After 70 years, India’s 200 million Dalits are still "like dirt" and it is difficult to break through the caste barrier

　　[Special correspondent of Global Times in India Zhou Liangchen Special correspondent of Global Times Zhang Xiaozhu Global Times reporter Xing Xiaotong] On the 25th, India officially welcomed Cowende, the president from the untouchable class. This is the second untouchable president in 20 years. Because Cowend’s campaign opponent is also an "untouchable", this makes many people feel that "untouchable" is getting more and more attention in India, and their spring has come. The actual situation is far from so optimistic. In the decades since Indian law abolished the caste system, although the lives of the people in Park Jung Su (also known as untouchables) at the bottom have been greatly improved, and many elites have emerged from the political and business circles, they are, after all, a very small number of the 200 million untouchables. In Indian society dominated by Hinduism, especially in rural areas, most "untouchables" are still deeply bound by traditional "hidden rules". Although the modern democratic electoral system has made "untouchables" the darling of the election season, the reality is that "someone here is not disturbed by his life experience when he becomes president, and it is embarrassing to be murdered and raped there."

　　Contrast-someone is president and someone is on hunger strike.

　　"A Da Park Jung Su has become the president of this country, but in a village in Andhra Pradesh, 300 Da Park Jung Su families are facing social exclusion." On the 25th, Cowende, who was born as a Dalit, was formally sworn in as the President of India, which was a big day for the large Dalit class. However, the website of India Today reported that more than 300 Dalit families in Andhra Pradesh began to hunger strike indefinitely on the same day to protest against discrimination by high caste groups.

　　The incident originated on April 24th when the local people in Park Jung Su erected a statue of Ambedkar (a lawyer from "Dalit" background, known as "the father of Indian Constitution"), but it was opposed by the high caste community, and the statue was removed by unidentified people within a few hours. Moreover, because Da Park Jung Su people mainly work in agriculture but have no land, high-caste landowners refuse to continue to employ them.

　　On the 26th, New Delhi TV station paid attention to the reaction of Park Jung Su community in Bonda, the northern part of Cowend’s hometown. According to the article, Cowend’s inauguration as president has hardly caused repercussions in the village of Mubarakpur, where Park Jung Su people are the majority, and everyone can’t agree whether he will bring good luck to the people of Park Jung Su. A pharmacist in Da Park Jung Su mentioned that local villagers had recently built a separation wall. According to this report, in another Da Park Jung Su village 5 kilometers away, many people still don’t know who Cowende is.

　　Not only the people in Park Jung Su who are at the bottom, but also to many Indians, Cowend is a stranger. Some analysts said that the ruling People’s Party launched Cowende in order to win the votes of the "untouchables" in the 2019 general election. After all, there are 200 million people in this group. There are "untouchables" complaining. Instead of this, it is better to let "untouchables" enter the temple and get water from the well …

　

　

　　Participation in the situation-from discrimination to violence

　　"Dalits, like the word proletariat, stand for’ oppressed people’ and have been widely used in Indian society in recent years." Manorankin Mohanty, chairman of the Institute of China Studies in India and former professor of political science at Delhi University, said in an interview with the Global Times that "the Indian Constitution explicitly opposes caste discrimination, and the law allows Dalits to enter temples and fetch water, but that is only at the legal level. The discrimination against Dalits has not been eliminated in real life."

　　About 80% of Indians believe in Hinduism, and they were born in the caste order. According to the traditional teachings of Hinduism, people of high caste are polluted just by seeing Da Park Jung Su, let alone touching it. Da Park Jung Su had to carry a bag with him when he went out in ancient times, so as not to pollute the land. If they travel during the day, they should bring a bell and ring it in advance to remind people to avoid it.

　　Even today, in some Indian rural areas, if you see someone walking with their shoes in their hands instead of on their feet, it must be Da Park Jung Su. Because "Dalits" must be barefoot when they pass through the residential areas of high castes. There are also "untouchables" who ride through high-caste residential areas and have to get off and push them.

　　Walking around the Indian countryside, you will find that many villages are composed of two parts. Outside the village is a small residential area, and this "village outside the village" is the residence of "Dalits". Ordinary villagers generally don’t visit the homes of "Dalits", and "Dalits" don’t visit the village except to provide services. The temples used by ordinary villagers do not allow "untouchables" to enter, and the wells do not allow them to use them.

　　An article in The New York Times about Indian "caste discrimination" once told a case: a grieving father reported to the police that his daughter was missing, but the police asked, "What caste are you?" When he revealed that he belonged to a low caste, the police laughed at him and gave him no attention. A few hours later, the bodies of his 12-year-old daughter and 14-year-old niece were found hanging from a tree, and both were raped.

　　According to the article, the upper castes are rarely put into prison for raping da Park Jung Su people, and if they need to defend themselves, they can always find a statement: We will never touch women with lower castes. In a case in 1995, the accusation of gang rape made by a woman in Park Jung Su was rejected by the judge on the grounds that "it is impossible for an upper-caste person to rape a lower-caste woman to get dirty".

　　According to a report of the Indian National Human Rights Commission in 2010, crimes against Da Park Jung Su people occur every 18 minutes; On average, three da Park Jung Su women are raped and two are murdered every day. Park Jung Su people are not only worried about their safety, but also their overall quality of life is quite low: about 37% of Park Jung Su people live below the poverty line, 83 out of every 1,000 children in Park Jung Su die before their first year, and 12% do not live to their fifth year.

　　According to the statistics of the National Crime Records Bureau of the Indian Ministry of Interior, from 2009 to 2015, there were about 227,000 recorded crimes against Park Jung Su people. From 2009 to 2013, there were 3,194 murders in Da Park Jung Su, and 7,849 women in Da Park Jung Su were raped. Because the defendants and their supporters (including the police) destroyed evidence, obstructed trials and threatened witnesses, the conviction rate in these cases was very low.

　

　

　　Care-decades of "reservation policy"

　　Indian society does not turn a blind eye to what happened to the Da Park Jung Su people. After India’s independence in 1947, under the vigorous advocacy of the civil rights leader of Dalit, Ambedkar, the Indian Constitution not only explicitly stipulated that caste discrimination was illegal, but also implemented a "reservation policy" for Dalit and remote tribes, that is, reserved certain places for them in government departments, state-owned enterprises and institutions of higher learning. Because these ethnic groups are listed in the schedule of the Constitution, they are called "scheduled castes" and "scheduled tribes".

　　When visiting Nehru University in India, the Global Times reporter found that the proportion of care for "list castes" here is quite large. It can be said that nearly half of the students are "disadvantaged classes" who are taken care of, and many of them are far away from their hometowns in southern or northeastern India. The common feature of these students is that they are diligent and eager to learn.

　　The reporter has a doctor friend at Nehru University, with dark skin and a belief in Buddhism. Later, it was pointed out that those people who look "very Indian" but believe in Buddhism are probably from Park Jung Su, but they rarely mention their origins, but struggle silently.

　　In order to get rid of the fate of oppression, many people in Park Jung Su changed their religious beliefs. According to statistics, nearly 90% Buddhists, 1/3 Sikhs, 1/3 Catholics and most Muslims in India were once "untouchables". But on the whole, proselytes are still a minority.

　　The Indian government has promulgated many laws for the people of Park Jung Su, such as the Civil Rights Protection Act of 1955 and the Anti-Atrocities Act of 1989. In 2015, the amendment to the Anti-Atrocities Act clearly pointed out that Da Park Jung Su people have the right to use public facilities and have the right to enter religious places of worship. If anyone intentionally interferes, it will be considered as a violation of the Anti-Atrocities Act.

　　For decades, many efforts have made great achievements, especially the "reservation policy" has played a positive role in breaking the occupational hereditary caused by the caste system and improving the social status of "untouchables". Outstanding figures from "untouchable" backgrounds appear constantly. In politics, there are two presidents, the chief justice and the speaker. Mayawati, known as the "untouchable queen", has served as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state, for four times.

　　The attention paid to "Dalits" can be seen from this presidential election. The Indian Express said that when the chairman of the People’s Party announced Cowend as a candidate, he mentioned his caste background 15 times, and the Congress Party was forced to introduce the candidate of Da Park Jung Su. "Being a Da Park Jung Su suddenly became a virtue of Indian politics."

　　However, in the eyes of some da Park Jung Su people, once the election is over, I’m afraid no one will continue to care about their situation. Moreover, although Da Park Jung Su people have a certain proportion of seats in the legislature, there are not many people who actively speak for them. On the one hand, these politicians are limited to belonging to different parties, on the other hand, they are afraid of their high-caste superiors.

　　Caste-at the core and secretive.

　　Some Indian scholars believe that the caste system can be said to be the core of Indian society to some extent. Just because it is at the "core", it can’t be seen on the surface, and it is secretly affecting the operation of this society. The caste system is very complicated. It is related to skin color but not absolute. It is related to occupation but not absolute.

　　A reporter from Global Times once saw a doctor in a hospital in New Delhi. He met a doctor with fair skin and elegant speech. Seeing that his signature was Sharma, he was basically a Brahmin. However, in contemporary India, there are also special cases in which Hindus from lower castes convert their families to other religions or even change their surnames. Sometimes in the workplace, people will consciously dilute the traces of caste, and some people with low castes like to "hide their names", such as all calling themselves "Kumar". A reporter from Global Times called the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to find a staff member Mr. Kumar whom he had met before. As a result, there was laughter on the other end of the phone: There are more than a dozen Kumar in our office. Which one are you looking for?

　　Caste is a sensitive topic in India. If you ask Indians, many people will say that the caste system has died out and there is no caste discrimination. Many people are even more secretive about the situation of the "untouchables" at the bottom of the caste order. Recently, Global Times reporters interviewed several Indians, including two Indian journalists and a scholar, on the issue of untouchability, but they were all declined.

　　The complexity of the caste problem in India is also reflected in the "reverse discrimination" riots that have repeatedly erupted in recent years. At the beginning of last year, a high-caste ethnic group named Jat in Haryana strongly demanded to enjoy the preferential policies given by the state to low castes. Demonstrators blocked roads, burned down vehicle buildings and destroyed water delivery channels in many parts of the state, leaving tens of millions of people in the capital area facing water shortage.

　　Mohanty told the Global Times reporter that in cities, the situation of "Dalits" is much better, and many great scholars, writers, scientists, judges and civil servants all have the background of "Dalits". But in rural areas, discrimination is still common. It is a slow process to completely eliminate caste discrimination, which can not be achieved only by introducing legal provisions, but also by creating other corresponding conditions, such as land ownership and policy decision-making power.

　　Mohanty believes that the appearance of two "Dalit" presidents is undoubtedly an incentive to the "Dalit" class and enhances their "pride", but it can’t bring them benefits. Democratic elections and the "Dalit" rights movement have contributed to promoting social equality, but there is still a long way to go to achieve the goal of "eliminating caste" proposed by Ambedkar.

A few days ago, Jiang Ge learned from the official that the pre-sale was officially opened. The pre-sale price started at 169,800 yuan, and the new car will be officially listed on September 23. Shangjie H5 is a combination of Huawei’s leading intelligent technology and SAIC’s profound car-making heritage. Its appearance is simple and atmospheric, its space is spacious and practical, its battery life meets the needs of the whole scene, and it is equipped with HUAWEI ADS 4 auxiliary driving system. According to the latest official data, Shangjie H5 opened a one-hour pre-sale order and exceeded 25,000 units.

In terms of appearance, the new car adopts the closed front face of new energy vehicles, and the latest brand logo is hung in the center of the front face. The roof is equipped with a laser radar, and the new car is also equipped with a luminous logo and a smart blue light. The overall appearance is full of technology.

From the side of the car body, the overall lines of the new car are relatively smooth, and the traditional door handle is adopted instead of the popular hidden door handle design. In terms of body size, the length, width and height of the new car are 4780/1910/1657 (1664) mm.

