In April, 2023, the domestic cartoon Fabulous Beasts, which was produced by Molecular Interactive for three years, finally appeared in the form of instant noodles and animation for two seasons after repeated ticket skipping. Because of the high content of Furui, and all kinds of Furui are covered in the comics, this work has become a "New Year animation" for Furui-controlled audiences.

Since the birth of domestic animation, there has been no shortage of works featuring anthropomorphic animals, ranging from Sheriff Black Cat, Jingjing Panda, Adventures of Little Carp to Cats in Peking Opera, Biography of the Great Wall of Giant Soldiers and Battle of Luo Xiaohei. Since the establishment of Shanghai Film Studio, at least two Furui animated films have been produced almost every year. Entering the period of TV popularization, the cat-type Furui has become the absolute mainstream. Under the Umbrella species effect of the cat-shaped Furui, other Furui images have also been developed. Sanchen Cartoon (Blue Cat Naughty Series) and Hongmeng Cartoon (Rainbow Cat Lan Tu Series) have completed the recognition of the anthropomorphic animal images of the audience by the super-long sets of their respective IP.

Up to now, the animation that firmly occupies the audience of young people is still two anthropomorphic animal IP: Bear Haunted (movie group), Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf (TV group). However, only "There are Beasts" claimed to be Furui’s works on his own initiative, and the comic propaganda page directly printed the propaganda text "God beast descended to earth, accompanied by Furui".

Whether anthropomorphic animation can be directly equated with Furui’s works, whether furry is Furui’s core trait, how to develop Furui’s aesthetics, how to balance Furui’s social and natural attributes … How does A Beast Solve these mysteries in his works? This paper will start with a question about Disney animation, and explore the various difficulties surrounding the phenomenal text "There are Beasts" and the Furui group.

Starting with Mickey Mouse: Tracing Furui’s History and Aesthetics

"Mickey is a mouse, Donald is a duck and Pluto is a dog. What about Goofy?" The question of Pluto or Goofy not only comes from Gordie in the movie Stand by Me (1986), but also puzzles many audiences and Disney. When Gao Fei introduces himself, he uses names instead of attributes. The official FAQ can only show that Goofy is a dog as a human character.

However, when the Orc/Furry was created, this problem was solved.

Furui, that is, under the influence of the secondary culture, is the general name of anthropomorphic animal images around human characteristics. If we start from the Categorical Ambiguity Theory (CAT for short) proposed by Ernst Jentsch, Furui’s concept becomes very broad: from landing on all fours to walking upright, from being naked to dressing up, from simply screaming to talking, these fuzzy areas between human and animal classification can all be included in Furui’s category, including of course the different characteristics between Bruto and Goofy. Under the influence of different regions, Furui has formed many overlapping concepts, such as ケモナー (cartoon personification of wild animals) and ケモミスト (animal-ear role lovers) in Japan and Furry and Toto in Europe and America.

From the birth of the concept of Furui, it has a dual category of science fiction and animation. Furry, as a brand-new ethnic concept "orc", can be traced back to the science fiction conference in 1980.[1]; But in animation, furry appeared earlier. No matter Humorous Phase of a Funny Face (1906) or Gertie the Dinosaur,1914), there are animals exchanging identities or talking with people. The image of Furui has long been carried forward in the animal anthropomorphic history of animation, including the variations and innovations of various elements of Disney (such as Mickey, Zootopia and Avatar), and the far-reaching influence of My Little Pony series, which has been on the screen for ten years since the Millennium, and the horse fans have also become another independent classification group.

With the layered development of secondary groups in recent years, Furui culture has become an indispensable sub-cultural force, and bilibili has even formed a UPmain community in Furui District with frequent linkage. Overseas Furui exhibitions such as TFF(Texas Furry Fiesta) and JmoF(Japan Meeting of Furries) are in full swing, and domestic related exhibitions such as Super Furry Fusion and Winter Furry Fusion are also held regularly. It is reported that around 2017, the animal exhibition was independent from the comic exhibition, forming a thematic circle exhibition.[2]. Since June 2023, there are even more than 10 exhibitions in the process of ticket sales or preparation this year.[3]It has attracted a large number of offline interconnection of Furui control groups.

