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 There is also an escape hatch above the cockpit. Although you can’t experience some thrilling bridges in the doomsday movie, you can get out of trouble in an emergency and protect your own safety when you are outdoors, especially in the case of a single bicycle. (cruise control) (road detection system)

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Fixed seat belts protect the personal safety of passengers during driving. The cushion is thick, and the curved backrest also provides a certain sense of support. Overall, the ride comfort is good; Two independent push-out windows on the inner wall of the sofa provide lighting and ventilation; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries inverter air conditioner (single cooling) has fast refrigeration effect and can adjust the temperature manually; Hanging cabinets are convenient for daily storage.

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Conference | The First International Workshop on Frontier Research of "Chinese Etiquette Debate and Nakanishi Rei Studies"

Nowadays, "the dispute of Chinese etiquette" has become a technical term. Whether it refers to the dispute between the East and the West in a narrow sense (1583-1742) or a series of historical facts that have almost run through the whole communication between China and the West since the Ming and Qing Dynasties in a broad sense, the "Chinese etiquette dispute" can be called a major event in the long history of cultural exchanges between China and the West. It is of great significance to the comparison, dialogue and communication between different civilizations in the world today, and its importance is beyond doubt.

On May 11, 2019, the first international workshop on the frontier research of "Chinese Etiquette Debate and Nakanishi Rei Studies" was held in the Convention Center of Shanghai Normal University. With the innovative way of "interdisciplinary dialogue and parallel research", the workshop gathered more than 30 experts and scholars at home and abroad to explore and expand the way of communication and dialogue between China and foreign countries.

The first international workshop on the frontier research of "China’s Etiquette Debate and Nakanishi Rei Studies" brought together more than 30 domestic and foreign experts and scholars from Fudan University, Wuhan University, Central South University, Institute of World Religions of China Academy of Social Sciences, South China Normal University, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Vassar University in the United States and other Chinese and foreign universities and research institutes. The workshop was jointly sponsored by Shanghai Comparative Literature Research Association, Li Xu Wenming Dialogue Research Center of Fudan University and China Language and Literature Innovation Team of Shanghai Normal University, and was specifically undertaken by the editorial department of Comparative Literature and World Literature, the national key discipline of Shanghai Normal University.

The opening ceremony of the workshop was presided over by Associate Professor Ji Jianxun, majoring in comparative literature and world literature in Shanghai Normal University.

Professor Cha Tsinghua, Dean of School of Humanities and Communication, Shanghai Normal University, and Professor Liu Yunhua, Head of Comparative Literature and World Literature, delivered speeches respectively. Dean Cha first warmly welcomed many experts and scholars from home and abroad, and then introduced the characteristics of Shanghai Normal University’s comparative literature and world literature from three aspects: continuity of development, interdisciplinary and cross-cultural education, and the fine tradition of paying equal attention to academic research and personnel training, and put forward valuable suggestions for the future of disciplines, which should not only seize opportunities, but also continue to improve modestly and cautiously. Professor Liu Yunhua further pointed out that the purpose of the discipline is to create a relaxed, pleasant and truth-exploring academic environment, and placed deep expectations on the future development of young scholars. At the same time, Liu Jiaoshou announced that he would take this meeting as an opportunity to prepare for the establishment of the "Interdisciplinary Dialogue and Parallel Research Center" of Shanghai Normal University.

The conference consisted of a keynote speech in the morning and two parallel workshops in the afternoon. Under the unified theme of "Chinese Etiquette Debate and Nakanishi Rei Studies", 21 lectures were given, which cleared up many problems and promoted the academic understanding and research of "Chinese Etiquette Debate" from various angles and fields.

Li Tiangang: "Debate on Chinese Etiquette" —— Research Method and Its Expansion

The keynote speech in the morning is divided into two halves. The keynote speech in the first half was hosted by Yuan Zhaohui, a researcher at the Institute of World Religions of China Academy of Social Sciences. Professor Li Tiangang of Fudan University, with the title of "Debate on Chinese Etiquette: Research Methods and Its Expansion", discussed four issues. The first one was about "Debate on Chinese Etiquette", and he emphasized that not only western documents but also Chinese Manchu and other oriental documents should be cited in the research methods and its expansion. On the second hand, he pointed out that the "Chinese etiquette dispute" is nominally about "ceremony" and in essence involves concepts, namely God and God, soul and Anima. In the third aspect, he said that the in-depth discussion of the "Chinese etiquette dispute" depends on the continuous advancement of the research paradigm, and in the process, we should open our minds to new knowledge; Finally, taking his new work Kanazawa as an example, he introduced his research in the context of the history of thought, mainly considering what is religion and what is folk belief, and the close relationship between religion and belief and the daily life of ordinary people.

Liu Yunhua: What is the relationship between European Enlightenment and China culture?

Professor Liu Yunhua of Shanghai Normal University gave a lecture entitled "What is the correlation between European enlightenment and China culture? First of all, taking Leibniz as a case, he analyzed and pointed out that although Leibniz had contact with China culture through missionaries, he explained the Confucian "reason" with his deistic view, rather than being influenced by it to achieve ideological transformation. Furthermore, he pointed out that the influence can be divided into implanted and confirmed. When talking about the enlightenment’s understanding of western core concepts such as freedom, equality and democracy, China culture has no implanted influence on the west, but only confirmed influence in the process of collision. Finally, he reconsidered the position of "science and technology" in the history of thought, and pointed out that most thinkers in China in the late Ming Dynasty were always confined to political correctness and could not seek truth from facts, and their understanding of western science and technology was really limited.

Mingde Wei: How to read China’s classics? From the perspective of "Nakanishi Rei studies"

The keynote speech in the second half was hosted by Ivan Ruviditch, director of the International Drama Studio of Shanghai Normal University and associate professor of comparative literature and world literature. Professor Mingde Wei of Fudan University’s report "How to Read China Classics? From the perspective of "Nakanishi Rei Studies", he thinks that "Jing" has the same meaning as the western Textus, and it is woven intentionally, so it must have a structure, so we can observe the Patterns in the structure in turn, that is, the structural Patterns and layout. On this basis, he specifically analyzes the patterns in various types such as structural rhetoric according to historical traditions. It also points out that when we contact the text, we need to regard the whole text as a style of existence and writing. And we should learn to understand a classic and put all these factors into its definite rhetorical structure, just to produce what the work itself contains in those who are ready to read it and endure its obscurity.

Song Lihua: The Encounter between the East and the West —— Guo Shi’s Hunting China in Chinese Novels

Professor Song Lihua of Shanghai Normal University made an in-depth study of Guo Shili’s works with the theme of "Encounter between the East and the West: China in Guo Shili’s Chinese Novels". By analyzing the image of China in his Chinese novels, he pointed out that although Guo Shili took Europe, especially Britain, as the frame of reference in describing China, China was excluded from the mainstream of European scientific, artistic and commercial development and became the object that needed European attention and even rescue. However, his words about China’s national character should not be simply regarded as a distortion of the facts, but should be understood as a historical event that really happened, because it once truly shaped the history and relationship between China and the West.

Zhang Yaonan: From "Debate on Etiquette in China" to Comparative Philosophy in China and Europe —— A Preliminary Study on "Debate on Etiquette" in the History of Comparative Philosophy in China and Europe

Professor Zhang Yaonan of Beihang University gave a report entitled "From the Debate on Etiquette in China to Comparative Philosophy in China and Europe —— A Preliminary Study on the Debate on Etiquette in the History of Comparative Philosophy in China and Europe". He pointed out that "Comparative Philosophy in China and Europe" refers to the comparative study between Chinese philosophy and Western philosophy. Looking at its history from Han and Wei dynasties to the present, it has experienced or will experience six periods. As the fourth phase of comparative philosophy between China and Europe, the debate on Chinese etiquette can be observed in six steps, and further summarized from a philosophical perspective, that is, "the debate on Chinese etiquette" and the "Enlightenment Movement" in western Europe are the same movement, and the themes debated are orthodox and heresy, atheism and deity, polytheism and monotheism, rationality and belief, wisdom and superstition, and self-reliance and self-reliance. It also emphasizes that the summary of Hegel’s "China’s Backwardness Theory" and "Historical Progress Theory" is not in line with the reality of Chinese studies and cannot be established.

On behalf of the National Day: the first voice of the debate on etiquette in China

The first half of the workshop was presided over by Wang Lingling, editor of Journal of Beijing Administration College. Professor Guo Qing on behalf of South China Normal University gave a report entitled "The Preamble of Chinese Etiquette Debate". He took the analysis of sacrificial rites from the perspective of Gao Muxian’s interaction with Chinese and Western Confucian classics as an example, and pointed out that in the recent history of cultural exchange between China and the West, Dominicans, as one of them, have always shown themselves as opponents of Chinese etiquette, highlighting their historical image different from Jesuits’ "adaptation strategy". In fact, it’s not that Dominicans didn’t reconcile Yeru. As early as when he preached in the Philippines, Gao Muxian focused on building a dialogue bridge between Thomas theology and Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism, and applied it to the field of sacrifice. Gao Muxian’s comments on China’s sacrificial ceremony constitute the target of Domingo’s understanding of Chinese etiquette.

Wang Ding ‘an: The Separation of Chinese and Western Sacrifices and the Re-development of Comparative Confucian Classics during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Associate Professor Wang Ding ‘an of Zhejiang University of Technology is entitled "The Separation of Chinese and Western Sacrifice Rites and the Re-development of Comparative Confucian Classics". He believes that the topic of "whether Mass is a sacrifice or not" during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was being staged fiercely in Europe at the same time, but it was not fully developed in China because of suppression. Now we re-examine the problems, beneficial experiences and the possibility of re-launching Comparative Confucian Classics with Aquinas’ sacrificial theology, which unifies "object" and "way". We can find that the difference between "being" and "being like being" presented by the sacrificial object is nothing more than a concrete manifestation of the relationship between God and man; The "way" of offering sacrifices to both Ye and Confucianism shows obvious sacredness.

Xiao Qinghe: Breaking away from the mundane and becoming a saint —— The Catholic narrative about saint in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties

Xiao Qinghe, an associate professor at Shanghai University, gave a report entitled "Going from the mundane to the holy: the Catholic narrative about the holy in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties". By analyzing the evolution of the meaning of the word "holy" and related terms, he clearly showed the process of cultural exchange, conflict and integration between China and the West. He pointed out that the missionary equated Sanctus with "Saint", which not only changed the meaning of Chinese character "Saint" and enriched the content of "Saint" since Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also changed the understanding of Sanctus in European Christian tradition, and the thoughts and spiritual worlds of both sides were blended and changed.

Ji Jianxun: The Origin of the Debate on Chinese Etiquette and the Relationship between Chinese and Western Learning Systems

Associate Professor Ji Jianxun of Shanghai Normal University, starting from The Origin of the Debate on Etiquette in China and the Relationship between Chinese and Western Learning Systems, emphasized that the "Debate on Etiquette" should not be a problem only related to the West or the East, and the new understanding should put it back in the historical coordinates of Sino-foreign exchanges, and the key to solving it lies in identifying the origin of the debate and clarifying the Chinese and Western learning systems behind the conflict. Confronting the problem of "etiquette dispute" and the "two-way" between culture, education and religion in China society revealed from it can help us better understand the two different cultures of China and the West and oppose the "clash of civilizations".

Yang Huiling: A New Probe into the Anti-ancestor Worship Thought in the Debate between Chinese and Western Etiquette in Qing Dynasty

The second half of the first group of the workshop was presided over by researcher Yuan Zhaohui from the Institute of World Religions of China Academy of Social Sciences. Yang Huiling, a researcher at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Comparative Civilization and Humanities Exchange of Beijing Foreign Studies University, took the topic "A New Probe into the Thought of Anti-ancestor Worship in the Debate between Chinese and Western Etiquette in Qing Dynasty" as an example, and studied his understanding and reinterpretation of China culture from the standpoint of Christianity by analyzing Li Yufan, a representative figure who opposed Chinese etiquette in the Debate of Chinese Etiquette in the Vatican Library. He found that he was equally familiar with it even if he held a position and viewpoint against China’s "ancestor worship" culture. Therefore, in the process of cultural exchange between China and the West in history, both sides of the exchange have the process of understanding each other and absorbing each other, rejecting and abandoning, seeing differences in the same, and seeking common ground while reserving differences and integrating and innovating.