When we arrive at the rear of the car, we can see that the design of the rear of the new car also adopts simple design techniques. At present, the popular through-type taillight group, and the central part of the taillight is also equipped with the Shangjie brand logo.

In terms of interior, the new car adopts the popular minimalist design style, creating a fashionable and warm interior atmosphere. In terms of specific configuration, the front row of the new car is equipped with a liquid crystal instrument and a large-size floating central control panel. In addition, it is equipped with three flat-bottomed steering wheels, a wireless charging panel for mobile phones and a panoramic canopy.

The rear space looks extremely spacious and the seats look very comfortable. In addition, we also see that the rear row of the new car is not only equipped with a central armrest, but also provides an entertainment screen.

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In terms of power, the new car offers two options: pure electricity and extended range. The pure electric version is equipped with a battery pack with a capacity of 80kWh. The CLTC has a pure battery life of 655 kilometers and a comprehensive power consumption of 13.4kWh per 100 kilometers. The extended-range version has a pure battery life of 235 kilometers, a comprehensive battery life of 1360 kilometers and a comprehensive fuel consumption of 4.44L per 100 kilometers.

　　BEIJING, Beijing, September 14 (Reporter Zhang Ni) In recent years, with the promotion of burden reduction in primary and secondary schools, the school hours of primary schools in many areas have advanced to around 3: 30. However, children leave school early and parents leave work late, which makes many parents feel embarrassed — — It is unrealistic to ask for leave, and there are many concerns about the custodian. How should we solve the "3: 30 problem"?

　　Parents are worried about picking up their baby after school at 3: 30.

　　"When I get to school, I have a headache. My wife and I both go to work. The off-duty time is five or six o’clock, but children usually leave school at three or four o’clock, and picking up children has become a problem." Mr. Wang, a citizen who lives in Haidian District, Beijing, said that every time he started school, he began to worry about picking up the baby.

　　Mr. Wang’s son is in the fourth grade. Before that, Mr. Wang’s mother helped to pick him up, but in the past two years, because his mother was in poor health, he had to pick him up with his wife.

　　"Now the school has after-school activities three days a week, and the school time is relatively late. I will rotate with my wife for the remaining two days. Whoever is not busy will pick up the children in advance." Mr. Wang said that because the school is close to home, he and his wife planned to let the children go to school by themselves after they entered the fifth and sixth grades, but he was still a little worried.

　　Mr. Wang’s experience is also a portrayal of the real life of many young parents. In order to solve the problem, many elderly people took the initiative to take over the heavy responsibility of receiving the baby. Ms. Shen, 66, is one of them.

　　Ms. Shen lives in Haidian District. Her grandson is in the first grade of primary school this year. Because both her son and daughter-in-law have to work, the job of picking up and dropping off the children is given to her.

　　"I have to go back and forth between home and school several times a day, and I have to walk on the road for nearly an hour a day." Ms. Shen said that because she is in good health, she can accept it, but I am afraid that the elderly who are in poor health will be a little overwhelmed.

　　"Last year, my son asked for a second child, and I hired a nanny to take the second child at home. I can still be busy when I send the boss. When the second child starts to go to kindergarten, I have to pick up two. Without a nanny, I will definitely be too busy." Ms. Shen said.

　　Market demand gives birth to trusteeship fever

　　The problem of parents picking up their children has also left business opportunities for off-campus hosting institutions, and the fees of such institutions are expensive.

　　A few days ago, the reporter consulted a primary school care institution in Zhongguancun, Beijing, and learned that the cost of hosting a primary school student in this institution is 1,480 yuan per month, while the student’s meal fee is calculated separately, which is the charging standard for each meal in 20 yuan. In this way, if a primary school student has dinner once a day in a custody institution, the monthly expenses add up to nearly 2,000 yuan, which is not a small expense for many parents.

　　Even so, because of the large demand, the number of custody places of custody institutions is also very popular.

　　"The number of students we can accept is limited, so we usually start to register in mid-August, and there will be very few places left when the school starts." A staff member of the agency told reporters.

　　For such a custodian, parents also have their own concerns.

　　"One depends on whether the price charge is acceptable. In addition, if we really want to send our children to such a custody institution, we must also check the qualifications, safety facilities, the level of teachers, the quality of food, etc. We are all concerned." Mr. Wang expressed his concern.

　　The teacher vomited: it is very tiring to organize after-school activities.

　　In the first half of this year, the Ministry of Education issued the Guiding Opinions on Doing a Good Job in After-school Services for Primary and Secondary School Students. Among them, it is clear that we should give full play to the role of the main channel of after-school service in primary and secondary schools. The majority of primary and secondary schools should make full use of their advantages in management, personnel, venues and resources, and take the initiative to assume the responsibility of students’ after-school service.

　　The reporter learned that after-school expansion activities have been carried out in primary schools in many areas, including Beijing. However, in the process of school implementation, there are also many practical problems.

　　Lin Lin (pseudonym), who works as an English teacher in a primary school in Chaoyang District, Beijing, said in an interview that her primary school will hold community activities three days a week, but because of the limited resources of teachers in the school, some interest activities need to be outsourced to hire teachers.

　　"Schools should also increase their funding, not only paying the class fees of external teachers, but also paying some remuneration to the class teachers." Lin Lin said.

　　"Community activities usually disrupt classes, and it is difficult for teachers to manage classroom discipline. Therefore, each class should be equipped with a class supervisor. Once the class is over, children like to have classes in disorder, so the class supervisor must always be nervous to prevent danger." Lin Lin told reporters that he will arrive at school at seven o’clock every day, and his usual workload is already very heavy. Coupled with the arrangement of extracurricular activities, he is very tired at the end of the day.

　　After school at 3: 30, did the students reduce their burden?

　　On the one hand, the school leaves school early, on the other hand, the students’ schoolwork burden has not really been alleviated. Many primary school students hurried to the off-campus cram school after leaving the school gate. Xiaoding, who is in the sixth grade this year, is one of them.

　　"I don’t have cram schools now except Monday and Sunday, and I have extracurricular classes the rest of the time." Xiaoding told reporters.

　　Xiaoding’s school is a key primary school in Beijing. It will finish school before three o’clock every Tuesday and Friday, but he still has cram schools to attend. Usually, Xiaoding goes to cram school by bike every time he comes home from school to pack his things, and many students in the class have similar situations.

　　"We are under great pressure as parents. Some of our children’s classmates were recruited by key middle schools in the fourth and fifth grades. If they can’t be recruited, they can only participate in computer allocation, which is quite anxious." Mr. Zhu, who lives in Haidian District, expressed emotion in an interview.

　　Mr. Zhu also has a daughter who has just entered the sixth grade. Because he is worried that his child will be sent to a bad middle school, he began to take his child to take some key middle school exams very early.

　　"In fact, children have very little homework in school and can finish it soon, but we also reported three or four extracurricular classes to our children, so it is not easy." Mr. Zhu said that as long as the child’s junior high school is not solved one day, his heart will always be hanging.

　　How to solve the problem?

　　On the one hand, the state advocates reducing the burden and letting students leave school early. On the other hand, schools and parents are faced with various implementation problems. How to solve the contradictions?

　　In fact, in recent years, many local governments have introduced relevant policies to solve the problem.

　　For example, Beijing, Chengdu and other places have established a financial guarantee mechanism. Public primary schools in Shanghai generally provide free after-school care services to students who have difficulties in family care. Qingdao and other places "take the school family Committee as the leading factor and the school participates in cooperation" and rely on the school’s premises and equipment to carry out after-school service.

　　"Solve ‘ 3: 30 problem ’ It is still necessary to let the school play an active role and carry out more extracurricular activities, but this requires a policy tilt, focusing on giving teachers subsidies and improving teachers’ enthusiasm. " Gu Mingyuan, honorary president of China Education Association, stressed in an interview with Zhongxin. com.

　　Gu Mingyuan analyzed that while the government gives financial support to schools, it should also give them autonomy in running schools. "Education should also be shared, so that schools can fully tap and utilize all social resources, even including inviting parents with special skills to participate in after-school activities. Children should not be pushed to training institutions because of school."

　　Chu Zhaohui, a researcher at the China Academy of Educational Sciences, believes that students should also be given some time for independent activities, rather than just "going to school — — Going home is a two-point and one-line life, and the part that is in contact with society is missing.

　　"In the process of children’s growth, it is not only the school that has an educational role, but also the society. Education should return to a normal state, so that children can participate in social activities independently and find their own interests." Chu Zhaohui said.

　　In addition, Chu Zhaohui emphasized that if the disguised junior high school entrance examination still exists, then the children are still tied to the examination and academic performance, so it is difficult to really reduce the burden. (End)

　　[New Ideas and Practice of Governing the Country]

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, remarkable achievements have been made in strictly administering the Party in an all-round way, but the building of a clean and honest party style and the struggle against corruption still have a long way to go. In his speech at the Seventh Plenary Session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the Supreme Leader pointed out that to further promote the comprehensive and strict administration of the Party, we must treat both the symptoms and the root causes. The key to cure the problem is to innovate institutional mechanisms, improve laws and regulations, strengthen inner-party supervision, establish and improve institutionalized and legal governance mechanisms, comprehensively promote the rule of law, and strictly manage the party and power according to law.

　　The essence of strictly administering the party is to strictly govern power and rule power according to law.

　　The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the ruling party. To ensure our party’s long-term governance, we must adhere to the principle of strictly administering the party and governing power according to law. The key to strictly administering the Party lies in strictness and governance, which requires strengthening the awareness of the rule of law and rules, standardizing the operation of power according to law, and strengthening the supervision of power. The Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that it is necessary to improve the restriction and supervision mechanism of power operation, and form an institutional arrangement in which the right must be responsible, the use of power must be responsible, and the abuse of power must be held accountable. This is actually the concrete embodiment of the thought and important concept of the supreme leader comrade about putting power into the system cage. Montesquieu once pointed out that "all people with power are prone to abuse their power, which is an eternal experience". If the dam of laws and party rules is broken, the abuse of power will be like a flood. Strictly administering the party in an all-round way and strengthening power supervision means institutionalizing and legalizing supervision. Specifically, we should do the following two things.

　　Power should be bound by the Constitution and laws. Article 5 of the Constitution stipulates: "All state organs and armed forces, political parties, social organizations, enterprises and institutions must abide by the Constitution and laws. All violations of the Constitution and laws must be investigated. No organization or individual may have privileges beyond the Constitution and laws. " Constitution of the Communist Party of China also emphasized in the general program: "The Party must act within the scope of the Constitution and laws." Our party is the ruling party. Whether we can adhere to the rule of law, correctly lead legislation, take the lead in abiding by the law and ensure law enforcement is of great significance to comprehensively promote the rule of law. Therefore, governing according to law is the key to governing the country according to law. The implementation of ruling by law first requires the party to govern the country according to the constitution and laws. Adhering to the rule of law means that the supervision of power must be ruled by law and form a long-term mechanism of supervision, which will not change with the passage of time and personnel changes.

　　Power should be bound by the laws and regulations of the party. In order to manage a big party with more than 88 million party member, the traditional management method has many unsuitable places. In the new historical period, the internal and external environment faced by the Party is becoming more and more complicated, and the task of self-construction is becoming more and more serious. These changes have put forward higher requirements for the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership style and ruling style, and objectively it is necessary to govern the Party according to the internal laws and regulations of the Party. State-owned laws, the party has party rules, and governing the country according to law requires the party to govern the country according to the Constitution and laws, and also requires the party to govern the party according to the internal laws and regulations of the party. Comrade Supreme Leader pointed out that it is necessary to "respect party constitution and strictly implement norms and regulations". Inner-party laws and regulations require the behavior standards of all party member and Party organizations, while laws require the behavior standards of all social members, and the behavior standards required by inner-party laws and regulations are stricter than laws. The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s Code of Integrity and Self-discipline and the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s Regulations on Disciplinary Actions, which came into effect in January 2016, have clearly defined party member’s high standards and the discipline of managing the Party. The Constitution and laws are the basis for ensuring the Party to be in power according to law, while the internal laws and regulations of the Party are the rule basis for managing and administering the Party. Only by organically combining laws and party rules can we provide institutional guarantee for the comprehensive and strict administration of the party and lay a solid foundation for comprehensively promoting the rule of law.