In daily use, Furui is not only the name of the ethnic group, but also the meaning of the actor and the lover, that is, Fursona and Furry-phile. This leads to the separation of the three subjects and objects, because they are all under the same body (la chair) because of the relationship of mutual identification. As a result, Furui obtained the embodiment of self-body visualization and touchability, and the self-reflexivity extended by visual touch. This reflexivity points to chiasm of vision and touch: it gives Furui exclusive mineness. Especially when making animal designs, Furui controllers will deliberately avoid other similar patterns, thus creating an egoic-dwelling with a unique body-image. But at the same time, this kind of body image is a psychological object that Sartre said is connected by fantasy. If the viewer does not realize Furui’s image through intercorporeality imagination, the community identity formed by fantasy race, fantasy body and fantasy object will disappear.

Where does this intersexual imagination come from? It comes from Furui’s original etymology "furry feeling". Before furry became an orc/Furry, it was not a subjective name, but an adjective attribute (Furry, fur-covered, furry to the touch) that evolved from the noun attribute (fur) of the body attribute. Fur is visual, while furry is tactile, that is, Furui is inherently connected with vision and touch.

Is it an aesthetic experience around the visual-tactile linkage caused by furry? For a long time, this phenomenon has not been paid attention to in aesthetic research, and its mainstream view is that aesthetics should be disinterested. It was not until Schustermann, a researcher of body aesthetics, mentioned this "important exception" from Edmund Burke’s "philosophical discussion of sublimity and beauty" that he entered the researcher’s field of vision.[4].

The fundamental problem of Furui’s aesthetic experience lies in whether the core of aesthetics is contemplation or intervention. The representative figure of contemplative aesthetics is Kant, who regards the pure formal object formed by rational contemplation as the real judgment of aesthetic feeling, which means that the subject’s desire needs to be deprived in the dichotomy of "the subject is watching and the object is being watched", and it becomes a purposeful existence without interest, so Furui can only exist as the watched aesthetic object.

In Gao Jianping’s view, intervention is the essence of Marxist aesthetics, which requires that aesthetics should not only be viewed, but form an attitude of actively transforming life. Through practice, production and desire satisfaction, the aesthetic process is discussed, and the theory of contemplation is surpassed. The idea of Marxist intervention in aesthetics is closer to the transformation of life, while Burke’s intervention in aesthetics is physical experience.

Burke has a very pioneering thinking on the body dimension in aesthetic research: he incarnates aesthetics, and then discusses the body senses and the perception caused by it. He believes that body aesthetics should explore the diversity of pleasure, and need more desires such as nerve reaction, experience perception and emotional flow. When discussing beauty, Burke specifically talked about specific objects that can make people feel beauty, namely small things (small animals and beasts), smoothness (fur surface), gradual change (lack of edges and corners, complete lines), delicacy (flowery species), color (clear and bright luster) and eyes (clear rotation). Although Furui was not directly mentioned, all descriptions pointed to fullness. Burke’s interpretation of beauty is to "relax the whole body system to operate." The relaxed eloquence in the natural state is the reason for all the actual pleasant feelings. "[5].

Burke’s interpretation of beauty mainly focuses on the intuitive perception of vision and touch. Schustermann also believes that vision and touch should be integrated rather than separated, and the optomotor nervous system will mobilize the comprehensive experience of seeing and feeling as a whole. Especially after the appearance of image media, although the image has brought spiritual isolation, on the other hand, it has strengthened the audience’s imagination of flowing pictures. Husserl also emphasized the importance of touch and vision to the experience of body perception in his body discourse:

"Everything we see is tangible; In this way, they point to a direct relationship with the body, although not through its visibility. If the subject’s only sense is vision, it can’t have a revealing body at all … The body itself can be constructed at the beginning, but only in the sense of touch. "[6]

In this context, Furui really got the direct perceptual relationship with the physical body, so people saw the furry image and touched the furry object, and then gave birth to the lovely experience, which really formed the Wahrnemung return of the body in visual contact.