Gao Shengbing: Matteo Ricci’s Cultural Identity and Its Translation Strategies and Effects

Associate Professor Gao Shengbing of Anhui University of Science and Technology gave a report on Matteo Ricci’s Cultural Identity and its Translation Strategies and Effects. He analyzed Matteo Ricci’s choice of "God", "Soul" and "Diligene/Caritas" (to love/. The cultural identity of "Western Confucianism" makes Matteo Ricci compare or choose Confucian concepts or words in his discourse, and the cultural identity of Catholic missionaries makes Matteo Ricci choose foreignization in concept translation. As the "other" of China culture, the translated words he chose can be widely accepted, which deserves our consideration.

Jian Wu: "Individualization" and "Cultivation" —— A Comparison between Jung’s Analytical Psychology and Taoist Inner alchemy

Jian Wu, a teacher of Jiaxing University, took "Individualization" and "Cultivation": A Comparison between Jung’s Analytical Psychology and Taoism’s Inner alchemy as the topic, and through the interpretation of the most concentrated and important commentary text of Jung on Taoism’s Inner alchemy, distinguished the fundamental difference between Jung’s psychology and Taoism’s Inner alchemy, and Jung’s misunderstanding of "The Purpose of Taiyi Jinhua". He pointed out that Jung’s psychology and Taoism’s inner alchemy are ideographic codes of two discourse systems, which represent two sets of thinking paths, and their speech objects are both internal experiences, so their differences are actually greater than their similarities. If we say that Jung adopted the method of "Geyi", it may not be an exaggeration to take me as the main analytical psychology when interpreting the Purpose of Taiyi Jinhua (including the Classic of Wisdom and Life) for his own analytical psychology.

Tan Jie: Words and deeds attest to Taoism —— Characters and moral education in "stories of testifying to Taoism" in the late Ming Dynasty

Associate Professor Tan Jie of Central South University’s report is "Words and deeds attest to the truth: the characters and moral education in the story of testifying to the truth in the late Ming Dynasty". By tracing back to the ethical tradition of the Renaissance, he placed the story of testifying to the truth in the Chinese translation in the late Ming Dynasty in the humanistic ethical tradition of the Renaissance. Through the analysis of two typical characters, "King Philip" and "Bi Da Lie La", he investigated its transmission by quoting the words and deeds of western sages.

Jia Weizhou: Confucianism-Confucianism in the Dialogue between Ye and Confucianism in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

The first half of the second group of the workshop was presided over by Dr. LIM Hyebin, a teacher majoring in comparative literature and world literature at Shanghai Normal University. Associate Professor Jia Weizhou of Guangdong University of Finance and Economics is entitled "Confucianism-Confucianism in the Dialogue between Confucianism and Confucianism in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties", trying to return to the historical text and the specific context in which the problems occurred, so as to understand the reasons why the religious interpretation of Confucianism occurred in the dialogue between Confucianism and Confucianism in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the starting point of different views, the methodology of hermeneutics and the results of the debate. This understanding will provide specific historical enlightenment to the discussion of religious interpretation of contemporary Confucianism. At the same time, the western Confucianism-Confucian view can reflect the attitude towards the whole culture of China, and we can also see the historical formation path of the western China view and China’s western view.

Jiang Xiaojuan: An Islamic Chinese Translator Influenced by the Debate of Catholic Etiquette

Dr. Jiang Xiaojuan of Fudan University’s report is "Islamic Chinese Translators under the Influence of Catholic Etiquette Debate". She started with the stimulation brought to Islamic scholars by a series of activities of Jesuit missionaries entering China, emphasizing that while they were hit hard, the Jesuits’ writing and speaking activities also inspired Islamic scholars, stimulating them to promote the localization of Islam in the same way, and a number of Islamic Chinese translators headed by Wang Daiyu emerged. They advocated the further development of Islam in China by interpreting Confucianism and explaining the similarities between Islam and Confucianism, which contributed to the further China of Islam.

Li Qiang: Christians in China and the Modern Evolution of the "Etiquette Debate" in the Early Qing Dynasty —— Focusing on the manuscripts in Xujiahui Library

Li Qiang, a doctor from Shanghai University, took the modern evolution of the text "The Debate on Etiquette between Christians in China and the Early Qing Dynasty" as a topic-focusing on the manuscripts collected in Xujiahui Library. In his report, he systematically combed the modern evolution of "The Debate on Etiquette" as a product, so as to illustrate the historical inevitability of modern Catholicism releasing the bondage of "The Debate on Etiquette" to Christians in China.

Wang Hongchao: Religion, Politics and Culture —— A Study of Yi-ology of Suoyin School and Missionaries in China

Associate Professor Wang Hongchao of Shanghai Normal University is entitled "Religion, Politics and Culture: A Study on the Yi-ology of Suoyin School and Missionaries in China". He pointed out that the study of Zhouyi by missionaries in China was deeply rooted in the biblical interpretation through the example that China Suoyin School founded by Bai Jin hoped to find the information of ancient China’s GOD from the Book of Changes and Jacob’s interpretation of "God" in the Book of Changes and other classics in the late Qing Dynasty.

Wang Niecai: Revelation or Reason? Two Opposing Interpretations of the Confucian Classics during the Rites Controversy

The second half of the second group of the workshop was presided over by Professor Du Wenwei, President of North American Oral and Performing Literature Research Association, Professor of Vassar University in the United States and researcher of China Opera Academy. Associate Professor Wang Niecai of Zhaoqing University took the book Revelation or Reason? Two opposing interpretations of the Confucian classics during the Rites Contraversy, this paper first introduces two different interpretations of the Four Books in the West, that is, the Franciscan Lian Dang (1602-1669) and the seal of Confucianism (1664) adopted an allegorical method to interpret the true meaning of China classics as the revelation of Christianity, while rejecting the traditional Confucian classics. And the Jesuits adopted the rationalism method in The Four Books of Western Languages (1687) to coordinate the western rationalism with Confucianism. Through the parallel comparison of the two concepts, it is very intuitive to show how these two explanations are rooted in different theological traditions, which leads to the two sides taking opposite positions in Chinese etiquette disputes.

Wu Rui: A Textual Research on the Origin of Oriental Etiquette in Shakespeare’s Plays

Wu Rui, a researcher at Shanghai Theatre Academy, gave a report on the Origin and Development of Oriental Etiquette in Shakespeare’s Plays. He pointed out that Shakespeare’s works involved a lot of oriental content and oriental protagonists, such as Cleopatra, Othello, and Shylock. According to textual research, the main drama conflicts in Romeo and Juliet also came from the legends of two rival families in the East. By exploring the origins of oriental rituals in Shakespeare’s plays, we can provide a path for the orientalization of Shakespeare’s plays.

Wang Qiyuan: Xu Guangqi’s Legacy in Shanghai and Its Contemporary Significance

In the report entitled "Xu Guangqi’s Legacy in Shanghai and Its Contemporary Significance", Wang Qiyuan, an associate researcher at Fudan University’s Chinese Ancient Books Protection Institute, thinks that, as a first-rate figure who walked out of Shanghai in modern national history, if these places in Shanghai related to Xu Guangqi can’t be fully studied and developed, it is indeed a slight violation of the actions of the sages. Therefore, he made an in-depth investigation of Xu Guangqi’s legacy in Shanghai through the publication of a large number of local documents such as the "Shanghai Fu County Old Records Series" compiled by Shanghai Local Records Office and Tongzhi Museum.

Du Wenwei: On the Mutual Influence of Eastern and Western Cultures from the 90-year History of The Story of Grey Lan

Professor Du Wenwei, with the theme of "Looking at the Interaction between Eastern and Western Cultures from the 90-year History of Grey Lan Ji", systematically combed the spread and evolution process of Yuan zaju "Grey Lan Ji", and concentrated on analyzing the theme changes of "Grey Lan Ji" through various stage adaptations. He pointed out that the spreading history and the changing process of the theme reflected the mutual influence between the themes of eastern and western cultures and drama theory, and in this long-term mutual influence process, The Story of the Grey Lanji not only became a historical drama that was performed circularly on the eastern and western stages, but also spawned some modern dramas.

The results of this workshop are quite fruitful, and the teachers and students attending the workshop have had a heated discussion, which has made a great breakthrough in the paradigm and content of promoting the study of "Chinese etiquette dispute". I believe that there will be significant progress in the near future, and a brand-new and in-depth "Nakanishi Rei study" is taking shape. In December 2018, the Center for Comparative Literature and World Literature, a national key discipline of Shanghai Normal University, held the first forum of "Interdisciplinary Dialogue and Parallel Research", which aroused widespread concern in academic circles. On the basis of the first forum, this workshop is another academic grand meeting with the innovative mode of "interdisciplinary dialogue and parallel research", thus further contributing to the construction of the first-class discipline of China Language and Literature in Shanghai Normal University and making new contributions to the academic innovation of humanities in China.

In terms of research paradigm, scholars’ research shows that the academic discussion on "Chinese etiquette dispute" is starting from the field of history and turning into the fields of literature, philosophy, culturology and religion, showing a trend of multi-paradigm transformation; In terms of research content, the series of results of this workshop also show that the series of debates between Chinese and Western civilizations are ostensibly centered around "Chinese and Western etiquette", which is behind the differences and dislocation of the core concepts of the two heterogeneous civilizations, namely "keywords". These studies can be done from point to area, with a clear sense of problems, and provide important reference for the current in-depth exchanges and dialogues between China and foreign countries.

Can artificial intelligence speak "foreign languages"? -On Natural Language and Computer Language

Language is an important tool for human beings to express their communication and thinking. Language reflects people’s thoughts, and people use language to communicate, express and create. The daily language used by human beings is called natural language, which includes vocabulary, pronunciation, semantics and grammar. The language used for machine programming is called computer language, which consists of numbers, characters and grammatical rules. Human natural languages are in different languages and belong to different language families, and computer languages are also divided into various categories according to different writing rules. Language intelligence, the ability of people to communicate and think in writing through language dialogue, is regarded as an aspect of human intelligence. In contrast, a machine (computer) has the ability to recognize computer language, run programs and perform operations, and computer language can be regarded as a language inherent in the machine. If the computer can understand the natural language as a "foreign language", realize the translation of natural language, understand and execute people’s commands, and even talk to people, can it be considered that the computer has language intelligence similar to that of people? This paper will answer this question.

Definition of natural language and computer language

The language used in human daily life is called natural language. Humans use language to express ideas, communicate and describe objects. As a carrier, language carries the connotation of words. Many languages of human beings belong to different language families, but languages can correspond and translate with each other. Every language is a system including vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation, in which vocabulary is used to express itself according to grammatical rules. As the philosopher and linguist Chomsky said in Language and Mind, "People who know a certain language have mastered a set of rules system, which assigns sounds and meanings to countless possible sentences in a certain way." However, individuals who use natural language may not be aware of the rules and connotations of this language system: "People who know the language are not aware that they have mastered these rules or are using them, and there is no reason to assume that this knowledge of language rules can be brought into consciousness."

The acquisition of natural language is based on life and social interaction. The process for children to master a language is to get in touch with words and sentences through a large number of dialogues, acquire sentence models in conversations and chats, and then master grammar. It can be seen that the learning of natural language is from semantics to grammar. Therefore, some scholars discuss language acquisition from the standpoint of human language talent theory. For example, Chomsky thinks that there is a natural universal grammar in the human brain, which exists in a place called language acquisition device. He tried to explain the relationship between language research and human nature, and thought that language reflected the process of human mind and determined all aspects of ideological characteristics and development.