　　The core of strictly administering the party and governing power according to law is to safeguard the central authority according to law and ensure the smooth flow of central government decrees.

　　The leadership of the Party is the most essential feature of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and the greatest advantage of the Socialism with Chinese characteristics system. To strictly manage the party and power according to law, we must adhere to, improve and implement democratic centralism, and organically combine centralism on the basis of democracy with democracy under centralized guidance. To establish a normal order of inner-party life and ensure the unity of will and actions of the whole party, we must adhere to the fundamental principles that individuals obey the party organization, the minority obeys the majority, the lower organizations obey the higher organizations, and the whole party obeys the central government. The basis of this fundamental principle is that the minority obeys the majority, and the core is that the whole party obeys the Central Committee.

　　To uphold the party’s leadership, we must safeguard the authority of the central government, ensure the centralization and unity of the party, ensure the smooth implementation of the party’s central government decrees and orders, and prevent and overcome acts that are unorganized and undisciplined, have orders that are impossible, have prohibitions, and go their own way. We must resolutely put an end to the phenomenon that there are policies at the top and countermeasures at the bottom. We can’t "you have your closing plan and I have my jumping over the wall". If the party wants to be in power according to law, it must ensure that the central government decrees are smooth and the decision-making takes root by legal means. This is to be good at making the party’s ideas become the will of the state through legal procedures, formulating laws and regulations, and ensuring their strict implementation. In our country, the constitution is the concentrated expression of the will of the party and the people, and it is the fundamental law formed through scientific and democratic procedures. The party leads the people and formulates laws and regulations through legal procedures in accordance with the Constitution, which is to implement democratic centralism, safeguard the authority of the central government and ensure the smooth implementation of government decrees. Because in a society ruled by law, the law is supreme, the law has the highest status, and the rule of law includes equality before the law, and its rules have universal applicability. Compared with the rule of man, it is more certain and predictable. The ancient legalists in China compared the law to the size, rope ink, rules, balance stones, bucket hoops, angular measurement, etc., which was intended to emphasize the unity, fairness and universal applicability of the law. Therefore, to ensure the smooth flow of central government decrees, we should establish and improve the guarantee mechanism of rule of law. At present, in order to maintain the authority of the central government and keep the government decrees unblocked, we must improve the construction of relevant systems with the rule of law, and establish a linkage system between the deployment and implementation of policies at the higher and lower levels.Ensure that the lower-level policy suggestions can be fed back to the higher level in time, and enable the higher-level policy deployment to be effectively communicated to the lower level. At the same time, it is necessary to establish an assessment and inspection system for policy implementation, and evaluate and inspect the policy communication in all links. Organizations and individuals that hinder policy communication should be held accountable according to law.

　　The key to strictly administering the party and governing power according to law is the leading cadres in party member.

　　Our party is the ruling party, and some leading cadres not only hold positions within the party, but also take charge of public power. In order to ensure their exercise of power according to law, public power must be restrained by law, which is also the proper content of regulating public power with the rule of law. The key point of strictly administering the party and governing the power according to law is "the key minority", which requires leading cadres in party member to firmly establish the awareness of the rule of law, cultivate the ideas and habits of advocating, respecting and acting in strict accordance with the law, always have awe of the law, bear in mind that the legal red line cannot be crossed and the legal bottom line cannot be touched, strictly exercise their functions and powers within the scope of the Constitution and laws, and no one can enjoy privileges other than those stipulated by the Constitution and laws. Must adhere to the administration according to law, the law does not authorize, and the statutory authority must be. Leading cadres in party member should take the lead in abiding by the law, set an example in obeying the law, and play an exemplary role in the whole society. Strictly administering the party and governing power according to law also needs to solve the problem of supervision by the top leaders. The top leaders in leading bodies at all levels are the "key minority". The more important the responsibilities and positions of leading cadres are, the more important it is to strengthen supervision. China’s revised Administrative Procedure Law stipulates that "the person in charge of the accused administrative organ should appear in court to respond to the lawsuit", which strengthens the supervision of the chief executive from the legal point of view. In order to ensure the leading cadres in party member to exercise their functions and powers according to law, we must also improve the accountability mechanism, and insist that the responsibility must be asked and the accountability must be strict.Without clear responsibility, implementation and accountability, it will be difficult to truly manage the party strictly.

　　At present, China is in the stage of social transformation, with profound changes in economic system, social structure, interest pattern, ideas and concepts, and various social contradictions constantly emerging. The basic function of law is to settle disputes and stop disputes, and the law will program the schemes and ways to solve various disputes, providing the most stable and effective solutions for the settlement of social contradictions and disputes. Resolving social contradictions and disputes through law can avoid arbitrariness and differences in dispute resolution and ensure fairness. In practice, some leading cadres are indifferent to the law and lack the consciousness of exercising their functions and powers according to law, which is not only not conducive to resolving contradictions, but may lead to further intensification of contradictions. In this context, it is more important for leading cadres in party member to establish the rule of law thinking and be good at using the rule of law.

　　Strictly administering the party and governing power according to law must guarantee party member’s democratic supervision rights according to law and regulations.

　　Strengthening inner-party supervision focuses on daily life and perseverance. Strengthening party member’s democratic supervision right is an important measure to effectively prevent decision-making mistakes and abuse of power. In reality, some party member cadres, bending the law, constantly touch the legal bottom line, the most fundamental reason is the lack of supervision. Therefore, it is necessary to unblock the channels for party member to participate in the discussion of inner-party affairs, broaden the channels for party member to express his opinions, and create a political atmosphere for democratic discussion within the party. Comrade Supreme Leader pointed out that some party organizations and party member lacked the courage to use the weapon of criticism and self-criticism, which ultimately hurt the party’s cause. Making good use of criticism and self-criticism to safeguard party member’s democratic supervision right is an important way to improve inner-party supervision.

　　To strengthen inner-party supervision, we must establish and improve the effective mechanism of inner-party democratic supervision, and effectively protect the rights of democratic supervision in party member according to law. According to the provisions of the Constitution of the Communist Party of China, every party member enjoys the right to criticize, report and demand recall. In recent years, our party has attached great importance to the construction of the inner-party supervision system and established a series of specific democratic systems, such as the democratic life meeting system, the democratic appraisal of party member system, the inner-party reporting and accusation system, and the rights protection system in party member. The two inner-party laws and regulations that came into effect in January this year are both the guarantee and the basis for institutionalizing democratic supervision. On the one hand, supervision must be carried out in accordance with laws and regulations, which requires the full protection of party member’s democratic supervision rights through party rules, so as to realize the institutionalization and legalization of democratic supervision in party member. At the same time, practical measures should be taken to ensure that party member’s democratic rights, such as democratic participation, democratic election, democratic decision-making and democratic supervision, stipulated by party constitution, are fully exercised. On the other hand, in order to further play the role of democratic supervision in party member, it is necessary to institutionalize supervision and establish comprehensive, systematic and operable procedures and rules. We should constantly broaden and improve the channels of inner-party democracy, so as to realize party member’s extensive participation, effective management and effective supervision of inner-party affairs. In addition, we should broaden the channels of reporting, exposing, appealing, accusing and petitioning in party member, formulate a specific and strict system with strong operability, and expand the scope of party member’s participation in the management and supervision of cadres.

　　The key to strictly administering the party and governing power according to law is to punish corruption according to law and ensure equality before the law.

　　Strictly administering the party in an all-round way and punishing corruption must be firmly grasped. Comrade Supreme Leader pointed out that anti-corruption should be carried out with no forbidden zone, full coverage and zero tolerance, and efforts should be made to curb the spread of corruption and punish unhealthy practices and corruption around the masses. To punish corruption, we must insist on investigating every case and correcting every mistake. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the anti-corruption campaign has been "fighting tigers" and "swatting flies" simultaneously, severely punishing corruption, promoting the implementation of responsibilities with serious accountability, showing a new atmosphere in the political life within the Party, winning the hearts and minds of the Party and providing an important guarantee for creating a new situation in the cause of the Party and the country. Judging from the anti-corruption cases that have been disclosed, it has truly achieved "no forbidden zone against corruption" and "zero tolerance" for corruption. This shows that there is no special citizen in our country, and there is no special party member in our party, which truly implements equality before the law and party rules. However, it must be noted that the anti-corruption situation is still grim, and we must always maintain a high-pressure situation against corruption. We must prevent corruption fundamentally by strictly administering the party and the country according to law and relying on the system. In accordance with the requirements of comprehensively administering the country according to law and strictly administering the party in an all-round way, accountability and investigation of cases of violation of law and discipline should be carried out in strict accordance with the law and regulations. Dare to investigate and handle cases, dare to be disciplined and accountable, and dare to touch the truth. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out organizational and institutional innovation, promote the reform of the national supervision system, comprehensively integrate anti-corruption resources, expand the scope of supervision, and establish a centralized, unified, authoritative and efficient supervision system and mechanism.

　　Comrade Supreme Leader pointed out that "popular support is the greatest politics, and justice is the strongest force". Governing the country must first govern the party, and the party must be strict. To strictly manage the party in an all-round way, we must govern power according to law and comprehensively promote the rule of law, which can provide long-term and effective institutional guarantee for strictly administering the party in an all-round way.

　　 (Wang Liming is the executive vice president of China Renmin University)

■ At night, the transportation department dispatches taxis to Guangzhou South Railway Station to ensure the "night returnees" to travel. (Photo courtesy of the interviewee)

■ New Express reporter Dai Guohui

Recently, many Guangzhou residents have reported that it is difficult to take a taxi through the online car platform, especially in the Tianhe business district and the Pearl River New Town around the rush hour and around 11: 00 at night. At the same time, it is also difficult to take a taxi in the residential gathering area during the rush hour.

phenomenon

Didi taxis line up hundreds of people.

It is difficult to make an appointment with a car during peak hours.

Ms. Liang, a citizen of Guangzhou, told the reporter about the difficulty of taking a taxi in Tianhe South 1 ST Road next to Tianhe City on August 17. It was Valentine’s Day, and around 11 pm, she wanted to take a taxi back to her residence near Tangxia. She used the "Didi Chuxing" APP to make an appointment for an online car. "There are more than 100 people waiting in line in front, and the system estimates that the waiting time is 1 hour and more than 20 minutes." Ms. Liang told reporters.

On the other hand, the reporter learned from a drip driver that it was even more difficult to take a taxi in Tianhe business district that day. The driver surnamed Luo told the reporter, "At that time, it usually took two hours to take a taxi in Tianhe City."

Mr. He, a citizen, told the reporter that he took a taxi at 8: 00 a.m. a few days ago. He wanted to call the network car in a hurry, but the system showed that the queue had to wait for 40 minutes. "There is no subway nearby, and the taxi is full of people. I got on the bus at 8: 40 and was late."

The reporter interviewed a number of network car users, and users have different degrees of experience about the difficulty of getting a car. However, most of these situations occur during the rush hour and around 11 pm, and the locations only occur in residential areas, Pearl River New Town, passenger hub stations and some business districts.

Network car enterprise

Users are advised to carpool.

Regarding the situation that it is difficult to get a car in some areas of Guangzhou at a specific time, the relevant person of Didi Company responded to an interview with the New Express reporter and said that it did receive such a reflection from users and suggested that users travel by car.

