature was kept in his family.

In June 2014, Qian Gurong repeated the above words in an exclusive interview with Ma Xinfang, a reporter from Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, only emphasizing that "the book History of English Literature has always been in my family, but I didn’t read it".

Qian Gurong’s book-flipping in the 1990s was a rock-breaking event. The three key clues he came across while turning pages —— Dana, the preface of English History of English literature, and "literature, it is the study of man" —— refreshed people’s understanding of the origin of "literature is the study of man".

Danner, a famous French philosopher, historian and literary theorist, had a far-reaching influence on literary research in the 19th century. In China, Dana’s most famous literary theory work is Philosophy of Art, which was translated by Fu Lei.

The History of English Literature, written by Dana from 1864 to 1869, has no complete translation in China, and some chapters are scattered in books compiled by others. For example, the second volume of Selected Western Literary Theories edited by Wu Yifu contains the second chapter of the preface to the History of English Literature; The Interpretation of Shakespeare’s Plays compiled by Zhang Ke and Wang Yuanhua contains the "Shakespeare Theory" in the History of English Literature.

"literature, it is the study of man", according to Qian Gurong, comes from the preface of the English version of The History of English Literature. Literally, it can indeed correspond to the Chinese saying that "literature is human studies".

If we deduce from these three evidences, the invention right of "literature is human studies" will undoubtedly belong to Dana. Never thought, a new round of questioning appeared soon, and it was rigorous and powerful. In the first issue of China Social Sciences in 2010, Liu Weiqin, a professor at South-Central University for Nationalities, published a paper "Reflections on the Proposition that Literature is a Human Study", which revealed a surprising fact-the original version of Dana’s History of English Literature was in French, while Qian Gurong read the English version. The popular English version of The History of English Literature was translated by Henri Van Laun. However, Liu repeatedly read the preface of this translation, but failed to find the words "literature, it is the study of man". Liu then consulted the preface of the original French version of The History of English Literature, and failed to find a French sentence corresponding to "literature is human studies". Even the sentence closest to "literature is human" is far from its precise meaning.

What is the problem? Let’s take a closer look at Dana and his writings.

The English Version of Dana’s History of English Literature

In the history of western literary theory, Danner was deeply influenced by Comte’s positivism and Darwin’s evolution theory, and borrowed natural laws to explain literary phenomena earlier. The representative work of Dana’s literary theory is the preface to the History of English Literature. In this article, Dana systematically expounded his famous theory of "three elements" of literary development, and he advocated that literary creation is determined by three forces: race, environment and times, which constitute the "internal root", "external pressure" and "acquired momentum" of literary development. The History of English Literature takes English literature as an example to prove the theory of "three elements".

It is true that the preface of the History of English Literature can be regarded as an article on literary theory, but it should be classified into the categories of cultural anthropology and historical sociology. Because Dana pays more attention to the general mental state and national temperament that produce literary works, the writer’s psychology and character as an individual are often ignored by him. As Dana’s teacher St. Pevey commented: Mr. Dana’s research method did not touch the unique and specific individuals, and he always stayed outside, letting the so-called talents and talents escape from the mesh.

Furthermore, Dana’s research paradigm of literary theory, which pays attention to the whole nationality, runs counter to the description of "concrete, living people" in literary works advocated by Qian Gurong in On Literature as Human Studies.

Therefore, it is understandable that Qian Gurong’s new answer-Dana, which was sought by the original creator of "literature is human studies", was questioned.

A good guess, perhaps, Qian Gurong turned to another English version of the History of English Literature in the 1990s; Perhaps, in that version, the English translator has drawn up a title and added a new note for the preface of the book, and "literature, it is the study of man" is part of the title or note …

Perhaps, it’s just that Qian Gurong’s memory is biased. However, with the death of the old gentleman, these have become unsolved mysteries.

Perhaps, we should make a bolder guess: before the publication of On Literature as Human Studies, no one explicitly said that literature is human studies. As one of the most important propositions in modern and contemporary China literature, "Literature is the study of human beings" was invented by the discoverer Qian Gurong himself. Truth is largely a matter of courage. Qian Gurong found a key to understand literary problems with great theoretical courage, but his humility made him devote his time and energy to a fruitless task-to find the person who made the key.