"Inhumanity" and "Halloween Street": When the God beast decides to come to modern life,

Furui is an imaginary ethnic group in the context of science fiction, but what if these ethnic groups themselves have a thick supernatural culture as a blueprint?

Fairy stories that have formed collective cultural memories are always "telling fate on the road of eternal return". They are often only reserved as "iconic scenes", which once again reveal the intertextuality proposition of tragedy pointed out by Gérard Genette with various details of changes: these are all events that have happened, and these characters are all images that the audience has heard of the complete story, and they have also become certain attributes in the context of fatalism.[7].

Therefore, in order to adapt the myth, readers should not only dialyze the past memories, but also build a discourse expression that is in line with the present era. The ultériorité dramas of these works are intended to expand brand-new themes continuously, and connect the relationship between classicism and modernity in the way of généalogie.

Therefore, when rewriting the myth, the creators will face a difficult problem, that is, how to put the monsters in different planes under the same world view of modernity. Molecular interaction adopts four distinct ideas in its four pillars.

"Inhumanity" puts it in the rapid development of modern life (the main character will go to work in an nonhuman company); Halloween Street uses the collage of living space to mix the species attributes and professional attributes of each character. "What to do! I crossed into the weakest wild monster (the comic book has been finished) adopts a more ingenious way to unify all the different mythical characters through the game mechanism of Azure World.

"Inhumanity" and "Halloween Street" were created in advance, and formed a complementary world view. They adopted two completely different ideas in the conflict and mediation between Furui’s social attribute and natural attribute.

When Yao Yunfan discussed the stylistic symptoms of Sheriff Black Cat, he put forward the conflict between two orders, one is physical nature, and the other is biological nature. The former relies on the integrity of words that are directly visible in vision and understandable in daily language, and forms an order/attribute closer to society (that is, people) in the change of volume (such as big guys bullying small animals); The latter is the "legitimate basis" for resorting to biology, which is unacceptable to society but regarded as reasonable by nature (such as the female mantis eating the male mantis)[8]This is a more natural attribute of Shan Ye.

Social attributes and natural attributes are just at the left and right ends of the Furui Degree Scale.[9]This will be attributed to standing, dressing and talking like a human being, and more importantly, integrating into modern life; The natural attribute is to land on all fours like an animal, wear no clothes, and not intervene in modern life. Inhumanity is closer to the social attribute, Halloween Street is in the middle, and There is a beast standing at the end of the natural attribute.

Some characters in Inhumanity are based on Shan Hai Jing, such as Jingwei, Xingtian, Nine-tailed Fox, Bai Ze, etc. But more of them are taken from the list of gods, which leads to a high sense of social belonging of these characters. "Unhuman" narrates that the protagonist is the nine-tailed fox in September, and the real protagonist is Bai Ze from the omniscient perspective. It is a daily work that lives in modern society through these ancient monsters. As a standard daily work, there is almost no main plot to promote the role, and the database settings are basically maintained. In this series, most of the monsters try to keep the appearance of modern human beings. Except for a few characters (such as Guanyin, Maitreya, Xingtian and Nezha), keeping the human form is based on transfiguration, and some of them are fine-tuned with their settings and abilities as animals.

"Inhumanity" gives priority to social attributes, and makes social attributes physical, while natural attributes are reduced to visual settings in most daily articles. Sometimes characters can understand each other’s natural attributes and turn a blind eye to their practices (Jingwei always does actions similar to reclamation); Sometimes, the natural attributes are completely unknown, resulting in a comedy effect of cognitive gap (the natural attributes of the stars in September and the Pleiades are restrained).

The source of the characters in Halloween Street is the genie in foreign culture, with three main roles: Nick (goat) in hell, Lynn and Lily in heaven, and Ailer (bat), Werewolf Hairy, Mummy Abu, Zombie Xiaolu, Cat and Peach. The natural attributes of the characters in All Saints Street are changed into abilities, and then corresponding occupations are developed on the basis of ability adaptation. And repeatedly jump between professional attributes and natural attributes, thus forming a sense of comedy.

Readers can see when reading two cartoons that the corresponding occupation of each character in All Saints Street has professional characteristics, while it is almost impossible to find a corresponding occupation in Inhumanity.