From the perspective of language system, natural language is both stable and changeable. On the premise that a language exists, its vocabulary and basic grammar are stable. At the same time, the language is constantly updated, derived and developed due to the changes of the times and environment during its inheritance and use.

Computer language refers to the language that uses numbers and characters to write programs according to the prescribed grammatical rules, so that computers can do all kinds of work. It includes machine language, assembly language, high-level language and so on. In different ways of thinking about programming and programming models, statements composed of characters and grammatical rules perform operations according to instructions. The original intention of computer language design is to enable people to better control and operate computers. At present, every action and step made by all computers are carried out according to the program compiled by computer language. The operation of a computer is a process of accepting input, matching objects and outputting answers. In the execution operation, the calculator must first understand the input commands of people, and translate the natural language. The source code of the application program is translated into the target code machine language by the interpreter of the corresponding language, and then the compilation operation is carried out to translate the program source code into the target code machine language.

It can be said that computer language is the medium of man-machine dialogue. Computer language can recognize and translate natural language, perform operations and output results in its construction, and the translation process is the key to man-machine cooperation and even man-machine dialogue. The machine can only continue to perform operations after understanding the commands input by human beings. Before the emergence of intelligent machines, people’s input instructions to machines were single, but today’s intelligent machines have gradually tried to understand people’s commands through voice and image recognition. At present, this ability mainly depends on corpus analysis, enhanced matching search and deep learning.

If the vocabulary of natural language is regarded as a set of symbols and its grammar is regarded as the rules for the use of symbols, then computer language is also the use of symbols and rules. The encoding and decoding of computer input and output, as well as the operation in human-computer interaction, are also similar to the process of using language to listen, read, write and communicate with people. In this sense, computer language seems to be the natural language of computers. If the computer is truly intelligent, then in its view, human natural language can be regarded as a foreign language. But can computers be intelligent?

To compare natural language with computer language, an important perspective is to distinguish the internal logic of natural language and computer language from their logical systems. Logic is an important connotation of language, and the logical structure and grammatical system of a language are the root causes that distinguish it from other languages and languages.

Logic in Natural Language and Computer Language

In the use of natural language, ambiguity and ambiguity are inevitable, and there are misunderstandings and deviations in translation between languages. Scholars want to solve the ambiguity and ambiguity of words in expression and find the common deep structure in human language, so they invented formal language by using mathematical methods for reference. The original intention of formal language is that people want to make logic have a set of universal symbols like mathematics, so as to try to establish a universal and unambiguous language. Through this language, all thinking and reasoning can be transformed into calculus and become as accurate as mathematics. Logicians try to accurately describe the world described by natural language with formal systems and symbols, so as to make more accurate reasoning, analysis and judgment. Therefore, in the study of logical language, it also includes the study of natural language generative grammar.

Natural language can be regarded as a symbol system, in which words are symbols to express ideas under the cultural background. However, the logic in natural language is not only grammatical structure, but also semantic. The ambiguity and vagueness of some words in our daily expression are difficult to judge in grammar, but they can be simply solved by context and the introduction of context. Wittgenstein thinks that natural language is used to express objects, the meaning of a proposition or sentence comes from its real object, and the process of learning language is to master the relationship between words and objects. We can’t get meaning from a single word, but through association and activity, so natural language has meaning under certain environment and specific rules of the game.

Therefore, the logic of natural language has one more dimension than that of formal language. Natural language is a part of human mind, and the logic contained in words is the unique logical ability of human mind. As Wittgenstein pointed out, a single vocabulary and grammatical structure cannot convey complete meaning. The acquisition of natural language can’t be achieved only by learning the logical structure of language. Therefore, mind is an important concept in the acquisition of natural language.

The computer language used by the machine is also a formal language. It is the language that people first gave to the machine and became the pre-existing language in it. When computers understand and execute human commands, they need to translate natural languages into computer languages that can be understood by machines, and then carry out program operations. Formal description of natural language is very important for mechanical imitation of computer programs, but understanding imitation is different from mechanical imitation. Mechanical imitation involves formal nature, while comprehension imitation involves quasi-semantic nature. At present, computers are mainly based on mechanical imitation and talk to people’s natural language through logical language. Therefore, although the processing of natural language by computer can be regarded as a kind of translation, at present, this kind of translation is different from the mutual translation between two languages in natural language.

In the process of disambiguation, computers need a lot of knowledge, including linguistic knowledge (morphology, syntax, semantics, context, etc.) and common sense cognition about the world. This has also caused two main difficulties in natural language processing at present. Measuring computer language from the perspective of natural language is highly formalized, which makes its ability to describe context limited, and it cannot convey multi-layer information like natural language. Therefore, although formal language has advantages in accuracy, its contextual shaping ability and expressive power are inevitably weaker than natural language. In the understanding of natural language, it is difficult for formal language to fully describe how lexical devices are related to syntactic structures, thus forming the meaning of sentences, which is also an important reason for errors in computer recognition of natural language. Of course, with the development of corpus construction and corpus linguistics, the rationalism method based on syntactic-semantic rules, which was mainly used by computers in dealing with natural languages, has taken a back seat. Nowadays, the natural language processing technology has introduced statistical mathematics methods, and gradually reduced errors with the support of matching search and automatic learning methods.

Cognitive science holds that thinking and cognition are logical operations of knowledge, while computerized natural language analysis mainly depends on the expression of logical language. From the perspective of behaviorism, if the machine has a computer language, and it is constantly strengthened and more accurate in the operation execution and use the day after tomorrow, it is a kind of acquisition and consolidation. In this sense, computer language seems to be its natural language for computers. However, although natural language and computer language each contain many kinds, the reasons for their diversity are different. Different from the differences of history, culture and region, computer language is developed for different needs when writing programs. Therefore, the connotation of natural language and computer language is different. Fundamentally speaking, the mind embodied by natural language is different from that expressed by computer language.

Natural language and mind

If natural language is the tool of human expression and the medium of thinking, then the relationship between natural language and mind is inseparable. To a certain extent, people’s ability to use language is one of the manifestations of mental ability. Mind is different from intelligence. Mind is a part of intelligence, which refers to people’s abilities of perception, feeling, memory, learning, understanding and innovation.

Mental ability includes the understanding of natural language. When using natural language in daily life, we can get the pronunciation, image and connotation of the described object at the same time. In our daily life, whenever we hear someone describe something or see someone pointing to an object, we will remember what this thing is called and say the same words when we refer to that thing again in the future. We can also experience all kinds of emotions and feelings in the sentence from other people’s voices, movements, expressions and eyes, as well as body movements, tones and tones. That is to say, in natural language, the meaning of words is not limited to the meaning of a single word, but also includes the appearance of the referent, pronunciation, the intention of the narrator and the context at that time. The meanings of natural language are fully embodied in social communication and dialogue. A comprehensive grasp of these meanings requires mental ability, and vice versa. As Chomsky said: the surface rule of words forming sentences is grammar, but the real meaning of sentences is reflected in the deep structure. The deep structure is related to the surface structure through some mental operations. In other words, the connection between all words, sounds and meanings of natural language is based on the grammatical structure on the basis of mind.

Furthermore, the study of natural language is also a reflection of mental ability. Psychologists represented by Chomsky believe that language and grammatical structure are the essence and characteristics of human mind. No matter how different language users are in individual experience and ability, they will complete the task of constructing language theory system in a very similar way. We are endowed with cognitive structure and language ability in our minds, and gradually strengthen our grasp of grammar rules in the application of acquired knowledge. "On a basic level, we humans are not learning languages. The real situation is that languages grow up in our minds."

Different from Chomsky, Quine’s language theory is based on empiricism and behaviorism. He opposes both the thorough empiricism reductionism and the pure transcendental knowledge. He believes that the reason why language can express meaning depends on the acquisition of behavior, and people’s mental ability embodied in language behavior is gradually acquired. The mental ability to master and use a language is acquired and can be strengthened through training. In Quine’s view, our ability to master language comes from public knowledge, which is a kind of inheritance of human common experience and knowledge background, rather than a priori existence: "Even if we want to talk about a unique quality of sensory awareness, most of us have to turn to public objects, the color of oranges, the taste of rotten eggs, and so on. To continuously access the previous sensory data, it also depends on the reference object. Of course, we should explore the sensory awareness and sensory stimulation behind the daily discourse about objects, but these are the background of concept formation or language, not their underlying structure. "

According to Chomsky’s theory, the initial inner nature that we give to an intelligent computer can be counted as its innate "mind", of course, such a mind is given by people and is incomplete. According to Quine’s theory, under the premise of being constructed, the computer has acquired the knowledge background and can continuously strengthen its language ability in learning, which seems to mean that it is possible to obtain real intelligence in intensive learning, including the same level of language intelligence as people.

Machine language and mind

In the famous Turing test of artificial intelligence, if a person can have a long enough conversation with a machine, if the interlocutor can’t tell whether the answer comes from a machine or a person, then it is judged that the machine is intelligent. It can be seen that the main ability of Turing’s intelligent computer is the ability to understand and use language. The test defines the intelligence of the machine as several aspects: the machine should be able to answer the questions of input text; Be able to explain the meaning of words; Able to understand sentences composed of words; Be able to translate one language into another. Language ability is an important criterion to judge whether a computer has intelligence. It can even be said that from the mechanism of Turing test, language ability can be equated with intelligence.

If intelligence must master language ability, as mentioned above, although the natural language used by human beings has vague and ambiguous contents, its expressive power is indeed stronger than that of formal language. If a computer wants to have real intelligence, it must have the ability to understand natural language in different contexts. However, this ability is almost impossible in the existing technology. Dreyfus mentioned in What Computers Can’t Do that one of the difficult problems for machines to acquire intelligence is to solve the ambiguity in language. Although there is now the support of enhanced matching search and big data, the ambiguity problem of natural language has been partially solved on the surface. However, if we can really understand and use a language by referring to the way we use natural language, we need to master the necessary reasoning rules (including expert knowledge reasoning and common sense reasoning), but also have the ability to understand and comprehend the context. With this ability, you can be considered to have a mind and intelligence.

When discussing machine intelligence and mind, many researchers hope to get inspiration from the generation and structure of human intelligence. From simple development to complex thinking, human intelligence seems to have rules to follow, but if you consider it carefully, even the simplest and most elementary intelligence involves the cooperation of millions of brain cells and muscle cells on a large scale. These simple behaviors are embedded with too much intelligence, which are deep mental abilities that are not realized in daily speech and behavior. Language intelligence, as one of them, if we consider the source of language mechanism and its role in the sudden qualitative change of human intelligence, at least two basic problems will appear: first, the core semantic content of the smallest meaningful element, including the simplest element. Second, the principle of allowing unlimited combinations of symbols. If we want to analyze the physiological structure and logical structure produced by human mind step by step, we will try to endow the machine with mind by imitating this structure. It is bound to face two dilemmas: first, the human brain is a black box that cannot be completely mastered; Second, the mind, as a non-physical but real existence, is an elusive existence for technology.

From the standpoint of mentalism, it is impossible for a computer to have the same mental ability as human beings, although it can acquire more sophisticated and accurate natural language processing technology with the development of technology, and it can understand all instructions of natural language in operation and execution. From the standpoint of behaviorism, if a machine has the same language ability as human beings and can understand and express natural language, it seems that it can be considered as a machine with mind. However, the inevitable problems in the transformation between natural language and formal language also indicate that imitation based on behaviorism cannot be exactly the same as human beings.

conclusion

With the development of technology, the number of natural language texts that can be processed by computers has been increasing. Under the application requirements of text mining, information extraction, cross-language information processing, human-computer interaction and so on, the research on computer natural language processing is also advancing. However, natural language is directional and logical in description and expression, and conveys and carries culture. This means that natural language is not only a combination of some words and symbols, but also different from formal language. Although natural language is also used under certain logical grammar and has the functions of communication, exchange, expression and creation, it also has cultural attributes. The acquisition of a language not only includes the use of words and grammatical rules, but also includes the understanding and recognition of a culture. At this level, no matter how much the existing intelligent machines deal with natural languages, they have not yet possessed real intelligence. Therefore, we can take the normal use of language as extremely clear empirical evidence to prove that other creatures have the same mind as us, but not as discriminatory evidence of the source of mind and human ability.