　　BEIJING, July 30 (Xinhua)-Recently, the website of the State Railway Administration released an announcement on the investigation and handling of the K596 passenger train collision with the operator on the "6.4" Lanzhou-Xinjiang line, which pointed out the suggestions for handling the units and personnel responsible for the accident: 21 people were given disciplinary sanctions, and the judicial organs have taken compulsory measures against 3 people.

　　The details are announced as follows:

　　I. Basic information of the accident

　　1. Overview of the accident

　　At 5: 18 on June 4th, 2021, Jinchang Workshop of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. carried out line mechanical maintenance work on the down line between Yushi and Jinchang Station of Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway. Due to the temporary failure of tamping the stabilizing car, when the person in charge of the operation organized the workers to transfer to cross the railway line, the cross-line personnel collided with K596 passenger train, resulting in 9 deaths.

　　2. Overview of the accident unit

　　China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. has 16 trunk lines including Baolan High-speed Railway, Lanxin Passenger Dedicated Line, Yinxi High-speed Railway, Longhai High-speed Railway and Lanxin High-speed Railway, and 4 other branch lines, with a business mileage of 6,052 kilometers and 41 transport stations. Wuwei Works Section is its subordinate transportation station, and the line in the accident zone is maintained by Jinchang Line Workshop, a workshop under Wuwei Works Section.

　　3. The accident happened

　　According to the maintenance plan, there are two tamping stabilization vehicles working together in this maintenance operation, and the mechanical maintenance operation is carried out from east to west from K361+850 and K364+500 respectively.

　　At 2: 54 on June 4th, Zhang, deputy director of Jinchang Line Workshop in Wuwei Works Section, as the operation leader, organized the workshop participants to hold a preparatory meeting for maintenance operation, and deployed the maintenance operation organization plan and division of labor. A total of 5 employees and 18 laborers from Wuwei Works Section participated in the mechanical maintenance operation at K361+850, and Zhou was appointed as the shift leader. Because the operation area is in the curve and poor communication area, the protector responsible for the protection of the operators is adjusted to the middle protector, and the protector responsible for the emergency group is adjusted to the protector responsible for the protection of the operators.

　　At 4: 20 on June 4, according to the registration request of the station liaison officer of Wuwei Works Section, station attendant of Jade Station applied to the train dispatcher, who issued a dispatching order, blocked the downlink between Jinchang Station and Jade Station from the time of receiving the order, and allowed Wuwei Works Section to carry out line mechanical maintenance at K360+000 to K368+000, and the maintenance was completed at 7: 22.

　　At 4: 38 on June 4th, Zhang, the person in charge of the operation, led the workers to enter the protective net from the operation door on the side of K361+900 uplink, crossed the uplink and downlink, and walked along the shoulder to the K361+850 operation site.

　　At 4: 48 on June 4th, the tamping stabilizing car was moved from Jade Station to K361+850 according to the operation plan.

　　At 5: 04 on June 4, the tamping stabilized vehicle failed to continue its operation due to the oil leakage of the accumulator.

　　At 05: 09 on June 4th, the resident liaison officer informed the on-site guard that the passenger train K596 was predicted to pass the Jade Station at 05: 10.

　　At 5: 15 on June 4th, Wang, the site protector of tamping stabilizing vehicle, confirmed that he had received the approaching information of passenger train K596 twice.

　　At 5: 16 on June 4th, it was confirmed that the fault of the tamping stabilization vehicle could not be repaired and the operation could not be continued. The person in charge of the operation, Zhang, issued an instruction for the operators to transfer to the operation site K364+500, arranged for the shift leader, Zhou, to lead 15 operators to cross the uplink and downlink lines, and went out of the protective net from the operation gate K361+900 to take a bus to K364+500 to participate in the operation. Wang, the protector who originally followed the tamping stabilization vehicle for mobile protection, was appointed to be responsible for the transfer and crossover After that, the protector Wang and the shift leader Zhou led 15 workers to the shoulder of the road at the 5-meter position (K361+820) on the east side of the faulty tamping stabilization vehicle. During the preparation for crossing the line, the person in charge of the operation, Zhang, urged the crossing line three times.