Didi said: "Recently, the platform has received many reports from users that the success rate of taxis in some areas has decreased during peak hours, and the waiting time has become longer. I would like to remind users to plan their travel modes as far as possible in advance, and travel more by making an appointment or carpooling, and the success rate will be relatively high …"

Taxi company dispatches vehicle security

South Station "Night Return" Travel

During the summer vacation, it is also difficult to take a taxi after 11 pm at Guangzhou South Railway Station. Mr. Zhong told reporters that it took him more than half an hour to get a network car after 11 pm on August 14th.

In order to alleviate the difficulty of taxiing, from 23:00 on Fridays and Saturdays to 0:30 the next day, Guangzhou Transportation Department organized Guangzhou Public Transport Group to arrange a certain amount of taxi capacity to Guangzhou South Railway Station to do a good job. When the capacity of Guangzhou South Railway Station is insufficient, the municipal transportation department will dispatch other empty taxis to carry passengers through the information system to ensure that citizens can enjoy taxi services in time.

On the other hand, Guangzhou Public Transport Group also encrypts the departure density of night buses in the South Railway Station area, and at the same time opens passengers who arrive in Guangzhou at night at the bottom of the special line.

interlinkage

In July, the number of violations of the network car decreased by nearly half compared with last month.

On August 20, the Law Enforcement Bureau of Guangzhou Communications Commission announced the list of companies suspected of violating the rules in taxis and online cars in July this year. By comparing the law enforcement announcements in the past three months, some enterprises have been listed on the same law enforcement project more than once. Another striking thing is that the number of violations of the network car has been greatly reduced.

● Statistics

Non-compiled enterprises with illegal operations have been listed three times.

The reporter noticed that in the investigation and handling of non-compiled drivers by law enforcement officers of the Law Enforcement Bureau of the Communications Commission, there were taxi companies on the list for three consecutive times, and more than 50 non-compiled operations were investigated. Guangzhou Lishifeng Automobile Co., Ltd. has been investigated for 50 non-compiled operations for three consecutive months; Guangzhou Xianfu Taxi Co., Ltd. was investigated for 52 cases of non-compiled operation for three consecutive months.

On the other hand, according to the published data, the operating violation rate of taxi companies has decreased compared with May. In May, the violation rate of the top taxi companies reached 19.27%. In July, the number one taxi company’s violation rate dropped to 14.49%. It should be pointed out that this data is still at a high level.

The number of violations of the network car has declined

The number of violations of the network car operation has been significantly reduced. In May, the Law Enforcement Bureau of Guangzhou Communications Commission investigated and dealt with 252 cases of illegal operation of online car, which was reduced to 143 cases in June and 73 cases in July.

The reporter learned from the Law Enforcement Bureau of the Municipal Communications Commission that the illegal operation of the network car is mainly concentrated in the driver’s license of the network car driver and the transportation license of the operating vehicle. According to the relevant regulations, the driver of the network car will face a fine of 10,000 to 30,000 yuan for operating without a license.

● Cases

The same taxi meets Baiyun Airport.

Law enforcement officers investigated and dealt with a "full clone taxi"

On August 15th, when law enforcement officers visited the south first floor of T1 departure hall of Baiyun Airport, they found that the body color of a Guangdong A***RA "Guangfa" taxi was slightly different. After systematic investigation, the taxi with the license plate number A***RA happened to be located in T2 Terminal 1 km away. After verification, the possibility of deviation caused by GPS signal instability was ruled out, and law enforcement officers initially determined that Guangdong A***RA in T1 was a fake taxi.

Law enforcement officers parked the two cars side by side for further investigation, and found that the model, license plate, ceiling light, internal control and even the advertisement of the rear glass of the car body in T1 were exactly the same as those in T2. The law enforcement officers carefully checked the license plate, frame number and invoice information. The T1 Guangdong A***RA license plate did not match the frame number, and the invoice information was also inconsistent. The invoice supervision telephone number was not the number of Guangfa Company, but it was indeed a "full clone taxi". The law enforcement officers temporarily detained the counterfeit taxi on the spot according to law.

Non-compiled list of operating violations of cruise taxi companies (top 5)

No. Enterprise Name Number of Violation Cases

1 Guangzhou Lishifeng Automobile Co., Ltd.17

2 Guangdong Xiecheng Car Rental Co., Ltd. 16

3 Guangzhou Gode Passenger Transport Co., Ltd. 14

4 Guangzhou Xianfu Taxi Co., Ltd. 14

5 Guangzhou Fanyun Taxi Company Limited 13

List of illegal operating rates of cruise taxi companies (top 5)

Serial number Enterprise name Vehicle violation rate

1 Guangzhou Huangqi Transportation Co., Ltd. 14.49%

2 Guangzhou Baiyun Yuntong Car Rental Co., Ltd. 14.35%

3 Guangzhou Guangda Taxi Co., Ltd. 12.30%

4 Guangdong Yingfeng Automobile Service Co., Ltd. 11.76%

5 Guangzhou Qide Taxi Co., Ltd. 11.24%

　　　　　　 CCTV News:We continue to pay attention to the deep game between the United States and Russia around the "last war" in Syria. The focus of the game is Idlib province in the northwest of Syria and its surrounding areas, which is regarded as the last site of opposition armed forces and various extremist and terrorist organizations in Syria. At present, the government forces are making intensive pre-war preparations to recover this area, and the battle of Idlib, known as the "last battle" in Syria, may start at any time. And at this juncture, should I fight? How to fight? The United States, which supports the anti-government armed forces, and Russia, which supports the Syrian government, are sharply opposed, and for this reason, they have launched a confrontation and game in military diplomacy.

source map

　　　　　　 White House: If Syria uses chemical weapons, it will respond quickly.

　　　　　　 Let’s look at the new trend of the US. The White House No.4 issued a statement saying that the United States is closely monitoring the situation in Idlib province of Syria. If the Syrian government uses chemical weapons, the United States and its allies will respond "quickly and appropriately".

　　　　　　 This is not the first time that the United States has recently threatened to use force against the Syrian government. On August 21 this year, the United States, Britain and France issued a joint statement expressing "serious" concern about the possible military actions taken by Syrian government forces in Idlib province. The United States, Britain and France also warned that if the Syrian government uses any chemical weapons, they will make an "appropriate" response.

　　　　　　 Russia says terrorist organizations will create chemical weapons attacks.

　　　　　　 The threat of use of force by the United States and its allies against Syria is not just a verbal threat. In April this year, the three countries attacked Syrian government facilities on the grounds of the so-called "chemical weapons attack". Recently, the Russian Ministry of Defense suddenly broke the news that the "White Helmets" organization with western background is planning with terrorist organizations to prepare a chemical attack and frame it on the Syrian government.

　　　　　　 According to the information held by the Russian military, several terrorist organizations, such as the "Conquest Front", transported eight chlorine-containing containers to the northwest of Idlib province in an attempt to make and photograph the scene of the so-called "chemical weapons attack" by Syrian government forces, and intelligence shows that the chemical weapons attack premeditated by terrorists may be changed to Hama province.

　　　　　　 Earlier, Western countries repeatedly accused Syrian government forces of using chemical weapons, which were firmly denied by Syria and Russia. In April this year, the so-called "chemical weapons attack" occurred in the town of Duma, Syria, and the United States, Britain and France subsequently attacked Syrian government facilities. Later, the Russian media interviewed the parties who were attacked by so-called "chemical weapons" and identified the relevant attacks as forged.

　　　　　　 Trump issued a warning to stop Syria from attacking Idlib.

　　　　　　 US President Trump No.3 also issued a warning to Syria not to "recklessly" attack Idlib province, otherwise the consequences will be very serious. He also called on Russia and Iran not to participate in the battle of Idlib. In this regard, Russian Presidential Press Secretary peskov No.4 said that Trump’s statement was ill-considered.

　　　　　　 Peskov: "(Idlib) hides a large number of terrorists, which leads to instability. Efforts to end this situation through political and diplomatic channels have also been hindered. Importantly, this poses a threat to our military base. This point has been mentioned by the Russian President. Everyone knows that those drones that threaten our base took off from here (Idlib). "

　　　　　　 Chen Bing launched a military confrontation between Russia and the United States in the Mediterranean.

　　　　　　 In addition to bickering, countries such as the United States and Russia are also ready to intervene in the military.

　　　　　　 According to media reports, the United States has deployed large destroyers equipped with Tomahawk cruise missiles to the Mediterranean waters near Idlib. A Los Angeles-class attack nuclear submarine has also entered the Mediterranean waters. Los Angeles-class nuclear submarines can carry multiple cruise missiles. In the Gulf War in 1991, the first wave of attacks by multinational forces on Iraq was launched from surface ships and Los Angeles-class nuclear submarines. However, the Pentagon said that sending nuclear submarines into the Mediterranean was a routine voyage.

　　　　　　 Russia is not to be outdone. The Russian navy began military exercises in the waters near Syria in the eastern Mediterranean on the 1st. The Russian Defense Ministry said that more than 25 ships from the Russian Northern Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet and the Caspian Fleet participated in the exercise, and there were about 30 fighters. Although Russia claims that the exercise has nothing to do with the situation in Idlib, Syria, it is widely believed that this is the largest maritime military exercise held by Russia in the Mediterranean region since the end of the Cold War, mainly to show the will and ability to oppose western countries’ intervention in the Syrian war by force.

　　　　　　 In addition, the Russian media also reported that the Russian Ministry of Defense is increasing the deployment of naval forces in the Mediterranean Sea, including 10 ships of various types with missile strike capability. This is also the most powerful naval force deployed by Russia in the Mediterranean since it cracked down on extreme armed forces in Syria in 2015. 　

　　　　　　 Russia-Turkey Summit or Focus on the Battle of Idlib

　　　　　　 Military confrontation is accompanied by diplomatic interaction. While the United States, Britain and France are threatening to use force against Syria, the presidents of Russia, Turkey and Iran will also meet in Iran on the 7th, that is, this Friday. It is expected that the situation in Syria, especially the war in Idlib province, will be the focus of this summit.

　　　　　　 Some analysts believe that at the upcoming summit, Russia, Turkey and Iraq need to coordinate and solve a series of problems, including the time of the war, the scope of the attack and the target of the attack, so as to prevent the armed forces supported by the three countries from accidentally firing, and to prevent the war from expanding out of control and harming the interests of the three countries.

　　　　　　 Iranian foreign minister’s visit to Syria reaffirms support for Syria’s counter-terrorism

　　　　　　 Let’s look at Iran’s attitude. Iran is an important ally of the Syrian government. It has always supported the Bashar regime in the Syrian civil war and provided military support to the Syrian government. Different from Turkey’s attitude, when Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif visited Syria on the 3rd, he called for "thorough elimination" of "terrorists" in Idlib province.

　　　　　　 Iranian Foreign Minister Zarif held talks with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, Prime Minister khamis, Foreign Minister Moalem and several senior Syrian government officials on the same day. In their meeting with Bashar, Zarif and Bashar both accused "some western countries of exerting malicious pressure on Syria and Iran" and stressed that the two countries will not give up their "principles" and efforts to maintain regional peace and stability because of pressure. When meeting with Syrian Foreign Minister Moalem, Zarif reiterated that Iran will continue to support Syria’s actions against terrorist organizations.

　　　　　　 Talking about the war in Idlib, Syria, which may be about to start, Zarif said that the residual terrorist forces in Idlib area "will be completely eliminated" and this area should be returned to the Syrian people as soon as possible.

　　　　　　 Russian Foreign Minister: I am willing to meet with the US Secretary of State at the UN General Assembly.