Descartes said that "language is the core symbol of human thinking", which means that language ability and human thinking ability are inseparable and language ability is the representation of human mind. He also pointed out that two important abilities of human mind, understanding and will, cannot be realized by machines (automata). Because the mind has no substance, it is impossible for automata to create the mind by imitating the surface structure anyway. Descartes’ prediction is still correct today, although it lacks the integrity of argument. The use, expression and creation of language is an important content of human intelligence. If the intelligent machine in the future will have the same or even stronger intelligence as human beings, then it must have the same understanding and application ability as human language ability. This can’t be done at the existing computer language level. As for whether machines can learn "foreign languages" by new breakthrough technologies in the future, that is another question.

References:

Dreyfus. What Computers Can’t Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence [M]. Joint Publishing Company, 1986.

Noam Chomsky. Language and Mind [M]. Renmin University of China Press, 2015.

Selected Works of Noam Chomsky Chomsky’s Philosophy of Language [M]. The Commercial Press, 1992.

Noam Chomsky. Some Problems of Syntactic Theory [M]. China Social Sciences Press, 1986.

Quine. Words and Objects [M]. Renmin University of China Press, 2012.

Wittgenstein. Philosophical Studies [M]. The Commercial Press, 2000.

Frege. Selected Works of Frege’s Philosophy [M]. The Commercial Press, 2006.

The National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention said that the epidemic situation in COVID-19 may rebound around the Spring Festival, and the harm of new strains will be explained in detail.

Lian Junxiang and Xu Hanyi recently held a press conference in the State Council Press Office. The relevant person in charge of the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention said that due to the sharp increase in personnel flow during Spring Festival travel rush, it is expected that the epidemic situation in COVID-19 may rebound to some extent before and after the Spring Festival, and many respiratory diseases will continue to appear alternately or jointly in many parts of the country.

So, what is the toxicity of the new strain JN.1 in COVID-19? Will influenza and COVID-19 cross-infect?

one

The number of people infected with JN.1 strain in China is increasing.

According to the data of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of cases in COVID-19 increased from the end of last year to the beginning of this year.

On January 6th, this year, the number of newly confirmed cases exceeded 10,000 for the first time, reaching 10,684. The number of positive detections in the last week has increased significantly.

At present, the mainstream strain is still EG.5 and its subfamilies, but the number of people infected with the latest JN.1 strain is increasing. As Spring Festival travel rush is coming, the epidemic of the virus may still be variable.

2

The mortality of new strains in COVID-19 is not high.

So, how harmful is the latest JN.1?

According to the global data, the spread of Covid-19 JN.1 is rapid, but the risk has not improved.

JN.1 is a second-generation subfamily of Omicron BA.2.86 mutant, which was first detected in Luxemburg at the end of August last year.

According to the latest data from GISAID, JN.1 began to spread around the world in November last year, and it took only one month to become the global mainstream strain, accounting for 50% of the new cases every day. At present, this proportion has exceeded 70% and spread to at least 59 countries and regions around the world.

The rapid transmission is also reflected in the level of virus activity in wastewater. The higher the value of this indicator, the wider the spread of the virus.

According to the data of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (hereinafter referred to as CDC), the concentration level of Covid-19 in wastewater in the United States was 12.85 in the week of December 30th, reaching the second highest level in history since the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic in the United States.

According to relevant scholars, compared with the previous Covid-19, JN.1 virus has acquired a key new mutation, so its spreading ability is stronger.

Judging from the hospitalization and mortality, the influence of JN.1 did not exceed that of the previous strain.

According to the data of CDC in the United States, in the week of January 6th, there were 35,800 new hospitalized applicants in COVID-19, with an average of about 11 per 100,000 people.

Although the trend has increased, it is not too serious compared with the previous peak. At the beginning of 2022, the number of people applying for hospitalization in the United States due to Covid-19 infection peaked at about 45.5 per 100,000 people, which is 4.4 times of the current level.

Judging from the death situation, the number of people who died of COVID-19 infection in the United States is decreasing.

In the week of January 6th, the number of people who died of Covid-19 infection was 0.3 per 100,000 people. Last year’s peak was 1.2/ 100,000 people, which is also about four times the current level.

If compared with 2020, the gap is bigger, about 26 times as much as the current one.

three

It is unlikely that influenza will merge with COVID-19.

At present, the positive rate of influenza virus detection in China has declined, but among them, the proportion of B-stream is increasing, and the proportion of mixed infection is increasing recently. It may be infected at the same time, or it may be that "A stream is just right and B stream is recruited".

According to the data of China National Influenza Center, in the first week of 2024, the proportion of mixed infection increased to 36%, compared with only 12.4% a month ago.

With the spread of JN.1, will people who have had the flu still be infected with COVID-19?

Judging from the research data, it is possible, but the proportion is not high.

According to a paper published two years ago by scholars from the University of Aix-Marseille, 54 related studies around the world were collected and analyzed, including the data of about 18,000 patients infected with COVID-19.

The results showed that only 0.7% of the patients were co-infected with COVID-19 and influenza, that is to say, only about 140 of the 18,000 patients were co-infected with Covid-19 and influenza virus.

But compared with B-stream, A-stream is more likely to be infected with COVID-19.

The data showed that among 143 patients with concurrent infection, 74% were infected with influenza A, 20% were infected with influenza B, and only one patient was infected with three viruses at the same time, with a low probability. Refined to the age of patients, children are more likely to be infected than adults.

The data shows that the proportion of children with infection is 3.2%, which is about 10 times as much as that of adult patients (0.3%).

four

Complicated with infection or aggravated illness

Although the possibility of concurrent infection is very low, once infected, it may aggravate the condition.

As early as 2021, the national key experiment of virology found that in the experimental mice, co-infection would cause more cells and tissues in the body to be attacked by the virus, which would lead to more serious lung pathological reactions, a large number of cell infiltration and obvious alveolar necrosis [2].

From the comparison of patients’ data, co-infection does lead to more serious symptoms of patients.

According to the paper published by Nanjing Medical University in 2022 [3], compared with patients infected with COVID-19 alone, patients with combined infection are more likely to need a ventilator, and the risk is 2.31 times that of patients infected with alone.

Among them, the risk of using a ventilator with COVID-19 and H1N1 infection is higher, which is 5.04 times that of single infection.

Symptoms mainly focus on respiratory complications, such as acute hypoxic respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart injury and acute kidney injury.

Not only that, patients with infection are also more likely to live in ICU.

Research shows that [3], the risk of patients with co-infection staying in ICU is 2.09 times that of patients with single infection.

According to the paper published in the International Journal of Epidemiology in 2021 [4], in the face of co-infection, the elderly population is more likely to be seriously ill and more likely to cause life-threatening.

For example, among patients aged 50-59, 60% were admitted to ICU after infection, while the proportion of single infection was 24%. In patients aged 80 and above, the proportion of death after infection was 66.7%, which was also higher than that of single infection (46.5%).

However, co-infection may not increase the risk of death. Studies have shown that [3], there is no significant correlation between co-infection status and death.

Including the elderly, children and high-risk groups with basic diseases, it is necessary to pay attention to timely differential diagnosis and take related drugs after symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, so as to alleviate symptoms, shorten the course of disease and reduce the risk of severe illness and hospitalization.

Paper citation:

【1】Dao, T. L., Colson, P., Million, M., & Gautret, P. (2021). Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Virology Plus, 1(3), 100036.

【2】Bai, L., Zhao, Y., Dong, J., Liang, S., Guo, M., Liu, X., … & Xu, K. (2021). Coinfection with influenza A virus enhances SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Cell research, 31(4), 395-403.

【3】Cong, B., Deng, S., Wang, X., & Li, Y. (2022). The role of respiratory co-infection with influenza or respiratory syncytial virus in the clinical severity of COVID-19 patients: A systema tic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 12.

【4】Stowe, J., Tessier, E., Zhao, H., Guy, R., Muller-Pebody, B., Zambon, M., … & Lopez Bernal, J. (2021). Interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and the impact of coinfection on disease severity: a test-negative design. International Journal of Epidemiology, 50(4), 1124-1133.

Original title: "The National Disease Control Bureau said that the epidemic situation in COVID-19 may rebound around the Spring Festival, and the harm of new strains is detailed."

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The highest price is over 300,000. Are these official modified cars of tank 300 expensive?

The appearance of Tank 300 not only enhances the strength of independent automobile brands in the hard-core off-road field, but also promotes the progress of domestic automobile modification culture to a certain extent. There are as many as four "officially modified" models. Today, let’s take a look at what’s special about these four cars.

The first paragraph, tank 300 tank ranger

Guide price: 253,800 yuan

Co-brand: Yunliang Off-road

This is the first official customized model of the tank 300 in the true sense. It was built by the domestic modified brand Yunliang off-road, and the first batch of models were launched in August 2021. In appearance, the design elements of the tank 300 are largely retained, but the front and rear metal stamping bars and metal side bars are replaced, so that the protection of the car body is more in place, and a winch for rescue or extrication is added to the front bar. Tires and wheels have been replaced with off-road models, and nitrogen shock absorption has been replaced, which can cope with extreme road conditions more calmly. The A-pillar of the vehicle is equipped with a wading throat, and the wading depth can reach 900 mm. The second batch of models that are being booked have also added a trailer power inlet, a trailer square opening and an air conditioning entity button, which further improves the practicality.

(2021 Tank Ranger)

In the interior of the car, Tank Ranger also retains most of the design elements of Tank 300, but its performance in comfort configuration is relatively common. Steering wheel heating and Yanfei Lishi audio are not equipped with these two ordinary high-profile models. In addition, the seat is made of imitation leather, and the front seat has only heating and no ventilation function. It seems that the name of tank ranger is unreasonable, and he is a veritable "rough man".

(2021 tank ranger interior)

The second paragraph, the tank 300 wind forest fighters

Guide price: 270,800 yuan

Co-brand: Top Fire

Compared with the tank ranger, the change of Fenglin Iron Rider is bolder. In the front face, the middle net is changed to a simple double rectangular style, and the grille is denser than before, which can better block the impact of flying stones on the condenser. The air inlet is added to the hood, which makes the visual impact stronger. There is no wading throat at the A-pillar position, which will affect the wading height of the vehicle, but the overall feeling is stronger. The front bumper, side bumper and rear bumper of the vehicle have all been changed. After all, this is one of the most attractive places for a hard-core off-road vehicle. It is worth mentioning that this car is equipped with 285/70 R17 wide tires, the tires are basically flush with the wheel cover, and the visual effect is excellent. Such a hard-core tire configuration, of course, requires better suspension shock absorption, and Fenglin Tieqi is also equipped with nitrogen shock absorption and other configurations to improve the passability of vehicles. In addition, the roof is equipped with a luggage rack platform decorated with the words "TOP FIRE", which shows the identity and has strong practicability.

The interior hasn’t changed much, but the higher price compared with tank ranger gives it enough cost space to upgrade in comfort configuration. Steering wheel heating and front seat heating and ventilation are arranged, and the seats are made of leather, which makes the touch more comfortable. This car is also equipped with a PM2.5 filter in the car, as well as the addition of Yanfei Lishi audio and 64-color ambient lights, so that you can be very comfortable in the off-road process. It is also a practical function for camping enthusiasts to bring their own 220V power supply. The first batch of Fenglin fighters gained a good reputation, which also made people look forward to the improvement of the second batch of Fenglin fighters.