"There are beasts" simply cancels the setting corresponding to the social attribute of occupation, and its roles are all from the beasts depicted in Shan Hai Jing. The story is in Shan Ye, which is far away from the modern society (the author collected the scenery in Yunnan). Around the core scene of Deer Shop, the story looks for the main line of lost memories with seemingly endless daily cover-up.

The essence of the Deer Shop is the House of Everything (よろずや), which comes from an organization mode of Japanese society and exists as a pre-modern workplace without business scope. Due to its special properties, Wanwanwu can almost accept all kinds of problems in daily life and residents’ service, and its problem-solving methods are also closely related to private detectives.

The development of Deer Man Shop in Shan Ye also lacks the discipline of modern grand narrative. As a narrative hub, it connects all kinds of Furui in Shan Hai Jing, which were originally unrelated, in physical space.

Although in the movie Our Winter Olympics, it is said that the non-human company where she works is also a wanwu house in September, the movie presents scenes such as PPT modification, constant meetings, and work in the cubicle, which are only available in urban and online life. This means that the everything room in Inhumanity is essentially an internet company, and these roles must also be deeply involved in modern human life, especially in clerical work.

Although Deer Shop has not become a structural component of modern society like a non-human company, it is still in the process of modernization, and the key point is dress and the eye of jade bird monitoring, which has also become a direct visual presentation of the tragedy of A Beast (officially dubbed "hair knife").

There are Animals: Furui’s Three Body Forms

In "There are Beasts", all Furui can be roughly divided into three body forms, standing, landing on all fours and fierce beasts. Each body shape corresponds to the alternation of different aesthetic experiences, the transformation according to the time series plot, and the endogenous survival crisis of Furui.

The first body form is the two-legged standing and human dress mentioned above, which represents the discipline itself.

Standing on two feet is close to human beings from the visual outline, while human dress is a unique shame that arouses human beings from ethics. Animals don’t realize that they are naked, which is an original scene from nature. Even if they look at each other, they won’t send out social judgments with ethical reflection from the eyes of the viewers.

However, as Jacques Derrida said, as a human self, being naked in front of Furui will still feel "a shame of looking at oneself, a shame of being ashamed of oneself, an unreasonable and unspeakable shame".[10], because animals use the line of sight that they don’t know, forming a picture to be watched.

In order to block the transmission of "naked (animal)-watching-naked (human)", dressing becomes necessary. As a unique characteristic of human beings, clothing absorbs all other characteristics of human beings and forms a "conceptual concept" and completes the most important functions: shielding the eyes that are seen and integrating into the modern structure. That is to say, no matter whether the body is Furui’s appearance or not, when it is dressed, it changes from a beast [feminine] to a sovereign [masculine ](la bête et le souverain).

In The Beast, there are four characters who have stood on two feet and dressed as human beings for a long time, namely, the deer owner, the four elephants, the barber shop manager, the rabbit and the representative of the hell, and the doctor, the stamen bird, who will appear later. They all have their own clear professional identities in modern society.

The physical relationship between the protagonists in this play also shows more internal difficulties of Furui. The most important thing is the attribute conflict between the store name "Deer Man" (social attribute) and the animated name "Beast" (natural attribute), which has reflected a kind of entity presence and identity absence. The core of deer people is "people". In "There are beasts", as long as the characters who appear as people are only external outlines, they cannot be clearly distinguished. However, all the people who went to Deer People’s Store for help were "animals", and the Furui people did not have a clear understanding of this identity violation, and they were in a vague "ambiguous" state. However, the ambiguity of the sense of boundary echoes the extensiveness and self-reference of the Furui group in reality.

The existence of the "four unlike" reflects Derrida’s "hiding state with a mask". Although he can also be transformed into a four-legged body, as a deer (animal), after inadvertently peeping into the secret, he was instructed by a god (person) and made a standing Furui with a mask of the remains of four different animals, that is, a masked man (I ‘homme Ouloup).