　　At 5: 18 on June 4, Wang, who was in charge of the protection of the operators, was still jointly controlling the position of the K596 passenger train with the middle protector. In the case that the middle protector did not answer, he did not issue an order prohibiting crossing the line and did not stop the personnel from crossing the line. Zhou, the shift leader, blindly organized the cross-line personnel to cross the line without confirming whether the train passed. Because the lookout line was blocked by the faulty tamping and stabilizing vehicle, the crossing personnel did not see the approaching K596 passenger train before crossing the line. During crossing the uplink, they collided with the passing K596 passenger train, and nine workers died on the spot. Three workers have crossed the uplink, and the other three workers were blocked by the shift leader Zhou.

　　Second, the emergency response

　　After the accident, the co-driver of K596 passenger train, the vehicle attendant and the police immediately got off the train to check the scene of the accident. The driver immediately reported to Jinchang Station and called 120 and 110 for rescue and alarm. After receiving the report, the station immediately organized the police officers of Jinchang station police station and other relevant personnel to rush to the scene of the accident to carry out rescue work for the collision personnel. Confirmed by 120 medical staff, 9 people were killed and others were not injured. After on-site disposal, K596 passenger train started at 6: 43.

　　After receiving the accident report, China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd., the main person in charge led the relevant personnel to the scene of the accident for emergency and after-treatment work.

　　After receiving the accident report, China National Railway Group Co., Ltd. immediately rushed to the emergency command center to direct emergency rescue, and assigned a deputy general manager to lead a team to rush to the scene of the accident to guide Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. to carry out emergency rescue, after-care treatment, safety and stability, and cooperate with accident investigation.

　　The main person in charge of Lanzhou Railway Public Security Bureau rushed to the scene of the accident, organized and dispatched 120 police officers, set up 8 working groups, and devoted themselves to on-site maintenance, exploration and after-treatment work.

　　After receiving the accident report, Lanzhou Railway Supervision and Administration Bureau immediately launched the emergency plan, and the main person in charge led the relevant personnel to the scene of the accident to guide the accident rescue, and set up an accident investigation team to carry out the accident investigation.

　　The Gansu Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government attached great importance to it, and assigned provincial government leaders to rush to the scene to guide Jinchang Municipal Party Committee and Wuwei Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government to fully cooperate with the railway department to carry out the aftermath and family comfort and condolences.

　　The emergency management department sent personnel to the scene of the accident to guide the emergency treatment and accident investigation.

　　Iii. Casualties caused by the accident

　　Nine workers were killed and no one was injured in the accident.

　　Four, the cause and nature of the accident, responsibility identification

　　1. The direct cause of the accident

　　During the maintenance operation, the tamping stabilizing car broke down, and the direct causes of the accident were blind command, incomplete joint control, field protection failure and illegal crossing of the line during the transition and crossing of the line.

　　(1) The foremen violate Article 54 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Work Safety, Article 5 of the Regulations on Railway Safety Management and Article 3.2.2 of the Rules for the Safety Management of Railway Works (TZY [2014] No.272) "When crossing a bridge, crossing or crossing a line, they should ‘ Hand-to-hand, eye-to-eye, mouth-to-mouth ’ , do ‘ One stop, two looks, three passes ’ , it is forbidden to cross the line ",Article 6 of Labor Safety Card Control Measures for General Speed Railway of Public Works Department of Lanzhou Bureau Group Company (Gong ‘an Letter [2020] No.66):" It is forbidden to cross the line blindly without confirming the arrival of cars on this line or adjacent lines ",and Article 68:" Before the operators get on the road and cross the line, they should choose a place with good lookout conditions to cross the line ".When leading the operators to cross the line, there are no regulations.