Paragraph 3, Tank 300 Border Limited Edition

Guide price: 280,000 yuan

With the cooperation experience with famous domestic off-road refitting brands, Great Wall Motor has also started to upgrade its original factory. This border limited edition model is a typical example, which basically combines the advantages of Tank Ranger and Fenglin Iron Rider. In terms of appearance, the front of this car abandoned the traditional TANK LOGO and replaced it with the simple English letter "Tank". At the same time, the middle net was changed to a black honeycomb style, and the sports atmosphere was improved. The front bumper has been upgraded to a competitive bumper, and the rear bumper has also been optimized. Its approach angle has reached 36 degrees, while its departure angle is 37 degrees, which is the largest among the official models of the 300 series of tanks at present. The front bumper is also equipped with a winch, the wading throat is also equipped, and the roof is equipped with an expandable roof platform, which is more comprehensive.

The interior part of the car basically maintains the configuration of the original high-profile model of the tank 300. Compared with the Fenglin Iron Rider, the front multi-storey sound insulation glass is added, which further improves the sound insulation effect of the vehicle. As an official-reformed vehicle independently developed by Great Wall Motor, the price of the limited edition of Tank 300 Border came to 280,000 yuan. It seems that Great Wall Motor is still quite emboldened. Do you think this price is worth it?

The fourth paragraph, tanks 300 cyber tanks

Guide price: 308,000 yuan

Co-brand: Chaojing

This is the only model of Tank 300 that has been modified to the urban SUV style. If the previous model is regarded as a competing product of herdsman, then this Cybertank is a competing product of Mercedes-Benz G. Although the prices of the two are very different, the styles are relatively close. The appearance of tough sports with gorgeous interior will bring about a turning back rate that is basically no less than that of a supercar. This cyber tank basically only retains the powertrain and chassis of the basic model, and the rest of it has undergone drastic changes. In the net, the penetrating headlights are added, and the car paint with matte gray is matched, so the overall look has a strong sense of science and technology. The wheel eyebrows are changed to the same color as the car body, and the integrity is better. The roof and rearview mirror are decorated with bright colors to enhance the sense of fashion. There is a big bump in the center of the hood to enhance the visual impact. The spare tire is no longer hung at the rear part of the car. Instead, it is a square suitcase with a larger spoiler at the top, but it is mainly used for decoration. Tyre size is 275/45 R21, with a relatively high face value, but it basically does not have off-road ability. Even if it crosses the speed bump or bumps, it is necessary to close the throttle, otherwise it will easily cause tire bulging.

The biggest change in the interior is the use of pure white color matching. The seats, center console and door panels are mainly white, followed by a large number of chrome-plated decorative pieces. The visual effect is excellent, but it is really not resistant to dirt. The stitching of leather seats is exquisite, and the sense of luxury is in place. According to legend, this is the most expensive model in the customized version of tank 300. Can you accept the price increase of such a model with a main face value?

These are the four special models of Tank 300 on sale. Although the price is much higher than that of the ordinary model, these models are equipped with hard-core configurations such as front and rear axle differential lock and part-time 4wd, which can meet the individual needs of different consumers. If the budget is enough, which one would you choose? In addition, this successful model of tank 300 is likely to continue to other models such as tank 500. Do you expect it? (Text/Youshi Automobile Control Wind)

Note: the pictures are from the internet, and the rights belong to the original author. Thank you! This article only represents the author’s personal views, and does not represent the position of AUV.

Marketing or real use? Robots make table tennis more possible.

  Core reading

  The table tennis robot demonstrates the powerful "behavior" ability of artificial intelligence. In the future, with the upgrading and maturity of table tennis robots, it will help athletes to train better and promote the popularization of table tennis.

  Some time ago, a video of "the longest ping-pong round in history" released by the ITTF aroused widespread concern among fans on the Internet. In the video, professional players and table tennis enthusiasts use different tools such as rackets, spatulas and books to relay the ball back in different environments, and staged an interesting table tennis party.

  Nowadays, the application of artificial intelligence technology has inserted the wings of imagination into table tennis. A table tennis robot with a smart "brain" is constantly challenging. Will it defeat the table tennis world champion?

  Help popularize sports.

  In 2014, German table tennis star Bohr faced a table tennis robot named KUKA. In the face of robots, the former world No.1 player took high gear and low gear, but he could only rely on tennis balls and edge balls to keep up with the score and finally win narrowly. Although this duel is only an advertising marketing, the level of robots was not very strong at that time, but the seeds of imagination have been planted in the hearts of researchers.

  China Table Tennis Institute of Shanghai Sport University cooperated with Xinsong Robot Automation Co., Ltd. to develop two generations of Pongbot table tennis duet robots. Although the fighting robot has only one mechanical arm, it can already achieve man-machine combat. At the same time, through the deep learning and reinforcement learning model in the artificial intelligence algorithm, the robot can "study" the opponent’s movements and hitting methods while playing, and formulate the return strategy by predicting the table tennis trajectory.

  Deng Yaping, the Olympic champion of table tennis, once competed with the second-generation duet robot in a TV program, testing the performance of the robot from three dimensions: speed, strength and rotation. From the beginning of the "helpless" when facing the fast break, to the end, the robot can successfully catch the difficult backspin ball. After one or two hundred rounds of fighting, the robot has shown strong adaptability and learning ability. "Table tennis robots have great potential and cannot be underestimated." Deng Yaping said.

  In fact, robots have been widely used in medical care, automobile, chemical industry, education and other fields. In the field of sports, there are also companies that have produced robots that can complete gymnastics movements. Ren Jie, vice president of China Table Tennis Institute of Shanghai Institute of Physical Education, who participated in the research and development of table tennis robots, said that the original intention of designing table tennis robots was to use scientific and technological means to help athletes train better and promote the popularization of table tennis.

  Strong learning ability

  In March of this year, Pombert played against the robot’s "brother" product — — Serve robot comes out. The service robot has two mechanical arms, which can throw the ball with one hand and hit the ball with the racket in the other. Compared with the traditional service machine, the service robot highly restores the service action of real people, provides athletes with time to observe their opponents, and exercises their reaction ability and ball handling ability.

  However, in order to achieve a high degree of personification, in addition to the appearance and action, we must also realize the variety of service. Ren Jie introduced that the service robot can set different rotation types and landing points of the ball, and can simulate different playing styles through the quick change of the racket. "After practicing such a combination, I feel as if I am playing against a real person, or a master!" An experiencer lamented.

  The "trump card" of the serve robot is the function of trajectory analysis and action analysis. Two distributed binocular vision systems are like a pair of "smart eyes", which can capture the trajectory of the ball and the athletes in time. Coupled with the "brain" of artificial intelligence algorithm for deep learning and timely adjustment of technical and tactical strategies, a set of "combination boxing" makes the service robot "smart".

  "If you beat the human Go master ‘ Alpha dog ’ Show us the powerful artificial intelligence ‘ Thinking ’ Ability, the table tennis robot shows the powerful artificial intelligence ‘ Behavior ’ The ability reflects the manufacturing strength in the field of industrial automation in terms of accurate identification, rapid response and flexible control. " Ren Jie said.

  With a deep understanding of table tennis, China Table Tennis Institute has avoided many detours in the process of cooperative research and development of table tennis robots. At the beginning of the design, the serve robot was set at a very fast speed. Later, it was found that this exceeded the acceptance ability of most athletes, which not only failed to achieve the exercise effect, but also increased the configuration of motors and motors, which was completely unnecessary. "Technology research and development should conform to the laws of reality." Ren Jie said, "So we suggest debugging the robot with reference to the speed, frequency and rotation of the ball when the coach conducts multi-ball training."

  Wide application prospect

  In the past table tennis class, 20 students shared 10 tables. If the teacher practiced multi-ball training one by one, it was often difficult to take care of all the students in one class. Gu Nan, director of the training department of China Table Tennis Academy, said that after the school starts, the college will put 10 service robots into classroom teaching. Through personalized settings, each student can carry out targeted training in a mode suitable for his current level. In this way, teachers have more time to guide students.

  Robots can assist teaching, can the training object be robots? China Table Tennis Academy makes serve robots and duet robots become "apprentices". The former uses professional training mode and flexibly adjusts course training according to the progress level of apprentices. The latter quickly learns different return strategies.

  If the goal of the duet robot is to beat the world champion of table tennis, then the service robot takes the route of "being close to the people", which is more suitable for ordinary table tennis lovers to practice basic skills. In the future, in addition to daily teaching, service robots can also enter community fitness centers, table tennis clubs and so on. With such a machine, one person can also play ball. If you set the relevant data, you can have a hearty duel.

  Ren Jie imagined that in the future, with the help of technologies such as 5G and AR (augmented reality), robots may also be able to synchronize the movements of the participants at the other end of the line in real time, realizing the "cloud battle" of table tennis matches, making table tennis break through the limitations of time and space and become more interesting. Shi Zhihao, dean of China Table Tennis Institute of Shanghai Sport University, hopes to lead the development trend of table tennis in the world through the combination of artificial intelligence technology and table tennis. At the same time, in the process of upgrading the related products of table tennis robots, more technological innovations will be applied to the cultivation of high-level table tennis talents.

Industrial upgrading in the concept of "big food" and prolonging the aquaculture industry chain with prefabricated aquatic dishes

  CCTV News:With the rapid development of aquaculture industry in China, the market consumption of domestic aquatic products is also increasing.

  Located in Mawei, the Strait Aquatic Products Trading Center is the largest aquatic products trading center in China, with a total area of over 300,000 square meters, which brings together aquatic products from surrounding fishing ports and the whole world, and its sales network covers the whole country. When interviewed here, the reporter learned that fish, shrimp, shellfish and algae account for the top four in aquatic product consumption.

  Not only in the aquatic products trading center, but also in many large supermarkets in Fuzhou, the reporter also found that the sales of domestic aquatic products are also increasing.

  Liu Hengrong told reporters that 70% of aquatic products in supermarkets are supplied to some unit canteens & mdash; 80% were bought by family consumers. Among them, the sales of some high-end seafood products have grown rapidly.

  Introducing aquatic prefabricated vegetables to extend aquaculture industry chain

  With the continuous supply of aquatic products in China, many aquatic products processing enterprises have begun to introduce aquatic prefabricated dishes to extend the industrial chain of aquaculture.

  Rongcheng, Shandong Province is rich in fishery resources, and the total output of kelp, squid and other seafood accounts for more than 40% of the country. In order to further increase the added value of seafood, many enterprises in Rongcheng aimed at the new economic track of marine prefabricated vegetables and laid out the marine prefabricated vegetables industry first.

  At present, it is the harvest season of kelp in southern China, and kelp has been made into various ready-to-eat prefabricated dishes.

  In this pre-cooked dish enterprise, the reporter saw that there are not only kelp, but also dozens of kinds of high-end seafood pre-cooked dishes like abalone.

  This year, Document No.1 of the Central Committee put forward for the first time that "the prefabricated vegetable industry should be cultivated and developed". Experts said that in the future, the development of China’s prefabricated vegetable industry needs to accelerate the construction of a complete standard system for the entire industrial chain.

Hunan: Before surfing the waves, the wind is as strong as a rafter, drawing a new scene with a giant pen.

Orange Isle

Draw a "new blueprint" for towns

-The urbanization rate is from 7.9% to 56.02%.

High-rise buildings have risen from the ground, connecting yesterday, today and tomorrow of urbanization in Hunan Province.

The Sino-Soviet Friendship Building (now Changsha Stomatological Hospital), built in 1956, is 18 meters high and has made a silent witness to the Sino-Soviet friendship in history. Hunan Hotel, built in 1959, was the tallest building in Hunan at that time, with a height of 35 meters. This building height record was not broken until 1972 by Lushan Hotel (now Lushan Hotel) located in Hexi, Changsha. Wharf International Financial Center, which opened in 2018, reshaped the "skyline" of Hunan at a height of 452 meters.

Hunan province adheres to the guiding principle of "controlling the scale of big cities, rationally developing medium-sized cities and actively developing small towns", and the urbanization process has been obviously accelerated and the urbanization level has been continuously improved.