The name of Sibuxiang appeals to its own exclusion. He is "unlike" any living thing and does not belong to any animal, Furui, human and himself. This title also replaces the ancient beast Sibuxiang, who has long died (the first Furui who died at the beginning of the work). His existence refers to a kind of absence. When being called by the brave, his literal presence and the lack of ontology finally appear as a persona.[11]. In the last episode of the first season of the animation, the body of the four elephants was in severe pain, and the unintentional remark "How can a god beast get sick" also revealed that the four elephants, as homo politicus, were always struggling with heterogeneity.

Accompanied by human dress, it is the robot bird bluebird in the form of a god beast. Jade bird is the symbol of the information transmitter in the story of the god beast, but it loses its signifier in "There is a beast" and completely becomes the symbol of monitoring. Jade bird has lovely big eyes that are completely out of proportion to its body, which activates furry’s another adjective "creepy" and also makes Furry’s visual image fall into the Uncanny Valley.

Thus, Jade Bird and Four Elephants form a group of monitors with or without self-will. There are not many scenes of Jade Bird in comics, but it appears in every episode in animation, and even appears in the quiz at the end of the film. There are gods (people) who ask the Jade Bird questions and let it answer them accordingly. This is a supplement of knowledge instead of physical experience, which borrows a lot of classical Chinese content in Shan Hai Jing to make Jade Bird adapt quickly and integrate into the environment of monitoring the whole beast universe.

The second body form is a furry beast that lands on all fours.

This is the most common image of Furui in the works. Almost 80% of Furui is on all fours, which is different from other previous Furui animations. At the beginning of this paper, I have described the famous Furui animation works at home and abroad, but as can be seen from the image, most of Furui’s images before "There are Beasts" focused on "personification of animals", and the key is to fully approach human’s social attributes with animal images, forming a large number of works standing on two feet and dressed by human beings, among which Zootopia is a typical one. Once Furui is drawn on all fours, he will be deprived of his ability of dialogue and communication and become an unspeakable Bruto. From this perspective, the benchmark work of "There are Beasts" is "Little Pony", while the benchmark work of other Furui animations is "Equestria Girls".

The cartoon style almost completely satisfies Furui’s hair texture, with "a texture similar to crayon material for character lines", while the animation "extracts lines and colors separately and attaches materials in the later process, and finally paints the lower part of the character with the same granular material as the art background".[12]Get a line effect similar to that of comics.

In order to strengthen the affinity between Furui and nature, quite a few Furui in the comics have other names for plants, such as the Meng family (walnut, oleander). In the sales information of mushrooms/tree pins at the end of each episode of comics, the corresponding plants are also connected with Furui.[13].

At the same time, in order to better realize the life resonance like Gaia hypothesis, the scene art production team collected a lot of scenery in Yunnan, where the animation was taken, and formed a detailed plant taxonomy.

However, Furui, who landed on all fours, don’t have human attributes directly. They are more like "monster beasts with mythical or linguistic nature"[14]There is a natural estrangement from nature, and its physical perception will be incomplete, as if it were hurt by a dizzy and strange illusion. Although the Furui textures in real life are different, they can always see the most similar outline. They have similar basic body radians, and add or delete them on this basis, and cover people’s bodies by adding fur (that is, animal clothes). With a seemingly naked fur, they cover the really naked flesh with a prothétique structure, but at the same time, they also form restrictions on normal movements and are too hot to breathe.

At the same time, the animation group personifies the ancient memory loss and pain that must be recovered in comics, which is not nostalgic, as a "knife", and hides it in the high-definition pixel (500% magnification according to the creator) of the last frame of each episode of OP, which leads to the psychological and physical sense of traumacore.

The same is true of a large number of Furui in "There are Beasts". Almost all the characters who appeared in the first season of animation have physical disabilities: Jinjiao with missing horns, Yinjiao (mouse), gluttonous (peach and peach) with only brains left, highly emaciated mouse who spits treasures, chinchillas and cats with failed body grafting, and Pippi who has lost his memory. Even though the external images of the Furui people are cute, it is precisely because of this sense of offensive lack of vision that they cover up the difficult survival dilemma of complete self-identity (l’ipséité de l’ipse).