　　　　　　 While the United States and Russia launched a deep game of military diplomacy around the "last war" in Syria, they did not refuse dialogue and communication. Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov said at the end of last month that he was willing to meet with US Secretary of State Pompeo during the UN General Assembly. The website of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement on the same day saying that both Lavrov and Pompeo will attend the 73rd UN General Assembly, which will open on September 18th. Lavrov expressed his willingness to meet with the US and discuss bilateral agenda and international affairs of common concern. He also said that both sides are ready for a fruitful and constructive meeting.

　　　　　　 The United Nations will convene many countries to discuss the situation in Syria.

　　　　　　 On the 4th, UN Special Envoy for Syria De Mistura said in Geneva that he would hold talks with Russia, Turkey and Iran from 10th to 11th. Subsequently, further talks were held with representatives of the United States, Britain, France, Germany and Saudi Arabia on the 14th. Subsequently, the UN Security Council will hold a meeting on the 20th to discuss the situation in Syria. It is hoped that this will be a breakthrough to promote the political process of the Syrian issue.

Language is an important tool for human beings to express their communication and thinking. Language reflects people’s thoughts, and people use language to communicate, express and create. The daily language used by human beings is called natural language, which includes vocabulary, pronunciation, semantics and grammar. The language used for machine programming is called computer language, which consists of numbers, characters and grammatical rules. Human natural languages are in different languages and belong to different language families, and computer languages are also divided into various categories according to different writing rules. Language intelligence, the ability of people to communicate and think in writing through language dialogue, is regarded as an aspect of human intelligence. In contrast, a machine (computer) has the ability to recognize computer language, run programs and perform operations, and computer language can be regarded as a language inherent in the machine. If the computer can understand the natural language as a "foreign language", realize the translation of natural language, understand and execute people’s commands, and even talk to people, can it be considered that the computer has language intelligence similar to that of people? This paper will answer this question.

Definition of natural language and computer language

The language used in human daily life is called natural language. Humans use language to express ideas, communicate and describe objects. As a carrier, language carries the connotation of words. Many languages of human beings belong to different language families, but languages can correspond and translate with each other. Every language is a system including vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation, in which vocabulary is used to express itself according to grammatical rules. As the philosopher and linguist Chomsky said in Language and Mind, "People who know a certain language have mastered a set of rules system, which assigns sounds and meanings to countless possible sentences in a certain way." However, individuals who use natural language may not be aware of the rules and connotations of this language system: "People who know the language are not aware that they have mastered these rules or are using them, and there is no reason to assume that this knowledge of language rules can be brought into consciousness."

The acquisition of natural language is based on life and social interaction. The process for children to master a language is to get in touch with words and sentences through a large number of dialogues, acquire sentence models in conversations and chats, and then master grammar. It can be seen that the learning of natural language is from semantics to grammar. Therefore, some scholars discuss language acquisition from the standpoint of human language talent theory. For example, Chomsky thinks that there is a natural universal grammar in the human brain, which exists in a place called language acquisition device. He tried to explain the relationship between language research and human nature, and thought that language reflected the process of human mind and determined all aspects of ideological characteristics and development.

From the perspective of language system, natural language is both stable and changeable. On the premise that a language exists, its vocabulary and basic grammar are stable. At the same time, the language is constantly updated, derived and developed due to the changes of the times and environment during its inheritance and use.

Computer language refers to the language that uses numbers and characters to write programs according to the prescribed grammatical rules, so that computers can do all kinds of work. It includes machine language, assembly language, high-level language and so on. In different ways of thinking about programming and programming models, statements composed of characters and grammatical rules perform operations according to instructions. The original intention of computer language design is to enable people to better control and operate computers. At present, every action and step made by all computers are carried out according to the program compiled by computer language. The operation of a computer is a process of accepting input, matching objects and outputting answers. In the execution operation, the calculator must first understand the input commands of people, and translate the natural language. The source code of the application program is translated into the target code machine language by the interpreter of the corresponding language, and then the compilation operation is carried out to translate the program source code into the target code machine language.

It can be said that computer language is the medium of man-machine dialogue. Computer language can recognize and translate natural language, perform operations and output results in its construction, and the translation process is the key to man-machine cooperation and even man-machine dialogue. The machine can only continue to perform operations after understanding the commands input by human beings. Before the emergence of intelligent machines, people’s input instructions to machines were single, but today’s intelligent machines have gradually tried to understand people’s commands through voice and image recognition. At present, this ability mainly depends on corpus analysis, enhanced matching search and deep learning.

If the vocabulary of natural language is regarded as a set of symbols and its grammar is regarded as the rules for the use of symbols, then computer language is also the use of symbols and rules. The encoding and decoding of computer input and output, as well as the operation in human-computer interaction, are also similar to the process of using language to listen, read, write and communicate with people. In this sense, computer language seems to be the natural language of computers. If the computer is truly intelligent, then in its view, human natural language can be regarded as a foreign language. But can computers be intelligent?

To compare natural language with computer language, an important perspective is to distinguish the internal logic of natural language and computer language from their logical systems. Logic is an important connotation of language, and the logical structure and grammatical system of a language are the root causes that distinguish it from other languages and languages.

Logic in Natural Language and Computer Language

In the use of natural language, ambiguity and ambiguity are inevitable, and there are misunderstandings and deviations in translation between languages. Scholars want to solve the ambiguity and ambiguity of words in expression and find the common deep structure in human language, so they invented formal language by using mathematical methods for reference. The original intention of formal language is that people want to make logic have a set of universal symbols like mathematics, so as to try to establish a universal and unambiguous language. Through this language, all thinking and reasoning can be transformed into calculus and become as accurate as mathematics. Logicians try to accurately describe the world described by natural language with formal systems and symbols, so as to make more accurate reasoning, analysis and judgment. Therefore, in the study of logical language, it also includes the study of natural language generative grammar.

Natural language can be regarded as a symbol system, in which words are symbols to express ideas under the cultural background. However, the logic in natural language is not only grammatical structure, but also semantic. The ambiguity and vagueness of some words in our daily expression are difficult to judge in grammar, but they can be simply solved by context and the introduction of context. Wittgenstein thinks that natural language is used to express objects, the meaning of a proposition or sentence comes from its real object, and the process of learning language is to master the relationship between words and objects. We can’t get meaning from a single word, but through association and activity, so natural language has meaning under certain environment and specific rules of the game.

Therefore, the logic of natural language has one more dimension than that of formal language. Natural language is a part of human mind, and the logic contained in words is the unique logical ability of human mind. As Wittgenstein pointed out, a single vocabulary and grammatical structure cannot convey complete meaning. The acquisition of natural language can’t be achieved only by learning the logical structure of language. Therefore, mind is an important concept in the acquisition of natural language.

The computer language used by the machine is also a formal language. It is the language that people first gave to the machine and became the pre-existing language in it. When computers understand and execute human commands, they need to translate natural languages into computer languages that can be understood by machines, and then carry out program operations. Formal description of natural language is very important for mechanical imitation of computer programs, but understanding imitation is different from mechanical imitation. Mechanical imitation involves formal nature, while comprehension imitation involves quasi-semantic nature. At present, computers are mainly based on mechanical imitation and talk to people’s natural language through logical language. Therefore, although the processing of natural language by computer can be regarded as a kind of translation, at present, this kind of translation is different from the mutual translation between two languages in natural language.

In the process of disambiguation, computers need a lot of knowledge, including linguistic knowledge (morphology, syntax, semantics, context, etc.) and common sense cognition about the world. This has also caused two main difficulties in natural language processing at present. Measuring computer language from the perspective of natural language is highly formalized, which makes its ability to describe context limited, and it cannot convey multi-layer information like natural language. Therefore, although formal language has advantages in accuracy, its contextual shaping ability and expressive power are inevitably weaker than natural language. In the understanding of natural language, it is difficult for formal language to fully describe how lexical devices are related to syntactic structures, thus forming the meaning of sentences, which is also an important reason for errors in computer recognition of natural language. Of course, with the development of corpus construction and corpus linguistics, the rationalism method based on syntactic-semantic rules, which was mainly used by computers in dealing with natural languages, has taken a back seat. Nowadays, the natural language processing technology has introduced statistical mathematics methods, and gradually reduced errors with the support of matching search and automatic learning methods.

Cognitive science holds that thinking and cognition are logical operations of knowledge, while computerized natural language analysis mainly depends on the expression of logical language. From the perspective of behaviorism, if the machine has a computer language, and it is constantly strengthened and more accurate in the operation execution and use the day after tomorrow, it is a kind of acquisition and consolidation. In this sense, computer language seems to be its natural language for computers. However, although natural language and computer language each contain many kinds, the reasons for their diversity are different. Different from the differences of history, culture and region, computer language is developed for different needs when writing programs. Therefore, the connotation of natural language and computer language is different. Fundamentally speaking, the mind embodied by natural language is different from that expressed by computer language.

Natural language and mind

If natural language is the tool of human expression and the medium of thinking, then the relationship between natural language and mind is inseparable. To a certain extent, people’s ability to use language is one of the manifestations of mental ability. Mind is different from intelligence. Mind is a part of intelligence, which refers to people’s abilities of perception, feeling, memory, learning, understanding and innovation.

Mental ability includes the understanding of natural language. When using natural language in daily life, we can get the pronunciation, image and connotation of the described object at the same time. In our daily life, whenever we hear someone describe something or see someone pointing to an object, we will remember what this thing is called and say the same words when we refer to that thing again in the future. We can also experience all kinds of emotions and feelings in the sentence from other people’s voices, movements, expressions and eyes, as well as body movements, tones and tones. That is to say, in natural language, the meaning of words is not limited to the meaning of a single word, but also includes the appearance of the referent, pronunciation, the intention of the narrator and the context at that time. The meanings of natural language are fully embodied in social communication and dialogue. A comprehensive grasp of these meanings requires mental ability, and vice versa. As Chomsky said: the surface rule of words forming sentences is grammar, but the real meaning of sentences is reflected in the deep structure. The deep structure is related to the surface structure through some mental operations. In other words, the connection between all words, sounds and meanings of natural language is based on the grammatical structure on the basis of mind.

Furthermore, the study of natural language is also a reflection of mental ability. Psychologists represented by Chomsky believe that language and grammatical structure are the essence and characteristics of human mind. No matter how different language users are in individual experience and ability, they will complete the task of constructing language theory system in a very similar way. We are endowed with cognitive structure and language ability in our minds, and gradually strengthen our grasp of grammar rules in the application of acquired knowledge. "On a basic level, we humans are not learning languages. The real situation is that languages grow up in our minds."

Different from Chomsky, Quine’s language theory is based on empiricism and behaviorism. He opposes both the thorough empiricism reductionism and the pure transcendental knowledge. He believes that the reason why language can express meaning depends on the acquisition of behavior, and people’s mental ability embodied in language behavior is gradually acquired. The mental ability to master and use a language is acquired and can be strengthened through training. In Quine’s view, our ability to master language comes from public knowledge, which is a kind of inheritance of human common experience and knowledge background, rather than a priori existence: "Even if we want to talk about a unique quality of sensory awareness, most of us have to turn to public objects, the color of oranges, the taste of rotten eggs, and so on. To continuously access the previous sensory data, it also depends on the reference object. Of course, we should explore the sensory awareness and sensory stimulation behind the daily discourse about objects, but these are the background of concept formation or language, not their underlying structure. "

According to Chomsky’s theory, the initial inner nature that we give to an intelligent computer can be counted as its innate "mind", of course, such a mind is given by people and is incomplete. According to Quine’s theory, under the premise of being constructed, the computer has acquired the knowledge background and can continuously strengthen its language ability in learning, which seems to mean that it is possible to obtain real intelligence in intensive learning, including the same level of language intelligence as people.