In 2000, the urbanization level of the whole province reached 29.75%. Although this figure is more than 6 percentage points lower than the national average, it is regarded as a new starting point for urbanization in Hunan.

In May, 2006, Hunan Provincial Party Committee proposed to promote urbanization around the construction of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration. At the Ninth Party Congress of Hunan Province, promoting the integration of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan and the construction of "3+5" urban agglomeration were identified as a major strategy to enrich the people and strengthen the province.

In 2016, at the 11th Party Congress of Hunan Province, Du Jiahao, secretary of the provincial party committee, emphasized in the report that it is necessary to vigorously promote the integration of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, implement the regional development strategy of "one core, three poles, four belts and multiple points" and build a new urban system. Since then, the relevant policies have further clarified the idea of promoting the integration of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan: strive to build an upgraded version of the core growth pole of the province’s economy, a new highland in the rise of central China, and a demonstration zone for the integrated development of national urban agglomerations. The construction of the "three trunk lines and two tracks" project in Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan (namely, the rapid reconstruction project of Furong Avenue, Dongzhu Road and Tanzhou Avenue, the west ring line project of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan intercity rail transit and the "four improvements and two accelerations" project of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan intercity railway) is in full swing.

Changsha intercity railway

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, with the implementation of the new round of household registration system and residence permit system reform, the urbanization of rural migrant population in Hunan Province has been accelerated in an all-round way, and the permanent population of cities and towns has increased from 2.36 million in 1949 to 38.65 million in 2018, and the urbanization rate of the whole province has increased from 7.9% in 1949 to 56.02% in 2018.

At present, the number of cities with a population of more than 1 million in the province has increased to five, and the ability of cities to gather population has been significantly improved. Among them, Changsha has become a type I big city (with a permanent population of 3 million to 5 million), while Hengyang, Zhuzhou, Changde and Yueyang have become type II big cities (with a permanent population of 1 million to 3 million).

■ Building a livable "new home"

-Urban per capita housing area

From 3.9 square meters to 48.8 square meters

In the early days of the founding of New China, it was a common living phenomenon for three generations to "live in a humble hut". Take Changsha as an example. In 1957, the per capita housing area in Changsha was only 4.37 square meters.

During the planned economy period, urban residents mainly stayed in "waiting, relying on and needing" to solve housing problems, that is, waiting for the state to allocate housing, building houses by organizations and asking for housing from units. "Housing shortage" became a serious social problem at that time.

In 1980, the state put forward the general idea of reforming the investment, construction and distribution system of urban housing, and the "home" of Hunan people experienced a great change from welfare distribution to market purchase. The reform of the housing system has taken a step forward, and the implementation of "starting with rent increase, starting with the construction of commercial housing, and gradually transitioning to monetary housing distribution".

In 1992, a wave of reform and opening up was launched on the land of China, and the urban real estate industry entered a period of rapid development. The sale of existing public houses was the focus of housing reform in Hunan Province. At the same time, the reform of the housing provident fund system was rolled out throughout the country. On January 1, 1995, Hunan Province officially implemented the housing provident fund system.

At the beginning of the 21st century, commercial housing has become an important part of housing system construction in Hunan Province. There are not only government-led district development such as Meixi Lake and Binjiang New Town in Changsha, but also housing giants such as Country Garden, Vanke and Beichen competing to lay out the Hunan market.

Reconstruction Project of Rural Dangerous House in Shanglian Village, Shaoyang

Living and living is the starting point of living and working in peace and contentment, and stabilizing housing prices is the key to living and working. In June 2018, Changsha introduced the property market regulation policy, and launched an all-round battle against real estate speculation. In July of the same year, the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the "Hunan Eleven Articles" to strengthen the classified regulation of the property market and control the housing prices of key cities in the province.

In order to solve the housing problem of urban low-income groups in the province, in 2008, Hunan Province launched a comprehensive affordable housing project. According to the data of the Hunan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, since 2010, the province has built a total of 1.055 million sets of public rental housing, and distributed 574,100 housing rental subsidies, so that urban low-income and low-and middle-income families with housing difficulties have achieved "all insurance coverage"; Completed the renovation of 2.613 million shanty towns, helping nearly 10 million residents to "get out of the shed and enter the building"; 1,717,100 rural dilapidated houses were renovated, and the average household subsidy increased from 5,000 yuan in 2009 to 24,500 yuan now, helping more than 5 million farmers solve the housing problem.

As of 2018, the per capita housing area of urban residents in the province reached 48.8 square meters, an increase of 44.9 square meters over 1978, an increase of 12.5 times; The per capita housing area of rural residents reached 63.6 square meters, an increase of 53.1 square meters over 1978, an increase of more than six times.

■ Polish the city’s "new business card"

-Urban and rural environmental infrastructure construction

From "Small Jogging" to "Full Blooming"

In the process of urban development, a large number of domestic sewage, production wastewater and various domestic garbage were once directly discharged into urban inland rivers.

The Guitang River in Changsha is black and smelly. It was once the famous "Longxugou". After many efforts, Guitang River was transformed with the concept of "double renovation" and "sponge city". In 2017, the "black and smelly water body" was successfully removed, and the clear river naturally stretched, echoing with art bridges, wetlands and green spaces, becoming an urban "ecological river".

Changsha binjiang finance building

Cities are born of water, flourish with water and are beautiful with water. The protection and treatment of Xiangjiang River has become the "No.1 Key Project" in Hunan Province. Since the implementation of the two "three-year action plans", the water quality of Xiangjiang River Basin is generally excellent, and the water quality of 80% of the main stream section has reached the Class II water quality standard. Changde passes through the inland rivers of cities such as Zihe River and Yangxi River in Chenzhou, changing from a black and smelly "Longxugou" into a waterfront park, with willows and rivers gurgling.

Pollution is in the water and its roots are on the shore. In recent years, Hunan Province has successively carried out special actions such as "Three-year Action for the Construction of Sewage Treatment Facilities", "Two Supplies and Two Treatments" and "Two Repairs and Two Reforms". The main indicators such as the sewage and garbage disposal rate and the harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage have steadily increased, and the appearance of urban and rural environmental infrastructure has undergone major changes.

In April this year, the Hunan Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government held an on-the-spot meeting to promote the construction of urban and rural environmental infrastructure in the province, pushing the construction of ecological civilization to a new level, and proposed to focus on six major projects: safe water supply, gasification of Hunan, sewage treatment, garbage treatment, remediation of black and odorous water bodies, and smart construction to increase efficiency, and the construction of urban and rural environmental infrastructure entered the "fast lane".

People’s cities are built by the people and people’s cities are for the people. Since the concept of "urban taste" and "smart growth" was put forward, the traditional thinking of urban development has been refreshed-no longer pursuing extensive GDP growth, but paying more attention to quality and efficiency, making the city a paradise for ordinary people to live and work.

Guitang River in Changsha City after Harnessing

The old streets of Gu Xiang, such as Laoximen in Changde, Liuzi Street in Yongzhou, Fengcheping in Xiangtan and Yuhou Street in Chenzhou, have been organically updated, which has kept the city’s features and realized the organic combination of tradition and modernity. The renovation project of shanty towns in Changsha has explored a new road that pays equal attention to "staying, renovating and demolishing", refused to "demolishing and building", improved the living environment, and completely renewed historical and cultural blocks such as Duzheng Street, Gaozheng Street and Baiguoyuan.

The livable environment in Hunan has been continuously optimized. The gas penetration rate of cities and counties in the province reached 93.6% and 76.9% respectively, and the urban water supply penetration rate reached 94.31%. There are 15 national garden cities (counties), 39 famous historical and cultural cities, 38 beautiful and livable towns (villages), 658 traditional villages in China and 1,430 green villages in China.

■ Activate and develop a "new engine"

-Gross output value of construction industry

From 14 million yuan to 958.1 million yuan

According to historical records, the total output value of Hunan’s construction industry in the early days of the founding of New China was only 14 million yuan. With the recovery of the national economy, the number of construction enterprises has increased steadily, and the scale of enterprise output value has increased significantly.

The development of construction industry is closely related to regional construction. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the construction industry in Hunan Province has entered a new stage of development, and the development trend of scale, industrialization, refinement and internationalization has become increasingly apparent.

In 2019, the Hunan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development announced the list of "Strong Building Enterprises" in the province, and 19 enterprises including China Construction Fifth Bureau, Hunan Construction Engineering Group and Shaping Construction were selected. Statistics show that in 2018, the total output value of the construction industry in Hunan Province was 958.144 billion yuan, up 13.8% year-on-year, and it will soon be upgraded to a trillion-dollar industry, and the construction industry has become a pillar industry of the economy.

From the past "a sunny day covered with dust and a rainy day covered with mud" to a clean and tidy "smart construction site", the pace of transformation and development has accelerated after the construction industry has inserted the wings of "internet plus".

At the entrance of the construction site, workers enter by "brushing their faces"; Set up an information command center in the construction site to collect a large number of videos and various data in real time, and have a "brain" blessed by high technology; Tower crane construction no longer relies solely on walkie-talkies. Instead, sensors are installed on the tower crane to collect data such as wind force, turning angle and load, so as to realize accurate and safe operation … The smart construction site on the land of Sanxiang has become the concrete embodiment of the concept of smart city in the construction industry.

Changde Chuanzi River Comprehensive Treatment Project

With the advent of the commercial era of 5G, the construction industry is at the forefront of 5G applications. With the help of digital BIM+AR+VR technology, a visual bridge is built between three-dimensional design drawings and buildings under construction. The whole process of construction, such as survey, design, construction and acceptance, has also ushered in earth-shaking changes. It is reported that the application of BIM technology in Hunan and the work of building smart construction sites at the provincial level are at the forefront of the country.

Based on green development and promoting transformation and upgrading, Hunan has continued to exert its efforts in the cultivation of prefabricated construction industry and the construction of the "Belt and Road".

In Hunan, there have emerged national leading prefabricated building enterprises such as Yuanda Residential Engineering, Sany Group and Zhuyou Zhizao, with annual production capacity and comprehensive strength ranking among the top in the country. There is one national assembly building demonstration city (Changsha) and nine assembly building industrial bases. As of the first half of this year, the province has implemented a total of 42.73 million square meters of prefabricated construction projects, with an annual production capacity exceeding 30 million square meters and a total output value exceeding 70 billion yuan. Prefabricated building has become another "Hunan business card" after super rice, supercomputer and ultra-high-speed rail transit.

Huxiang construction frequently appears in the "Belt and Road" construction. From "going out to sea by boat" in the past to "going out to sea by boat" today, the project contracting capacity of Hunan Province has been significantly improved. For example, the China Construction Fifth Bureau has implemented the overseas priority strategy, and projects have been launched in 12 countries along the "Belt and Road". Hunan Construction Engineering Group’s overseas business covers more than 30 countries and regions in Asia, Africa and Latin America, involving housing construction, highways, bridges, power grids and other fields. The Senegalese competitive wrestling field project undertaken by Hunan Construction Engineering Group is the largest aid project of China in Senegal.

■ Accelerate the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services"

-administrative examination and approval from bloated.

From "Great Besieged City" to "Acceleration" of Slimming

Hunan’s housing and urban-rural construction system has been committed to promoting the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform, demanding efficiency from reform and vitality from innovation. Since 2018, the Hunan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development has taken the reform of the examination and approval system of engineering construction projects as a vivid practice of "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services", initiated the reform in non-pilot areas of the country, adhered to the problem orientation, improved the top-level design, eased "blocking points", removed "pain points" and broke "difficulties", making the project landing faster and the procedures more convenient.