　　(2) On-site guards violated Article 54 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Work Safety, Article 5 of the Regulations on Railway Safety Management and Article 24 of the Labor Safety Card Control Measures for General-speed Railways in the Public Works Department of Lanzhou Bureau Group Corporation (Gong ‘an Letter [2020] No.66): "The guards should concentrate on their work, look carefully, correctly display and use signal spare parts, and accurately grasp the train operation. Timely and clearly inform all the operation leaders and foremen of the advance notice of each train heading for the operation site, supervise the operators (machines and tools) to get off the train in time when starting, and so on. When knowing that the K596 train is approaching and the joint control has not been answered and confirmed to be safe, it has not issued an instruction to prohibit crossing the line and has not prevented the crossing personnel from crossing the line.

　　(3) The person in charge of the operation violates Article 54 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Safety in Production, Article 5 of the Regulations on Railway Safety Management and Article 19 of the Measures for the Safety Management of Railway Business Lines (Tieyun [2012] No.280): "The main duties of the person in charge of the construction are: to be responsible for organizing and directing the construction site, directing the on-site construction, arranging construction protection and confirming the conditions for releasing the train; Responsible for summarizing and analyzing the construction organization, progress and safety, and being responsible for the safety of the construction site ",etc., did not arrange safety precautions for crossing the line, did not comply with the on-site protection regulations, and blindly urged the transition personnel to cross the line.

　　2. Identification of the nature and responsibility of the accident

　　According to Article 11 of the Regulations on Emergency Rescue and Investigation and Handling of Railway Traffic Accidents (Order No.501 of the State Council) and Articles 10 and 49 of the Rules on Investigation and Handling of Railway Traffic Accidents (Order No.30 of the Ministry of Railways), this accident is a serious accident of railway traffic, and China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. takes full responsibility.

　　V. Suggestions on handling the units and personnel responsible for the accident

　　1. Persons whose judicial organs have taken compulsory measures (3 persons)

　　Three people, including Zhou, the operator, Wang, the site protector, and Zhang, the person in charge of the operation, have been arrested according to law.

　　2. Give disciplinary action personnel (21 people)

　　(1) The secretary of the Party Committee and the chairman of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. were given administrative demerits.

　　(2) The deputy secretary of the Party Committee and the general manager of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. were given administrative demerits.

　　(3) The deputy general manager in charge of public works of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was severely warned by the party.

　　(4) The deputy director in charge of overall work of the Public Works Department of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was ordered to resign, and the administrative record was severely punished.

　　(5) The director of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd., who is in charge of this maintenance operation, was removed from office and the administrative record was severely punished.

　　(6) The chief of the Safety and Quality Section of the Ministry of Works of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed and the administrative record was greater than the punishment.

　　(7) The deputy chief of the Safety and Quality Section of the Ministry of Works of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd., who is in charge of labor safety and protection, was dismissed and the administrative record was given greater punishment.

　　(8) The chief of the line section of the Ministry of Works of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed, the probation period was terminated, and the administrative record was severely punished.

　　(9) The deputy secretary and section chief of the Party Committee of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. were removed from office, and the administrative record was severely punished.

　　(10) The party secretary and deputy section chief of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. were removed from office, and the administrative record was severely punished.

　　(11) The deputy section chief in charge of line maintenance in Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. terminated the probation period and was severely warned by the party.

　　(12) The administrative record of the deputy section chief in charge of labor safety and protection in Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was severely punished.

　　(13) The chief of the security section of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed from his post.

　　(14) The administrative record of the assistant engineer in charge of the safety section of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was severely punished.

　　(15) The head of the line section of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed.

　　(16) The administrative record of the deputy section chief of the line section of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was severely punished.

　　(17) The line section of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. is responsible for the administrative demerit of the line maintenance engineer.

　　(18) The director of Jinchang Line Workshop in Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed.

　　(19) The General Party Branch Secretary of Jinchang Line Workshop in Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed.

　　(20) The deputy director in charge of Jinchang Line Workshop in Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed.

　　(21) The deputy section chief in charge of equipment of Lanzhou Works Machinery Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was given an administrative demerit.

　　3. Suggestions on the handling of the unit

　　Instructed China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. to make an in-depth inspection to China National Railway Group Co., Ltd.