Machine language and mind

In the famous Turing test of artificial intelligence, if a person can have a long enough conversation with a machine, if the interlocutor can’t tell whether the answer comes from a machine or a person, then it is judged that the machine is intelligent. It can be seen that the main ability of Turing’s intelligent computer is the ability to understand and use language. The test defines the intelligence of the machine as several aspects: the machine should be able to answer the questions of input text; Be able to explain the meaning of words; Able to understand sentences composed of words; Be able to translate one language into another. Language ability is an important criterion to judge whether a computer has intelligence. It can even be said that from the mechanism of Turing test, language ability can be equated with intelligence.

If intelligence must master language ability, as mentioned above, although the natural language used by human beings has vague and ambiguous contents, its expressive power is indeed stronger than that of formal language. If a computer wants to have real intelligence, it must have the ability to understand natural language in different contexts. However, this ability is almost impossible in the existing technology. Dreyfus mentioned in What Computers Can’t Do that one of the difficult problems for machines to acquire intelligence is to solve the ambiguity in language. Although there is now the support of enhanced matching search and big data, the ambiguity problem of natural language has been partially solved on the surface. However, if we can really understand and use a language by referring to the way we use natural language, we need to master the necessary reasoning rules (including expert knowledge reasoning and common sense reasoning), but also have the ability to understand and comprehend the context. With this ability, you can be considered to have a mind and intelligence.

When discussing machine intelligence and mind, many researchers hope to get inspiration from the generation and structure of human intelligence. From simple development to complex thinking, human intelligence seems to have rules to follow, but if you consider it carefully, even the simplest and most elementary intelligence involves the cooperation of millions of brain cells and muscle cells on a large scale. These simple behaviors are embedded with too much intelligence, which are deep mental abilities that are not realized in daily speech and behavior. Language intelligence, as one of them, if we consider the source of language mechanism and its role in the sudden qualitative change of human intelligence, at least two basic problems will appear: first, the core semantic content of the smallest meaningful element, including the simplest element. Second, the principle of allowing unlimited combinations of symbols. If we want to analyze the physiological structure and logical structure produced by human mind step by step, we will try to endow the machine with mind by imitating this structure. It is bound to face two dilemmas: first, the human brain is a black box that cannot be completely mastered; Second, the mind, as a non-physical but real existence, is an elusive existence for technology.

From the standpoint of mentalism, it is impossible for a computer to have the same mental ability as human beings, although it can acquire more sophisticated and accurate natural language processing technology with the development of technology, and it can understand all instructions of natural language in operation and execution. From the standpoint of behaviorism, if a machine has the same language ability as human beings and can understand and express natural language, it seems that it can be considered as a machine with mind. However, the inevitable problems in the transformation between natural language and formal language also indicate that imitation based on behaviorism cannot be exactly the same as human beings.

conclusion

With the development of technology, the number of natural language texts that can be processed by computers has been increasing. Under the application requirements of text mining, information extraction, cross-language information processing, human-computer interaction and so on, the research on computer natural language processing is also advancing. However, natural language is directional and logical in description and expression, and conveys and carries culture. This means that natural language is not only a combination of some words and symbols, but also different from formal language. Although natural language is also used under certain logical grammar and has the functions of communication, exchange, expression and creation, it also has cultural attributes. The acquisition of a language not only includes the use of words and grammatical rules, but also includes the understanding and recognition of a culture. At this level, no matter how much the existing intelligent machines deal with natural languages, they have not yet possessed real intelligence. Therefore, we can take the normal use of language as extremely clear empirical evidence to prove that other creatures have the same mind as us, but not as discriminatory evidence of the source of mind and human ability.

Descartes said that "language is the core symbol of human thinking", which means that language ability and human thinking ability are inseparable and language ability is the representation of human mind. He also pointed out that two important abilities of human mind, understanding and will, cannot be realized by machines (automata). Because the mind has no substance, it is impossible for automata to create the mind by imitating the surface structure anyway. Descartes’ prediction is still correct today, although it lacks the integrity of argument. The use, expression and creation of language is an important content of human intelligence. If the intelligent machine in the future will have the same or even stronger intelligence as human beings, then it must have the same understanding and application ability as human language ability. This can’t be done at the existing computer language level. As for whether machines can learn "foreign languages" by new breakthrough technologies in the future, that is another question.

References:

Dreyfus. What Computers Can’t Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence [M]. Joint Publishing Company, 1986.

Noam Chomsky. Language and Mind [M]. Renmin University of China Press, 2015.

Selected Works of Noam Chomsky Chomsky’s Philosophy of Language [M]. The Commercial Press, 1992.

Noam Chomsky. Some Problems of Syntactic Theory [M]. China Social Sciences Press, 1986.

Quine. Words and Objects [M]. Renmin University of China Press, 2012.

Wittgenstein. Philosophical Studies [M]. The Commercial Press, 2000.

Frege. Selected Works of Frege’s Philosophy [M]. The Commercial Press, 2006.

　　　 1905 movie network news Emilia Clarke, the "Dragon Mother", is the most popular one among a bunch of British actors, because her new film will be released soon. The actress, who was worried about a monthly rent of 1,000 pounds a few years ago, just celebrated her 28th birthday happily this year. See, even if I hurt my legs, the Luns still smile from ear to ear.

On June 19th, Amelia attended the publicity activity of Terminator: Genesis on crutches.

　　　 In July last year, Xiao Bian was lucky enough to be invited by Paramount Pictures to visit the filming location of Terminator: Genesis in New Orleans, USA. In this new trilogy, Sarah Connor and kyle reese are played by Emilia Clarke and jai courtney respectively. Before Xiaobian takes you into the two interviews, let’s sort out the story and prevent possible time and space confusion and fine points.

From 1984 to 2015, which version of Sarah Connor do you like best?

　　　 In 1984, James Cameron, his father, used linda hamilton, a blonde, to play Sarah Connor, a weak female college student. As we all know, Sarah is the mother of human leader kate connor. In 2029, in order to prevent the villain T-800 from going back to the past and killing his mother, John sent a soldier kyle reese to save Sarah in 1984. As a result, they fell in love and gave birth to John’s sequel "Terminator: Judgment Day" in 1991. Sarah has become a well-trained full-muscle, zero-fat modern female warrior image, and T-800, Recently, Internet language likes to use three words to summarize incisive sentences, so if three words are used to explain the central plot of Terminator series, that is "killing Nima".

Sarah’s lover, kyle reese, has also been updated, and the most robust one is the new version of jai courtney.

　

　　　 In 2011, Paramount Pictures announced that it would restart Terminator, and it would make three films with brand-new cass and visual technology. The storyline would have nothing to do with Cameron’s version, and it would be three independent chapters. The first part will be released in the world on July 1st this year, and the date of China’s introduction has not been fixed. The whole story revolves around Terminator, kate connor, Sarah Connor, kyle reese and T-1000. In 2029, after the "Judgment Day", the decisive battle between human beings and machines began. kyle reese volunteered and was sent back to Sarah Connor, the biological mother who protected herself in 1984, by kate connor, the leader of the human resistance. Back in the past, kyle reese encountered the liquid metal terminator T-1000, and was rescued by heavily armed Sarah Connor driving a truck. Sarah told Kyle that 1984 no longer existed, and the T-800 that tried to kill Sarah that year had been killed by the terminator of the old version. This old version of Terminator is also a T-800 series, or played by Schwarzenegger of the old version of Terminator. It is called "Guardian" in the new film and is a key figure in training Sarah and raising John. Kyle, who fought alongside Sarah, needs to defeat the T-1000, correct the time channel and return to the future world. But,On the way, the three men met a more powerful robot T-3000, and his human face completely imitated kate connor, which made Sarah completely unable to do it. After reading this, I believe that the audience who have been constantly improving the concept of time and space through the drama "Palace" series and "The Vampire Diaries" can easily control this small case plot.

Kyle reese found himself in the wrong era, and the old song "We can’t go back, can we?"

On the day of the interview, Emilia Clarke and jai courtney appeared in front of us in costumes. Amelia wore a ponytail and a suit of black bullet-proof clothing, and she smiled lovely, just like a "neighbor" female soldier.

Amelia is 157 and weighs 114 Jin. Jin Jin is a treasure.

Movie network:Compared with Game of Thrones, what is the action intensity of Terminator?

Amelia: Not the same level. I want to be trained in martial arts, firearms and close combat. In Game of Thrones, all I have to do is talk to the air. Dragons are added later. Here, we are all serious and exciting.

　

Movie network:The first time you played against Schwarzenegger, how did you meet for the first time?

Amelia: He is a legend, so when I first met him, I was very nervous. However, I didn’t expect him to be so approachable and make me laugh from time to time, which immediately made me look forward to working with him.

　　Chongqing Rail Transit (Group) Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Chongqing Rail Group) announced on the evening of January 19 that at noon on January 18, a sling fork ear screw of Egongyan Rail Bridge on the subway ring line was abnormal, and Chongqing Rail Group immediately launched an emergency plan, and the operation of the Olympic Sports Center on the ring line was suspended from Xiejiawan to Strait Road.

　　At the same time, Chongqing Rail Group quickly organized relevant experts and technicians to carry out emergency treatment, and technicians will conduct a comprehensive inspection of the bridge sling system.

　　Zhou Shuixing, director of the Bridge Engineering Department of the School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, told The Paper (www.thepaper.cn) after seeing the multi-angle photos on the spot that the screw fracture should be related to the material and stress, and other screws should be inspected comprehensively after this happens. He said that it may only be necessary to replace the screw, which will have little impact on the whole bridge.

　　Broken sling fork ear screw

　　Chongqing Railway has repeatedly sent messages saying that it has investigated hidden dangers and apologized.

　　On the afternoon of January 19th, the news that there was a problem with the sling of Egongyan Track Bridge spread in many WeChat groups in Chongqing. According to the information released by Chongqing Railway Group, the sling failure occurred at noon on January 18th. The Paper checked the official Weibo and found that at 13: 04 on January 18th, Chongqing Rail Group released the news of the first ring road facility failure.

　　The news said, "Due to the hidden dangers of the subway ring line equipment and facilities, the staff are actively investigating, which has caused the operation of the Olympic Sports Center from Xiejiawan to Haixia Road to be blocked. Please cooperate with the station staff to guide and wait in an orderly manner or transfer to other means of transportation."

　　At 13: 41 on January 18th, Chongqing Rail Group released the second operation emergency message through Guanwei, saying, "The operation of the Olympic Sports Center from Xiejiawan to Strait Road is blocked due to hidden dangers in the facilities of the subway ring line. In order to maintain the operation to the maximum extent, the Olympic Sports Center is now running through Ranjiaba to Strait Road, and the bus connection between the entrance and exit of the Olympic Sports Center Station 5B and the entrance and exit of Strait Road Station 3A is started."

　　Since then, Chongqing Rail Group has released information twice at 23: 04 on January 18th and 10: 22 on January 19th, indicating that hidden dangers of equipment and facilities are still under investigation and rectification.

　　Then, Chongqing Rail Group issued a letter of apology for "the inconvenience of passengers’ travel due to the inability of the loop train to operate normally on time for some reason". In the letter of apology, the group said that it would further improve the maintenance and emergency rescue capabilities of rail transit system equipment, minimize the occurrence of emergencies, and let rail transit give full play to its advantages of "safety, speed, punctuality and comfort".

　　Upper part of broken sling fork ear screw

　　Trial operation of the involved track bridge in 2019

　　The Paper inquired about Chongqing local media reports and found that in 2014, the construction of Egongyan Track Bridge started, which was undertaken by China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau. In October 2019, the bridge began trial operation of the track loop.

　　According to chongqing morning post, Egongyan Rail Bridge is located between Haixia Road Station and Xiejiawan Station of rail transit loop, connecting Nan ‘an District and Jiulongpo District of Chongqing, and it is an important node bridge of rail transit loop across the Yangtze River. The total length of the bridge is 1650.5 meters. It is a self-anchored suspension bridge with five-span continuous steel box girder, twin towers and double cable planes, and the main span reaches 600 meters. Its span ranks among the top suspension bridges for rail transit in the world, and it is also the self-anchored suspension bridge with the largest main span in the world.