Changsha Municipal Solid Waste Advanced Comprehensive Treatment (Clean Incineration) Project

The unified project construction approval management system in Hunan Province was officially launched in September this year, achieving "five reductions": the number of approval items was reduced from 71 to 50; The total time limit for examination and approval of housing construction municipal engineering projects has been reduced from 230 working days before the reform to 60 ~100 working days; Divide the 71 serial examination and approval items before the reform into four examination and approval stages, and implement "one lead, parallel examination and approval, and time-limited completion" in each stage; The application materials submitted in the whole process were reduced from more than 320 to more than 160; By promoting the supporting reforms such as "multi-regulation integration", "regional evaluation", "multi-map joint examination", "multi-measurement integration" and "joint acceptance", the overall running times of the administrative counterpart are minimized.

At the same time, the Hunan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development has taken the initiative to decentralize the administrative examination and approval authority at the same level, and the administrative power matters such as preliminary design review, construction drawing review and filing, quality and safety supervision, construction permit issuance, and completion acceptance filing of provincial management projects should be "released". Since May this year, the electronic declaration and approval of administrative licenses have been fully implemented, and the masses of enterprises have basically realized from "running at most once" to "not running at one time"; We launched a special campaign to reduce the number of certificates and facilitate the people, and cut off 16 unreasonable proof materials such as capital verification certificates and business premises certificates.

The Hunan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development has vigorously promoted the reform of the construction drawing review system, and launched a series of measures, such as "internet plus drawing review", government purchasing services, multi-review in one, and multi-drawing joint review. Since the reform, "zero running, zero contact and zero payment" has been basically realized, the time for construction drawing review and filing has been accelerated from 100 days to an average of 9.1 days, saving the construction drawing review service fee of 320 million yuan for the construction unit on average every year, and the competent authorities have corrected 823 violations of quality and safety standards on average every year. The supervision ability of survey and design is 24.6 times that of offline paper review in the past.

■ Enhance the "high value" of civilization

-Urban management

From "extensive" to "refined"

In 1978, the State Council held the third national conference on urban work, which made it clear that "the main responsibility of the city government is to plan, build and manage the city well". In 2002, the State Council launched a comprehensive administrative law enforcement pilot in five areas, including urban management and cultural market management, which marked a substantial step towards "comprehensive law enforcement" in urban management law enforcement.

In accordance with the unified arrangements of the central government, Hunan has further promoted the reform of urban law enforcement system and strengthened urban management. On May 8 this year, the Hunan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development set up the Bureau of Urban Management and Law Enforcement Supervision, which marked a new chapter in urban management in Hunan Province. By the end of September, 13 districts and cities and 118 counties and cities in the province had established urban management and comprehensive law enforcement bureaus in accordance with the requirements of urban law enforcement system reform, and new members were constantly added to the "big family" of urban management and law enforcement teams.

The city is the home of people’s beautiful life, and urban governance is related to people’s food, clothing, housing and transportation, and living and working in peace and contentment. All parts of Hunan have innovated institutional mechanisms and governance methods, and the appearance of the city has taken on a new look. Zhuzhou City established 200 "Jianning Stations", and all parties responded well; Changsha city has carried out joint law enforcement of urban management and public security, creating the experience of "combining two swords"; Chenzhou formulated the fine standards of urban management and fully implemented fine management; Shaoyang gathers strength to "wash the city" to create a clean and beautiful city appearance.

Urban management law enforcement behavior is gradually standardized. The province continued to carry out the three-year action of "strengthening the foundation, changing the style and building the image". All localities strengthened the self-management and education and training of law enforcement teams, and law enforcement officers distributed standard clothing, which significantly enhanced the sense of identity of law enforcement teams, significantly improved the level of law enforcement and professional quality, and undertook many urgent and dangerous tasks.

The property management system has been continuously improved, the "circle of friends" of the industry Committee has become larger and larger, and the community has become the "home" of every owner; Garbage sorting has become a new fashion, and residents’ participation is active every day, so that garbage is no longer "wandering"; Micro-renovation of the city, renovation of old residential areas, installation of elevators, and "embroidery kung fu" to make the city more exquisite; "Conspiracy, co-construction, co-management, co-evaluation and sharing" and "a beautiful environment and a happy life are created together", making communities and the masses increasingly the most active "protagonists" on the urban stage; Litter boxes, leisure seats, bus shelters, traffic signs, lighting facilities … The ever-increasing urban "furniture" makes outdoor places as convenient and comfortable as home.

Adhering to the people-centered principle, building a new city with ecological priority, beautiful and livable life and a better life for the people is becoming the goal of housing and urban and rural builders in Hunan Province.

How difficult was the ancient "college entrance examination" before the birth of the imperial examination system?

  Dong Jun Gong

  In the college entrance examination season in June, students from all over the country charged the university. Throughout the ages, it is quite difficult to stand out in a wide range of examination selection. When it comes to the ancient examination system, people generally think of the imperial examination system. In fact, the imperial examination system, which was popular in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, is no less difficult than the imperial examination system. After evolution, this system gradually transited from "taking people by virtue" and "taking people by name" to "taking people by articles", and gradually changed from personal recommendation to unified examination. The reason for this change is that under the situation of "one in a million", the unified examination of "judging people by their articles" can ensure fairness to the greatest extent.

  In Qing Dynasty, Liang Yi painted "Guanbang Tujuan"

  Difficult subject

  Emphasize the morality of Confucian classics

  The imperial examination system, which was established in the Western Han Dynasty, passed through the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and was replaced by the imperial examination system in the Sui Dynasty. It has existed for more than 780 years in the history of China, and it is one of the most important official selection systems. The procuratorial system selects talents to be officials by means of inspection and recommendation. After the implementation of Chaju in Emperor Gao of the Western Han Dynasty, after continuous improvement and revision in Wen Jingwu’s three dynasties, a hundred schools of Confucianism were ousted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and a relatively complete inspection subject was gradually established, which is the so-called "four subjects" in later generations, namely: filial piety, virtue, scholar and different subjects. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to avoid the taboo of Emperor Liu Xiu, the scholar was changed to Mao Cai. These subjects are not difficult to understand today. Filial piety is a filial people and a relatively honest official. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was collectively called filial piety. Virtuous and scholar are roughly literal, focusing on Confucian cultivation and moral conduct. Different subjects are talents in astronomy, calendar, financial management, water control and grain storage. It can be said that the early inspection focused on the study of classics and morality, but relatively little on the skills needed for government operation.

  Why is this happening? It’s not that that era didn’t pay attention to technical talents, which was caused by specific historical conditions. On the one hand, Confucianism catered to the emperor’s idea of ruling the world at that time, on the other hand, Confucianism had a more perfect theory of governing the country by the family than other theories. After it became a political theory adopted by the rulers, the selection of officials was carried out according to the standards required by Confucianism.

  For example, filial piety, the core subject of Chaju, has a cornerstone significance in Confucian ethics. In addition to Emperor Liu Bang and Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu, emperors of the Han Dynasty all carried the word "filial piety" after their death in posthumous title. Then, from top to bottom, filial piety has also become the primary standard for scholars. However, when it comes to Chaju, it is not particularly serious whether an individual really has filial piety, as long as it conforms to the general ethics, and there is no need for excessive filial piety like Wang Xiang’s lying on the ice seeking carp or Guo Ju’s burying his son. For example, Shi Dan, the minister of Yuan Dynasty, Cheng Dynasty and Ai Dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty, was called Xiao Lian when he was young, and his filial piety was not specifically recorded in The Biography of Shi Dan in Hanshu. The real reason for being chaju is that he studied under Kuang Heng, a master of Confucian classics, specializing in the Book of Songs, one of the five Confucian classics, and his accomplishments in Confucian classics are very profound.

  At that time, Confucian classics was the stepping stone to be an official. Under the strong stimulation of the procuratorial system, Confucian scholars everywhere devoted themselves to the study of Confucian classics with unprecedented passion. The wind of learning Confucianism in Shandong is particularly strong. In Dongping, there was a master Confucian named Xiahou Sheng, who was proficient in Shangshu. Later, the official was a teacher and was deeply respected by Emperor Xuandi of Han Dynasty. He lived to be 90 years old. After his death, the Queen Mother personally gave him 2 million yuan for his funeral, and all Confucian scholars in the world followed his example. Xiahou Sheng often teaches his students, saying, "If you have a clear understanding of the art, you will get blue and purple, which is like a handful of mustard ears. If you don’t know the classics, it’s better to go back to farming. " It’s easy to learn the Five Classics well, but it’s better to go home and farm if you don’t learn well. Although this statement is a bit too materialistic, it really hit the point that the imperial examination system at that time was mainly based on Confucianism, so it became the consensus of Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty.

  However, will it lead to the weakening of the skills of the talent team if we just focus on the Five Classics? The answer is yes. In the Han Dynasty, the inspection of the officials of grammar has been carried out simultaneously, and professional skills such as "the skill of the first king in the Ming Dynasty", "the disaster of Yin and Yang in the Ming Dynasty", "the doctor", "the man who knows the art of war" and "managing the prison" have been introduced, and a certain number of officials have been selected to meet the needs of government operation. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped the political power to punish the shortcomings of the abnormal emphasis on Confucian classics in the Yuan Dynasty, and suddenly launched a series of new subjects, such as notifying Yijing, ancient records, astronomy, calendar calculation, clock rhythm, primary school, history, alchemy, materia medica, etc., which were recommended by thousands of people all over the country at once, setting the highest in the Han Dynasty. Wang Mang is notorious for usurping the Han Dynasty, but his reform measures are not all groundless, and some are also adjustments made for social problems. Later, Liu Xiu recreated Liu Han, and some of Wang Mang’s practices were changed and retained, such as Yin-Yang studies, celestial calendar calculations, laws and so on, which were all inherited.

  Wei Ji, minister of Cao Weishi, wrote that there were too few judges selected in the inspection, and it was not enough to rely on the limited annual supplement, and the social orientation was wrong, which was biased against the judges. Wei Ji said: "Criminals are contemptible; The jailer, and the user is humble. " Emperor Cao Wei attached great importance to this proposal, so he set up a doctor of law in Tingwei Department as a supplement to the inspection. In modern terms, it is probably called "training by industry". Later, they became accustomed to each other and continued until the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

  Fewer places

  One in 200,000 people.

  According to the inspection system, the vast majority of those who are inspected can be officials, which was called "releasing brown" in ancient times, that is, taking off the cloth and wearing the official uniform of "wearing purple and yellow". Because of its good prospects, it is very difficult to be selected.

  The first difficulty is that there are too few places. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, each county and country inspected two people every year. The country was a vassal state set up by the princes of the Western Han Dynasty. After the deduction, the number of counties owned by the vassal state was slightly less than that of counties, which was roughly the same as that of counties. The number of counties and countries in the Western Han Dynasty increased with the increasing population, with 103 counties and countries in the Han Dynasty. Roughly speaking, there are only 206 examiners in China every year. Not only less, but also unfair. The population distribution among counties and countries is uneven. For example, there are as many as 2.596 million people in Runan County (now Zhumadian, Henan Province, south of Zhoukou), while there are only 219,000 people in Jiangxia County (now east of Wuhan, Hubei Province), with a difference of more than ten times, but the number of people in Chaju is two. Later, the Eastern Han Dynasty made adjustments. According to the head count, every 200,000 people were inspected once a year, small counties with less than 200,000 people were inspected once every two years, and pocket counties with less than 100,000 people were inspected once every three years. In addition, we will take care of the border areas. In the border counties, there will be one person in three years with less than 50,000 people, one person in two years with less than 100,000 people, and one person in each year with more than 100,000 people. Even according to this ratio, the peak population of the Eastern Han Dynasty is about 50 million, and the number of Chaju people is between 250 and 300. 200,000 people choose one, which is fierce competition.