　　Six, the problems exposed by the accident

　　1. The field operation standards are not implemented in place.The basic operation system of Wuwei Works Section is not implemented. First, the on-site protection personnel and foremen have a weak sense of safety, fail to implement the operating standards thoroughly, and fail to perform their duties as required. Second, the person in charge of the operation did not direct the operation according to the existing plan, and illegally changed the plan temporarily and changed the protection and shift personnel. Third, the abnormal emergency response was not in place. When the tamping stabilizing vehicle broke down and organized the transition and cross-line operation, the emergency response plan and safety precautions were not formulated.

　　2. On-site operation safety risk control is not in place.Wuwei Works Section did not carry out safety risk prediction in combination with the actual situation of the job site. First, no targeted measures have been formulated for the need to cross the uplink without working doors in the downlink. Second, the card control measures are not formulated in combination with the problem that the construction site is in a continuous curve section and the line of sight of safety protection is limited. Third, there are loopholes in the construction protection scheme, the joint control link is too complicated, the information transmission is lengthy, the intercom channel is busy, there are key traffic information missing, and the transmission chain is unstable.

　　3. Maintenance operation management is not in place.The relevant departments of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. and Wuwei Works Section failed to implement the maintenance operation standards of the business line organized by the workshop, and the on-site control was not in place, and the business guidance, supervision and inspection were not in place. Wuwei Works Section failed to organize safety education and training for laborers involved in the operation as required.

　　Seven, accident prevention and rectification measures.

　　In order to draw a profound lesson from the accident, draw inferences from others, effectively prevent and resolutely curb similar accidents, the following rectification measures and suggestions are put forward for China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd.:

　　1. Firmly establish the safety concept of safety first and life first.

　　We must conscientiously implement the spirit of the important exposition and instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on safety production, adhere to the people first and life first, adhere to the red line consciousness and bottom line thinking, firmly establish the concept of safe development, effectively improve the political position, deeply understand the grim situation facing the current railway safety work, implement the main responsibility of safety production, strengthen risk judgment and hidden danger investigation and management, quickly reverse the passive situation of safety production, and resolutely curb the occurrence of similar accidents.

　　2. Deeply draw lessons from the accident and immediately carry out special rectification of business line construction.

　　It is necessary to draw a profound lesson from the accident, immediately organize the special rectification of the construction safety of business lines, benchmark the regulations in the whole process from the aspects of construction organization and leadership, construction scheme review, construction plan preparation and approval, safety agreement signing, personnel training, etc., comprehensively investigate the problems such as non-implementation of on-site operation standards, irregular organization, non-implementation of protective measures, illegal entry and exit during operation, strengthen the on-site supervision and control of cadres, give play to the role of scientific and technological means such as remote monitoring, increase supervision and assessment, and compact safety responsibilities.

　　3. Strengthen the construction safety infrastructure and improve the construction safety prevention ability.

　　In view of the problems exposed by the accident, scientifically analyze and judge the weak links in railway safety management, and make up for the shortcomings of on-site safety management by strengthening the means of "civil air defense, physical defense and technical defense" to improve the ability of on-site safety management and control. It is necessary to strictly carry out training for construction workers and management personnel in business lines in different levels and grades, strengthen the management and training of labor and employment, establish and improve the responsibility system of "self-control, mutual control and other control" for operation safety, and strengthen the safety monitoring and control of construction operations in key time periods, key lots and key links to ensure traffic, personal and construction safety.

　　4. Strengthen the daily management of business line construction and improve the rules and regulations.

　　It is necessary to improve the construction safety management system of business lines, implement the professional management responsibility of business line construction, improve the construction safety risk prevention and pre-judgment mechanism and abnormal emergency response mechanism, analyze and judge potential risks according to different construction characteristics, formulate emergency response plans, improve emergency response and risk prevention capabilities, and ensure safety.

During his inspection of the Academy of Military Sciences, President Xi stressed that it is necessary to open a closed loop from practice to theory and then from theory to practice, so that the research of military theory can be rooted in the fertile soil of practice, be tested by practice, and realize the benign interaction between theory and practice. Today, with the surge of the new military revolution in the world, it is necessary to further handle the dialectical relationship between military theory and military practice in order to implement the spirit of the 19th Party Congress and promote the modernization of military theory.