　　It is worth mentioning that Egongyan Track Bridge is located about 45 meters upstream of Egongyan Bridge. The height of the two bridges is basically the same, and they are known as twin sister bridges.

　　Official website, China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., said when introducing Egongyan Track Bridge that Egongyan Track Bridge is the key project of Chongqing Rail Transit Loop Phase II. The self-anchored suspension cable of five-span continuous steel box girder with twin towers and double cable planes with a main span of 600 meters is the "most" self-anchored suspension bridge in the world, compared with the self-anchored suspension bridge with the second largest span in the world at that time — — The bridge on Muhu Island in Estonia is 120 meters long. The main tower of the bridge is 153 meters high, which is equivalent to 50 stories high. The main construction difficulties include the excavation of main tower foundation, the construction of main tower, the installation of steel box girder of cable-stayed bridge, the installation of main cable of suspension bridge, system transformation and the construction monitoring of the whole bridge. The construction standard is high, and it is risky and challenging. It is the first case in the world to adopt the method of "cable-stayed first and then suspended cable" in organizational construction.

　　Broken sling fork ear screw

　　Bridge expert: Fracture is related to material and stress.

　　Zhou Shuixing, director of the Department of Bridge Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, looked at the multi-angle photos at the scene and said that the fracture of the sling fork ear screw was related to its material and stress. It may have little impact on the whole bridge, just change the suspenders.

　　Regarding "will other screws face the same fracture", Zhou Shuixing said that the bridge should be physically examined every year and inspected daily. Generally, after this problem occurs, other screws should be thoroughly inspected.

　　However, Zhou Shuixing also said that the vibration caused by the running of the vehicle is somewhat unfavorable to the sling fork ear screw, and vibration reduction measures can be taken. But we can’t find out why until the test results come out.

【peakDear journalists and friends, good morning. Welcome to the regular press conference of the Ministry of Commerce. Today, I first have four pieces of information that I need to take the initiative to inform you.

I. Development of China’s foreign trade from January to May this year.

Since the beginning of this year, China’s foreign trade development has continued to maintain a steady and positive trend, and its quality and efficiency have been further improved.

It mainly has the following characteristics: from the international market, China’s import and export to traditional markets such as the United States, the European Union, Japan and Hong Kong increased by 5.3%, 7.3%, 4.5% and 6.8% respectively. Imports and exports to countries along the "Belt and Road" increased by 11.1%, which was 2.3 percentage points higher than the overall growth rate; Imports and exports to ASEAN increased by 11.9%, which was 3.1 percentage points higher than the overall growth rate. The country markets with rapid growth are Russia, Indonesia, Vietnam, etc., with growth rates of 18%, 16.5% and 24.4% respectively.

From the perspective of commodity structure, the structure of export products has been continuously optimized. The export of mechanical and electrical products was 3.61 trillion yuan, up 7.9%, 2.4 percentage points higher than the overall growth rate, and the proportion increased by 1.3 percentage points to 58.8%. Some imported commodities achieved rapid growth, and the total import value of 10 categories of bulk commodities such as natural gas, crude oil and coal increased by 10.9%.

From the perspective of business entities, foreign-funded enterprises are still an important force in China’s foreign trade development, with the proportion of private enterprises growing steadily and the import and export of state-owned enterprises developing healthily. The import and export of private enterprises was 4.52 trillion yuan, an increase of 11.7%, accounting for 1 percentage point higher than that of the previous year to 38.9%, and it continued to maintain its position as the largest export business entity; The import and export of state-owned enterprises was 2.11 trillion yuan, up by 13.8%, accounting for 18.1% of China’s total foreign trade. The import and export of foreign-funded enterprises was 4.95 trillion yuan, up 4.3%, accounting for 42.6%.

In terms of trade patterns, the proportion of general trade continued to increase, processing trade increased slightly, and border trade developed rapidly. In the first five months of this year, the import and export of general trade was 6.84 trillion yuan, up by 12.7%, and the proportion increased by 2 percentage points to 58.8%. The import and export of processing trade was 3.09 trillion yuan, up by 1.7%, accounting for 26.5%. Small-scale border trade developed rapidly, with the import and export reaching 104.29 billion yuan, an increase of 15.2%.

From the perspective of domestic regions, the eastern region continues to grow steadily, and the proportion of the central and western regions continues to increase. In the first five months of this year, the import and export of the central and western regions reached 1.81 trillion yuan, an increase of 16.7%, and the proportion increased by 1.1 percentage points to 15.6%. The import and export of the eastern region was 9.82 trillion yuan, an increase of 7.4%, accounting for 84.4%.

Two, about China’s foreign investment cooperation in the first five months.

From January to May 2018, domestic investors in China made non-financial direct investments in 2,987 overseas enterprises in 149 countries and regions around the world, with a cumulative investment of 47.89 billion US dollars, up 38.5% year-on-year, and maintained growth for seven consecutive months. The turnover of foreign contracted projects was US$ 56.88 billion, up 12.9% year-on-year; The amount of newly signed contracts was US$ 85.49 billion, up 13.4% year-on-year. Foreign labor cooperation sent 178,000 laborers of various types, and at the end of May, there were 998,000 laborers abroad, an increase of 69,000 over the same period last year.

In the first five months of this year, China’s foreign investment cooperation maintained a steady and healthy development, mainly with the following characteristics:

First, investment cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road has been steadily advanced. From January to May, Chinese enterprises made new investments in 54 countries along the Belt and Road, totaling 5.93 billion US dollars, up 8.2% year-on-year. The newly signed foreign contracted projects in countries along the "Belt and Road" amounted to 36.22 billion US dollars, accounting for 42.4% of the total in the same period; The completed turnover was USD 30.74 billion, accounting for 54% of the total amount in the same period.

Second, the industrial structure of foreign investment has been continuously optimized, and irrational investment has been effectively curbed. From January to May, foreign investment mainly flowed to leasing and business services, manufacturing, mining, wholesale and retail, accounting for 29.9%, 15%, 12.3% and 7.6% respectively. There are no new projects for foreign investment in real estate, sports and entertainment.

Third, the eastern region is still the main force of foreign investment, and enterprises in the three northeastern provinces are increasingly active. From January to May, the total foreign investment of 10 provinces and cities in the eastern region was US$ 27.72 billion, up 75.4% year-on-year, accounting for 78.1% of local foreign investment. The foreign investment of the three northeastern provinces was US$ 1.43 billion, an increase of 88.2% over the same period of last year.

Fourth, there are many newly signed large-scale projects for foreign contracted projects, which plays an obvious role in promoting exports. From January to May, there were 274 projects with newly signed contracts worth more than 50 million US dollars, totaling 73.08 billion US dollars, accounting for 85.5% of the total newly signed contracts. Foreign contracted projects drove the export of goods to 7.54 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 25.7%.

In the first five months of this year, 3,373 foreign-invested enterprises were put on record or approved by the relevant authorities, with an agreed investment of US$ 45.503 billion from China. Among them, 3,356 non-financial foreign investment enterprises have been registered or approved, and the Chinese agreed investment is 42.015 billion US dollars; 17 financial foreign investment enterprises have been put on record or approved, with an agreed investment of US$ 3.489 billion.

Iii. About the situation of absorbing foreign capital in the first five months of this year.

From January to May 2018, the national absorption of foreign capital mainly has the following characteristics:

First, newly-established enterprises continued to grow rapidly, and the actual use of foreign capital rose slightly. From January to May, 24,026 foreign-invested enterprises were newly established nationwide, with a year-on-year increase of 97.6%. The actually utilized foreign capital was 345.59 billion yuan, up 1.3% year-on-year (equivalent to 52.66 billion US dollars, up 3.6% year-on-year).

In May, 5,024 foreign-invested enterprises were newly established nationwide, up by 106.5% year-on-year; The actual use of foreign capital was 58.81 billion yuan, up 7.6% year-on-year, equivalent to 9.06 billion dollars, up 11.7% year-on-year.

Second, the high-tech manufacturing industry maintained a rapid growth momentum. The actual utilization of foreign capital in manufacturing industry was 100.42 billion yuan, up 12.3% year-on-year, accounting for 29.1%. The actual use of foreign capital in high-tech industries increased by 9.8% year-on-year, accounting for 20.5%. The actual use of foreign capital in high-tech manufacturing industry was 33.69 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 61.9%. Among them, pharmaceutical manufacturing, electronic and communication equipment manufacturing, medical equipment and instrumentation manufacturing increased by 12.3%, 56.4% and 442.3% respectively. The actual utilization of foreign capital in high-tech service industry was 37.24 billion yuan, of which the transformation service of scientific and technological achievements increased by 4.1% year-on-year.

Third, the absorption of foreign capital in the central and western regions continued to grow, and the growth rate of foreign capital in the Pilot Free Trade Zone was ahead of the whole country. The actual utilization of foreign capital in the central region was 24.19 billion yuan, up 40.1% year-on-year, and that in the western region was 22.77 billion yuan, up 11.9% year-on-year. There are 3,358 foreign-invested enterprises newly established in 11 pilot free trade zones, up 10% year-on-year. The actual utilization of foreign capital was 40.78 billion yuan, up 14.1% year-on-year, accounting for 11.8% of the whole country.

Fourth, among the main sources of investment, investment in Singapore, South Korea, Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Macao increased significantly. The actual investment increased by 33.9%, 66.9%, 5.1%, 16.3%, 56.9% and 72% respectively.

The actual amount of foreign investment in ASEAN increased by 38.9% year-on-year; Investment in countries along the Belt and Road increased by 38.8% year-on-year.

Four, about the situation of China’s cultural trade in the first four months of this year.

From January to April 2018, China’s cultural trade and investment grew steadily, and the total import and export of cultural products and services reached US$ 36.96 billion, a year-on-year increase of 13.5%. Among them, the total import and export of cultural products was US$ 25.51 billion, a year-on-year increase of 9%; The total import and export of cultural services was US$ 11.45 billion, up 25.1% year-on-year. The foreign investment of culture, sports and entertainment industry was 730 million US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 7 times, accounting for 2% of China’s total foreign investment. Mainly has the following characteristics:

First, the scale has steadily increased. From January to April, the export of cultural products reached US$ 22.43 billion, a year-on-year increase of 7.3%; Imports reached US$ 3.08 billion, up by 23.7% year-on-year; the trade surplus of cultural products reached US$ 19.35 billion; the export of cultural services reached US$ 2.41 billion, up by 9.4% year-on-year; imports reached US$ 9.04 billion, up by 30% year-on-year; and the trade deficit of cultural services reached US$ 6.63 billion.

Second, the structure tends to be optimized. The import and export of cultural services accounted for 31% of the total cultural trade, an increase of 3 percentage points over the same period last year. In the export of cultural services, license fees for audio-visual and related products, cultural and entertainment services and advertising services increased by 44.1%, 32.3% and 24.6% respectively, accounting for 85% of the export of cultural services, accounting for an increase of 11 percentage points. In the export of cultural products, the export of cultural special equipment and publications with high added value increased by 13.6% and 6% respectively.

Third, the market is more diversified. China exported 4.57 billion US dollars of cultural products to countries along the "Belt and Road", up 10.7% year-on-year, accounting for 20.4% of the total export of cultural products, accounting for an increase of 0.7 percentage points. The export of cultural products to "BRIC countries" such as Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa reached 1.34 billion US dollars, up 35.2% year-on-year.

The above is the information I need to inform you on my own initiative, and I would like to answer the questions raised by journalists and friends below. Please ask questions below.

【CCTV journalistPlease tell us what consensus, achievements and highlights the SCO Qingdao Summit has reached in economic and trade cooperation.