  Secondly, the difficulty lies in the selection method. The implementer of the inspection tour is called the advocate, and is generally filled by the chiefs of the three offices and nine ministries, as well as senior officials such as the county chief. The selection method is mainly based on usual understanding and face-to-face conversation. This means that ordinary people want to enter the sight of the Lord, or they are always very virtuous and talented, and their reputation is far-reaching, so as to attract the attention of senior officials and dignitaries. Otherwise, the fragrance of wine is afraid of the depth of the alley, and even if it is full of knowledge, it will inevitably be buried for life. In order to make the investigation well-founded, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote a letter to clarify four specific standards: first, noble virtue, innocent ambition; The second is to learn to practice, and to be a doctor in the middle school; Third, the Ming-da law is enough to make a decision, to ask questions about the case, and to make suggestions in the text; Fourth, he is resolute and resourceful, and he is not confused by things, and he is clear enough to make a decision before he is appointed as a third assistant. Although it is still a little more ambitious and lacks practical skills, it has made great progress than the Western Han Dynasty. Because Liu Xiu started from the bottom, he paid more attention to practical ability. However, the top-level design is good. When it is used, the emperor can’t always pay attention to the grassroots. The actual selection of the inspection is mostly operated by the county guards, and people who rely on impressions and relationships are everywhere.

  According to Ying Shao’s "Customs Pass" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a sheriff named V Shigong who took care of his "same age" when he was in Chaju, that is, his colleague who was an official in Chaju in the same year. The Fifth Duke worked as a satrap in Guanghan, and the eldest son of Uncle Liao, Duan Jiu, who was the same age as Situ Changshi, went to Nanyang as a satrap. He also took Cai Yan, the younger brother and son of Cai Boqi, the satrap of Donglai, as officials. Uncle Duan Liao’s family had two sons, the eldest son Duan was dull and mediocre, while the second son Duan Kun was outstanding. The fifth generation of the public recommended the bad and eliminated the good, probably to solve the problem of the eldest son’s career advancement for Duan’s family. The Cai family has produced two filial piety for two years in a row. How can it not be criticized when the number of places in the inspection is so small? Cai Zan was fourteen years old, and he was not qualified for the official position at all. In order to avoid revealing the facts, the Cai family made him say that he was ill. After four years, at the age of eighteen, he was appointed as Pingchun Chang (the county magistrate of a small county). He had no work experience and had to write to ask for a new post of Suwei.

  There are many frauds

  Examination system to prevent corruption

  In the Han Dynasty, the children of civilians were limited by the number of places and methods, so it was difficult to be inspected, and it was normal to leave pearls in the wild. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, due to the great development of the gentry class, Confucianism temporarily fell into a low tide, and the evaluation system marked by the Nine-grade Official Law sprang up suddenly. There were no poor people in the top grade and no gentry in the bottom grade, and the qualification of inspection was basically monopolized by the gentry. It was even more difficult for ordinary people to be an official through inspection. Some people of insight realized the problem and began to carry out reforms.

  The symbolic reform is the Yangjia new system initiated by Zuo Xiong, the minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The first year of Emperor Shundi Yangjia in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 132) was the 107th year of the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Over the past hundred years, the aristocratic strongmen became more and more powerful, and the procuratorial system was influenced by the aristocratic strongmen. The phenomenon of favoritism, trust between your officials and unfairness in procuratorial work became more and more serious, and bureaucratic families such as four generations, three generations and three generations appeared frequently. Some honest officials came forward to oppose cheating in the inspection and almost paid the price of their lives. For example, Shi Bi, the chief of Hedong County, flatly refused Hou Lan’s request for help, and also killed the person who sent a message to Hou Lan as an example, resolutely defending the fundamental principle of "choosing people to serve the country" in the procuratorial system. Hou Lan became angry from embarrassment, colluded with senior officials such as Si Li, a captain and Ting Wei, put Shi Bi on death row and abandoned the city on charges (that is, put to death in public). Fortunately, a man named Wei Shao, Xiao Lian, felt sorry for Shi Bi’s integrity and sold his property to raise money to bribe Hou Lan, so as to be exempted from Shi Bi’s capital crime.

  This extreme event was a big outbreak of the drawbacks of the procuratorial system in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which forced the Han court to make adjustments. Shangshu ordered Zuo Xiong to change the inspection system. There are two core policies: First, set an age limit. Generally, the object of inspection should be at least 40 years old. If it is true that "there are talents in different professions", you can also make an exception. The second is to establish an examination system, "all students try their best to learn the family law, and officials teach notes." This means that Confucian scholars should examine Confucian classics, while literati should examine the skills of writing chapters and laws.

  The age limit is not unusual, and the examination system is a milestone breakthrough in the inspection system. In the Western Han Dynasty, there were occasional examinations on Confucian classics, but they were sporadic and rare, and any emperor held them once on a whim, and there was no definite law. Zuo Xiong established it as a law, which greatly increased the certainty and regularity of operation, so that everyone could compete according to a relatively clear rule. This article is to prevent the powerful families from hooking up with each other and asking for help. After the implementation of the new Yangjia system, Zuo Xiong personally checked the implementation of each county. Because Jiyin County rashly recommended a filial piety who was under 40, Zuo Xiong initiated a check and rectification, and dismissed more than ten officials, including Hu Guang, the satrap of Jiyin who violated the inspection system. After that, all localities were afraid of it for more than ten years, and the inspection atmosphere in the Han Dynasty was one of them.

  The system of "Nine Grades" is a reform made by Cao Wei in another direction. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a bad tendency, that is, to raise officials by name. In order to win the attention of officials, many people do whatever it takes to create filial piety, talent and so-called festivals to attract the attention of officials. For example, there were three brothers, Xu Jing, Xu Yan and Xu Pu, in Huiji County during the Han and Emperor Dynasties. Xu Jing thought of a clever plan to make all three brothers win high fame. He occupied the fertile farmland mansion and a large number of slaves at home, and his two younger brothers earned very little, which earned him the reputation of "Kerang" and was recommended by the county. Xu Jing then returned the property of his two younger brothers three times, which in turn won the name of filial friend. He actually succeeded in deceiving the county chief and was also recommended. This kind of filth has seriously damaged the atmosphere of inspection and examination, and its root lies in the fact that the right to evaluate the reputation of scholars is exercised by the people, and the official can’t control it, which leads to oversight. Jiupin Zhengzhi system was established to correct this deviation, and its system soul is to set up Zhengzhi officials in various counties and counties, and to take the scholars’ evaluation power back to the official. It’s just that this system is born with the gene of serving the gentry. After its implementation, it has not only failed to get rid of the disadvantages of choosing scholars by name, but has become a tool to safeguard the privileges of the gentry, which is a big violation of the original intention of the inspection.

  There were also some reforms in the procuratorial system in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but the direction became clearer and clearer. Taking people by virtue and fame is becoming secondary because of strong subjectivity, while taking people by literature and taking people by ability is becoming more and more important, especially in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the Southern Dynasties, the system of strategic examination and examination was established, the procedure of selecting officials was more and more rigorous, and the examination direction was more and more focused on practice and literary talent, which was the embryonic form of the imperial examination system.

Fast girl "Cecilia Cheung" is caught in the plastic surgery door (Photos)


What was exposed by netizens is said to be a photo of Gong Mi before plastic surgery.


  In just a few days, Gong Mi, the "replica of Cecilia Cheung" in Zhengzhou Division of super girls this year, has become a celebrity, and his photo click-through rate on the forum has exceeded one million. Following the exposure of her photos behind the scenes of "Fast Girl", yesterday, some netizens exposed the photos allegedly taken before Gong Mi’s plastic surgery, which attracted a heated discussion-this "Cecilia Cheung-like" woman brought out a new term in the entertainment circle in 2009: plastic surgery door.


  Our reporters Dai Yujing and Chen Yuzhong


  Netizen broke the news:


  In 2008, she was nothing like Cecilia Cheung.


  Recently, a photo called "Gong Mi’s photo before plastic surgery" was exposed. A netizen named "I’m tired of the name" said that Gong Mi filmed the MV of singer Donglaidongwang’s "The Singer of Love Songs" in 2008, which was nothing like Cecilia Cheung at that time. In this regard, Miss He, the agent of Donglaidongwang, said that she couldn’t remember who the girl was at that time, only knew that she belonged to the Beijing Film Academy. Miss He also said: "At that time, she didn’t feel like Cecilia Cheung at all." -When this statement came out, Gong Mi immediately fell into the "plastic surgery door" that was hotly discussed by netizens.


  In this regard, Gong Mi generously responded: "Parents who suffer from physical problems, if plastic surgery is disrespectful to their parents." As for netizens who questioned that she was deliberately plastic surgery into Cecilia Cheung, Gong Mi said, "When I heard the news, I was actually a little happy, because I was like this since I was a child, and I was said to be deliberately plastic surgery, which showed that I was still a little beautiful."


  In addition, Gong Mi also revealed that the blog opened in his own name on the Internet is not his own. "I want to register one, but the name has already been registered." In an interview, Gong Mi spoke very slowly, and she looked a little childish.


  Responding to "Imitating Cecilia Cheung":


  Can only sing her "Star Language Wish"


  As for being questioned by netizens as "too imitative and too like Cecilia Cheung", Gong Mi admits that he is a bit like Cecilia Cheung in appearance, and he is often mistaken by passers-by. However, Gong Mi said that she would only sing Cecilia Cheung’s "Star Language Wish" and would not deliberately imitate her in the competition. Gong Mi didn’t care at all about many online attacks on her saliva. "I don’t really surf the Internet.".


  As Gong Mi quickly became a topic, the reporter immediately interviewed a staff member of Hunan Satellite TV, hoping to learn more about her. The person in charge of publicity told reporters yesterday that the director group didn’t want to emphasize too much on any player, and wanted to give other players more opportunities. Of course, appearance is one of the factors, but there are still many important factors. "We don’t speculate on anyone casually."


  Fans encourage fans to leave messages on the Internet, many of which support and encourage Gong Mi, and most of them praise her beauty and good voice.  


  "Looks like! We’re halfway there! Bless you! "


  "Although Gong Mi has nearly 80% similar faces to Cecilia Cheung, her voice is much clearer than that of Cecilia Cheung. This girl still deeply captures the hearts of the media and the audience, lovely smiling face, crisp voice, hey, in a word: I like it! "


  "If there were no Cecilia Cheung, I would still choose her (Gong Mi)!"  


  Some netizens denied Gong Mi’s appearance, and some even expressed anger in their words.  


  "The whole eyes, will leave bags under the eyes, Gong Mi heavy makeup bags under the eyes are still so obvious! A doctor friend, after seeing your photo, is sure that your eyes have been fixed. It’s as high as the cheekbones, but my cheeks suddenly sag incongruously. It’s too fake. The chin pad is too exaggerated, and the smile is unnatural. You still keep learning the tone of Cecilia Cheung, learn to laugh, learn to nod, and learn to touch your hair … "-You are dishonest.


  "Gong Mi looks like Cecilia Cheung, which is obvious to all. If she is just an ordinary woman among the fast girls, will everyone like her as always?"


  —— Wang Dong VIP


  "I came to pay attention to Gong Mi because of Cecilia Cheung. When I first saw them, I thought they were very similar, just like when I saw Bai Zhi in his late teens. My feelings for Gong Mi are very complicated. One is that I like it, and the other is that I don’t want her to imitate Cecilia Cheung all the time. "


  —— Juventus _ Wang Dao  


  Comments from the industry insiders are relatively calm. On the whole, Gong Mi’s singing skills are not particularly affirmed, but his comprehensive strength is not bad.  


  "You are the first one who looks as beautiful as you and sings so well." —— Chang Kuan, the judge of Zhengzhou Singing District, a fast girl.


  "In fact, there are a lot fewer’ fast girls’ this year. Due to the recent resurgence of the’ Yanzhaomen’ incident, Cecilia Cheung is a focus figure. It is very timely for Gong Mi to come out now. It is very important to be able to catch more eyeballs and become popular. " -Senior reporter

  Related links:



  • Copying Cecilia Cheung into a "fast girl" red man Gong Mi: I am very happy to be said to have plastic surgery 2009-06-01
  • Happy girl Gong Mi’s video exposure looks like Cecilia Cheung. 2009-05-31