Grasp the law of military practice and enhance the consciousness of military theory innovation

Since the birth of the war, human military practice has gone through thousands of years, including wood and stone age, metal age, gunpowder age and mechanization age, and is now striding towards the information age. To innovate military theory, only by thinking through time and space and knowing the overall situation of human military practice, especially war practice, can we base ourselves on the universal law of military practice and accurately grasp the characteristics of the times of military practice.

Grasp the universal law behind it through twists and turns. According to relevant statistics, from 3200 BC to 1964 AD, there were more than 14,500 wars in the world. These wars are different in nature, scale and ways of confrontation, and even have different faces. However, all war practices have common and universal laws. For example, wars are the continuation of politics, so there are points of justice and injustice; Wars are violent confrontations, which will cause more or less destruction and casualties; The final decisive factor of the victory or defeat of a war is people, so no matter how weapons and equipment develop, it will not ultimately decide the victory or defeat of a war, and so on. After entering the 21st century, when people talk about information, intelligence and unmanned warfare, and today, more and more attention is paid to technology and equipment, it is necessary to avoid seeing things but not people and ensure that military theoretical innovation advances in the right direction.

He is good at following the trend with time and understanding the internal password of change. War is often a huge system involving complex variables. Changes in political, economic, social, cultural and diplomatic factors, innovations in equipment, technology, talents, organization and tactics will all affect the development of military practice and the evolution of military theory. To innovate military theory, we must try our best to grasp why, where and how military practice changes from these changes, and earnestly grasp the historical law of the evolution of military practice. Specifically, to innovate military theory under the new historical conditions, we must see many characteristics of modern warfare, such as large economic investment, high technology content, fast combat action, and many political restrictions, and recognize the basic characteristics of the development of modern military forces, such as small quantity and scale, fine strength, excellent organizational structure, and fine command and management.

Be familiar with the changes of ancient and modern times and predict the future development trend. In the long history of war, there are both long gradual changes and short-term drastic changes. To promote the innovation of military theory, we should not only clearly predict the long-term trend of military practice development, but also attach great importance to major military mutations and their possible subversive effects. For example, once laser and quantum replace electrons as the new foundation of information technology, it will have a far-reaching impact on the rules of information attack and defense and the comparison of strategic forces. It can be seen that fully grasping the development trend of future military practice and clearly estimating the possible sudden changes are important guarantees for mastering the initiative and winning the future.

Correcting the innovation direction of military theory by comparing the effectiveness of military practice

The effectiveness of military theory innovation ultimately depends on military practice to test and correct. The innovation of military theory must jump out of the self-circulation of thinking, adhere to the test standard of practice, enrich the test methods of practice and expand the test ways of practice.

Test the innovation of military theory with new war practice. Engels once profoundly pointed out that in a long period of peace, how much weapons have improved due to the development of industry, how much combat methods have fallen behind. The lessons of Maginot Line of Defense have repeatedly warned people to avoid using yesterday’s brain to understand today’s war and break through the imprisonment of old thinking. The fundamental way is to constantly reflect on new war practice, recognize the unique essence and laws of modern war, objectively predict the development trend of war practice, find an effective way to win, and blow off the historical dust in military theory.

Test the innovation of military theory with the practice of preparing for war and using troops. Preparation for military struggle is the key link between army building and combat, an important aspect of peacetime military practice, and also provides a means to test the effectiveness of military theory innovation. It is necessary to unify the practice of combat readiness with the reflection of theory, find and solve the contradictions between them, effectively correct the tendency of theory to be divorced from actual combat, and promote it to be close to war. Although there is no war in peacetime, the practice of using troops in peacetime, such as anti-terrorism, maintaining stability, international peacekeeping and military deterrence, has opened up new ways to test the theoretical results. Making good use of the successful experience of these non-war military operations is conducive to sharpening the practical quality of military theory.