【peakThe Qingdao Summit of the SCO has achieved many achievements in the economic and trade field, which has injected new impetus into regional economic cooperation. Mainly reflected in the following three aspects:

First, continue to promote trade facilitation in the region. During the summit, the heads of member countries jointly issued the Joint Statement on Trade Facilitation, which will promote the process of trade facilitation among member countries and promote the growth of trade by simplifying customs procedures, reducing import and export procedures and improving transparency. The SCO countries actively participate in and support the China International Import Expo to be held in Shanghai in November this year, which will build a strong cooperation platform for expanding inter-regional trade.

The second is to increase efforts to support the cooperation of SMEs. All parties stressed the importance of strengthening cooperation in e-commerce, developing service industry and service trade, and supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and jointly signed a memorandum of understanding to promote cooperation among small and medium-sized enterprises. By supporting exhibition forums and organizing seminars and training, they will promote cooperation among small and medium-sized enterprises in various countries in e-commerce, innovative research and development, and stimulate the potential of regional economic cooperation.

The third is to issue a common voice in support of the multilateral trading system. In the Qingdao Declaration, the heads of member states emphasized their support for improving the global economic governance system, consolidating the multilateral trading system and safeguarding the authority and effectiveness of the World Trade Organization, and issued a unanimous voice against the fragmentation of international trade relations and trade protectionism. Thank you.

【Central Radio and Television General Station Yang Guang reporterOn the issue of the Qingdao Summit of the SCO, we have noticed that the Chairman of the Supreme Leader mentioned that he supports the construction of a demonstration zone for local economic and trade cooperation of the Shanghai, China Cooperation Organization in Qingdao. What specific functions will this demonstration zone undertake? What’s the goal? What are the main areas of cooperation with SCO member States?

【peakEconomic and trade cooperation is an important engine for the development of the SCO. Building a demonstration zone of China-SCO local economic and trade cooperation in Qingdao is to give full play to Qingdao’s geographical advantages and the functional advantages of land-sea combined transport, and to build a new platform for economic and trade cooperation between China and SCO countries. At present, Qingdao is working with relevant departments to further improve the work plan of the demonstration zone, initially considering exploring the mode of two-way interaction at home and abroad, focusing on developing modern service industries such as trade logistics and cross-border e-commerce, and promoting trade and investment cooperation among SCO countries and regions. At the same time, through the demonstration construction of local economic and trade cooperation, China enterprises are encouraged to actively participate in the construction of overseas economic and trade cooperation parks in other SCO countries, carry out cooperation in processing and assembly, agriculture, logistics and other fields, explore convenient customs clearance modes, and build a service platform for two-way trade and investment.

We will actively support the construction of Qingdao Demonstration Zone and promote the pragmatic economic and trade cooperation among SCO countries to achieve new results. Thank you.

【Guoguang reporter from Central Radio and Television General StationPresident Supreme Leader and President Putin held the first meeting between the two heads of state this year in Beijing on the 8 th. What achievements have the two sides made in the economic and trade field during the meeting? What role will it play in promoting bilateral economic and trade relations in the future?

【peakDuring the meeting between the heads of state of China and Russia, China and Russia reached a number of important consensuses on pragmatic economic and trade cooperation, signed a series of pragmatic cooperation documents and achieved fruitful results.

With regard to the connection between the Belt and Road Initiative and the Eurasian Economic Union, the two sides signed the Joint Statement on Completing the Joint Feasibility Study of the Eurasian Economic Partnership Agreement, and will hold consultations on issues related to service trade, investment, e-commerce, economic and technological cooperation, small and medium-sized enterprises and trade in goods in the future negotiations of the Eurasian Economic Partnership Agreement. This will help to promote the establishment of a comprehensive, high-level trade and investment liberalization arrangement in Europe and Asia that will be open to other economies in the future.

In terms of trade and investment, the two sides signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Field of E-commerce, and agreed to set up an e-commerce cooperation working group to strengthen cooperation in policies and regulations, information exchange, local cooperation, joint research and e-commerce platforms. It will create favorable conditions for the development of cross-border e-commerce trade between the two countries. In addition, the two sides also signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Strengthening Investment Cooperation, agreeing to promote the implementation of key investment cooperation projects and support small and medium-sized enterprises to strengthen investment cooperation.

In terms of strategic large-scale projects, the two sides signed seven documents on four projects in the nuclear field, and decided to cooperate on major projects such as demonstration fast reactors. This is by far the largest cooperation project in the nuclear field between the two countries, which will strongly promote bilateral trade and industrial cooperation. In the space field, the two sides signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Field of Moon and Deep Space Exploration. In the field of transportation, the two sides signed an intergovernmental agreement on international road transport, which will further promote the facilitation of international road transport.

Generally speaking, the economic and trade achievements reached during the meeting between the heads of state of China and Russia are fruitful, which fully reflects the close economic and trade relations between the two countries and lays a solid foundation for the level of economic and trade cooperation between the two countries to reach a new level in the new era. Thank you.

【Economic information daily reporter】 At the beginning of June, the the State Council executive meeting decided to substantially reduce the tariffs on imported goods, including washing machines and refrigerators. I would like to ask the Ministry of Commerce, this year is 40 years of reform and opening up. What will be the next step in increasing exports?

【peakWhile actively expanding imports, we will also strive to promote exports, promote superior import and export of foreign trade, and achieve balanced development.

As we all know, export has been an important driving force of the national economy for 40 years since the reform and opening up, and it is known as one of the "Troika" and plays an irreplaceable role in China’s economic development and industrial upgrading. Since 2009, China has become the world’s largest exporter of goods.

In the new era, China’s economy has entered a stage of high-quality development, and exports are also facing the problem of high-quality development. In the next step, China’s export development will not simply pursue scale and speed, but pay more attention to quality and efficiency. In terms of endogenous motivation, we will focus on cultivating new advantages in export competition, no longer at the expense of resources and environment, nor simply relying on low-cost human resources, but highlighting new core competitiveness such as technology, brand and service. In terms of export market, we will continue to promote market diversification, increase the development of emerging markets, and meet the diversified needs of different markets.

In short, we will strive to promote the transformation of China’s exports from scale and speed to quality and efficiency, and continue to play a role in promoting the high-quality development of the national economy. Thank you.

【Shanghai securities news reporterLast Friday, the customs released the import and export data for May, which showed that the trade surplus of goods in the first five months reached 99.67 billion US dollars, and the data released earlier by the Ministry of Commerce showed that the deficit of service trade in the first four months had reached 88.24 billion US dollars. Therefore, some analysts say that the deficit of service trade may exceed the surplus of goods trade from January to May, and the deficit of service trade in the whole year may exceed $300 billion. May I ask the spokesman, what do you think of the expanding trend of the current service trade deficit? What specific measures will the Ministry of Commerce take to promote the development of service trade?

【peakThe trade situation is closely related to a country’s industrial development level and market demand. At present, the development of China’s service trade conforms to the universal law of international economic and trade development, and also reflects the level and stage of China’s economic development.

From the international experience, it is a universal law that there is a service trade deficit in the process of transformation of manufacturing powers. I have a set of figures here: since statistics were available in 1980, the service trade between Japan and Germany has been in deficit for 36 consecutive years. In 1999, Germany’s service trade deficit reached a peak of $60 billion, accounting for 27% of that year’s service trade. In 1990, Japan’s service trade deficit accounted for 34% of service trade. It is predicted that in the next few years, China’s service trade deficit will still expand, and it may develop to a certain extent before it gradually narrows.

Domestically, the service trade deficit is the result of the dual needs of China’s industrial transformation and upgrading and residents’ consumption upgrading. As China’s economy enters the stage of high-quality development, the demand for high-quality service trade products is also increasing. For example, in certain industries such as intellectual property, the demand is increasing rapidly, and the trade deficit is also expanding. On the one hand, it shows that China’s market potential is huge; on the other hand, it should be noted that the overall competitiveness of China’s service industry is still far behind that of developed countries.

In the next step, we will take promoting the healthy development of service trade as an important part of building a trade power, better promote the overall development of the national economy in the new era, and meet consumers’ demand for high-quality services.

First, actively promote pilot demonstrations from point to area. On the basis of summing up the pilot experience, we will promote the relevant experience to the whole country as soon as possible. The second is to cultivate new formats and models and accelerate the digitalization of service trade. Third, build the national brand of "China Service" and cultivate China’s own comprehensive service providers. We hope that through efforts, China’s service trade will be upgraded in scale, its structure will be continuously optimized, and its competitiveness will be continuously enhanced, thus forming a new competitive advantage of China’s open economy in the new era. Thank you.

【China news service reporterWe noticed that China’s foreign trade continued to grow at a high level in May. Some analysts believe that the effect of export preemption before the United States imposed tariffs on China was obvious. What do you think of this issue?

【peakIn the first five months of this year, China’s foreign trade continued to maintain a stable and positive trend and achieved steady and rapid development, which was the result of the joint action of many factors. First, the demand in the international market is picking up. Since the beginning of this year, the international economy has continued on the track of recovery. According to the forecast of the World Trade Organization, the growth of global trade volume will reach 4.4% in 2018, exceeding the growth rate of the global economy for two consecutive years. Secondly, the core competitiveness of China’s foreign trade is constantly increasing. Despite the pressure of rising factor costs, the transfer of some industries and the competition from other economies, China’s foreign trade is still actively transformed and upgraded under the impetus of the market, and its competitiveness is constantly improved in many aspects such as product quality, grade, brand and service. Third, the rapid growth of imports has also driven the overall growth of foreign trade. With the release of consumption potential in the domestic market and the rising prices of some commodities, China’s imports increased by 12.6% in the first five months of this year, driving the growth of overall foreign trade.

As for the phenomenon of grabbing exports due to your concern about changes in the trade environment, according to our understanding, there are such cases, and some enterprises have increased the number of short orders to avoid risks. But this is not the mainstream and will not affect the steady and healthy development of China’s foreign trade. We will continue to work hard to create a trade environment conducive to transformation and high-quality development for enterprises. Thank you. Here’s the last question.

【Macao Australia Asia TV reporterForeign media reported that the French Prime Minister will visit China at the end of the month. Would you please tell us about the current economic and trade situation between China and France? I’d also like to ask you to introduce the consultation plan on WTO reform submitted by France to China. How will China and France jointly speak out against trade protectionism?

【peakWith regard to Sino-French economic and trade cooperation, since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and France, bilateral economic and trade cooperation has developed steadily. In March 2014, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader paid a successful state visit to France, which ushered in a new era of close and lasting comprehensive strategic partnership between the two countries. Bilateral economic and trade relations accelerated in an all-round way and gradually formed an all-round, wide-ranging and multi-level cooperation pattern. At present, France is China’s fourth largest trading partner, the fourth largest source of actual investment, the third largest investment destination and the second largest technology importer in the EU. China is the largest trading partner of France in Asia. In 2017, the bilateral trade volume between China and France reached US$ 54.46 billion, up 15.4% year-on-year, of which China exported US$ 27.67 billion, up 12.1% year-on-year and imported US$ 26.79 billion, up 19.1% year-on-year. In the first four months of this year, the bilateral trade volume between China and France reached US$ 18.64 billion, up 22.5% year-on-year, of which China exported US$ 9.34 billion, up 16.9% year-on-year. China imported 9.3 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 28.7%. The cooperation between the two sides in energy, aviation, pension, environmental protection, finance and other fields is increasingly close.

At present, China has not received the French consultation plan on the reform of the World Trade Organization. As an important member of the European Union, France has always actively supported free trade and opposed trade protectionism. China is willing to make joint efforts with France to safeguard the multilateral trading system, oppose trade protectionism and promote the sustained and healthy development of trade liberalization and economic globalization.

Today’s press conference is over, thank you.