Test the innovation of military theory with the practice of building and managing the army. In peacetime, building and managing the army is the most basic military practice. We should persist in testing the innovative achievements of military theory with actual combat training, and make the innovative achievements of military theory constantly focus on combat effectiveness and lead to actual combat through layer-by-layer screening of basic training, synthetic training, joint training and mission training practice. In particular, we should make good use of the ruler of training practice, insist on training to measure the effectiveness of theoretical innovation in equipment, technology, battlefield and management, and measure the gains and losses of theoretical innovation in various fields, levels, links and elements with training, squeeze out all kinds of ideological bubbles that cannot stand the test of training, and correct all kinds of theoretical deviations that deviate from actual combat training.

Test the innovation of military theory with military virtual practice. Simulation training, virtual simulation, network confrontation and other means, in an immersive and interactive way, can make the officers and men involved get a personal feeling of the future war and an ideological impact that is close to actual combat, which has a good test and evaluation effect on the virtual and real, long and short, superior and inferior in military theoretical innovation. It is an important achievement of the creative application of modern soft science and high technology represented by information technology in training and exercises, and has opened up a relatively independent new channel to test the innovative achievements of military theory. Comprehensive development and application of military virtual practice, giving full play to the role of military virtual practice in testing military theoretical innovation, and combining it with real military practice will help to better play the role of military practice testing and better correct the direction of military theoretical innovation.

Innovating military theory and leading the development of military practice

With the progress of technology and the development of human society, military theory has more and more functions of designing wars and leading the development of wars. Realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the great global changes requires our military theory to have a broader vision, a more forward-looking vision, a keen grasp of the world’s military development trends, and a moderate lead in the development of war practice.

Keep up with the trend of the situation and grasp the historical position of military practice. With the group rise of emerging countries and the relative decline of western power, the global power balance has undergone profound changes, and the Asia-Pacific region has increasingly become the global geographical focus. The structural contradictions between the rising countries and the defending countries have increased, and the risks of competition, games and even conflicts and confrontations among big countries have increased. At the same time, the increasingly close interest ties formed by economic globalization, the increasing number of common multiple security threats faced by all countries, and the growing sense of community of human destiny all shape and restrict the way of resolving contradictions among big countries from different aspects, making it unlikely that a full-scale war will break out between big countries or even trigger a world war. However, military contests such as proxy war, marginal war, armed confrontation and strategic deterrence, which use strategic means to seek benefits, are inevitable, which requires military theoretical innovation to further broaden its horizons and guide military practice.

Keep up with the trend of technology and grasp the operation law of military practice. The use of metals, the invention of stirrups, the appearance of gunpowder, the introduction of tanks, the development of nuclear weapons and the change of information technology have triggered profound changes in the form and mode of warfare again and again. Judging from the previous military revolutions, the scientific and technological revolution is the most profound factor that triggered the military revolution. To promote military theoretical innovation, we must pay close attention to the development trend of science and technology. On the one hand, it is necessary to grasp the military possibilities contained in technological breakthroughs, especially the fundamental changes in confrontation rules and operational mechanisms caused by subversive technologies. The key here is to use the magnifying glass of military thought to select various technical possibilities, find out technological breakthroughs with great military value and study and develop them; On the other hand, we should find out the strategic demand for developing specific technology from the demand of political, economic and strategic games, and actively cultivate the technological fire to meet this strategic demand.

Follow the trend of national conditions and grasp the characteristics of China in military practice. To innovate military theory and lead military development, we should grasp the general laws of human military development, study the special laws of China’s military development, and influence and even lead the development of military practice with the original design of the development and application of China’s military forces. First, focus on ensuring peaceful development, pursue an active defense strategy, refrain from military expansion and arms race, and establish a theoretical perspective of providing strong military support for common security and mutual benefit. Second, to develop the people’s war in the new era, we always regard serving the people, organizing the people and relying on the people as the starting point and the end result of the innovative development of military theory. The third is based on me. Resolutely oppose copying the West in terms of ideas, paths, modes, technologies and organizations, strive to take root in China’s national conditions and military situation, identify the key points and shortcomings of strong enemies, and seize the initiative and lead the future in the design of strength development and application.

(The author is a researcher at the Academy of Military Sciences)