The cuter you are, the closer you are to the grotesque. In "On Cuteness", Yasuhiko Sifang said that きもかわ (both disgusting and cute) and かはゆし (too dazzling to look straight at) have strong affinity. He believes that nausea and loveliness are formed by "overlapping, mutual traction and interdependence." When we think something is cute, grotesque also becomes a condiment. " Therefore, Sifangtian developed Freud’s theory of terror psychology and proposed that "when the origin is suppressed or hidden", intimacy will be transformed into terror. This sense of terror originally comes from the "physical defects of newborn objects: huge eyes different from ordinary people, short legs disproportionately compared with the head, hairless, thin and slender bodies" [15]Together, they form an intuitive visual experience for the lovely Furui.

So Derrida thinks that the imaginative capture formed by Furui is incomplete, not only physically, but also aesthetically. Between the double pull of animals and people, Furui has congenital pain and trauma:

"The ego (moi) acquired by animals must be short of’ me ‘(Je), and this’ me ‘(Je) itself can only rely on a definite signifier of arrival: the ego (of animals) lacks this’ missing’ … animals exist on the conscious ego side, while the human nature of human subjects is on the unconscious (social camouflage) side … forming a kind of self-deception (sertomer).[16]

The third body form is the fierce beast form that is really close to Shan Hai Jing.

Furui’s body standard, from the perspective of de-loveliness, is actually "a natural deformity that deviates from human standard body"[17]Although these spare parts are not cute to watch alone, they lose their aggressiveness when combined and will not pose a threat to mankind. However, if the lovely aesthetics no longer acts on these objects, it will make people feel a strong sense of fear and be full of danger and destruction.

This is also the reason why many horror movies put seemingly cute children in them, such as Rhoda (the first child villain in the horror movie) in Bad Seeds, the sisters holding hands in The Shining, the tricycle girl in Nightmare Street, and the only surviving child at the beginning of The Great Escape. At the same time, children also have natural curiosity to ignore taboos, and driven by strong illogical sensibility, they can easily break the barrier of rational discipline set by adult society to protect themselves.

As a comic title, There is a beast, which seems to follow the cute cute cute beast. After the word "There is a beast" appears in Shan Hai Jing, there are strange and treacherous beasts of all colors, which show lost face, which is the lofty embodiment of nature that has not been recognized and conquered by human beings. When they turned into fierce beasts, their petite, smooth and round bodies were all torn and stretched, and they became monsters with fierce bodies, interactive teeth and huge shapes.

They are "like tigers and oxtails, and they sound like barking dogs." Its name is Bi, and it is cannibalism "; They "are shaped like sheep and have a ponytail, so they are called sheep, and their fat can be waxed"; They are "like cows and hedgehogs, called Qiong Qi, and sound like dogs, and they are cannibals".

Most of these fierce beasts are recombined with parts of other established animals, that is, they are not specific creatures, but mixed creatures. The word used in The Beast and the Sovereign is Kentauros (half man, half horse), and its adjective kantons means rough beast. In Shan Hai Jing, these mixed creatures are extremely aggressive because of the existence of self-multiplicity, which leads to the lack of independent will. Their relationship with human beings is mutual predators, and there are both "cannibalism" and "eating" in the book.

As mentioned earlier, the mutilations of Furui’s bodies in "There are Beasts" are not the accidental work of the animation production team, but the natural gap left by the collage of mixed creatures described in ancient books, which is the connection between "such as … such as …" something in the book. At the same time, it is also a phantom limb that has been superficially completed after the transformation from Furui to fierce beast. Therefore, from the perspective of body perception, the destructive power of fierce beasts is not only outward, but also inward, cutting themselves.

Cutting not only the body, but also time and space. This is the most essential tragic theme that runs through the whole story of "There are Beasts", and it is also the pain of all Furuikong when he enters and bids farewell to this group.

It is not recorded in Shan Hai Jing, but scattered in other ancient books. It was first published in The Book of Rites Quli, where there is a loyal beast before, it contains a saying. The etymology of brave and brave is originally a fierce beast that is summarized as a class. At the earliest, it also lacked a clear entity, and it appeared together with other beasts (bears and tigers). In the lyrics of "There are Beasts" OP, it is literally the budding imagination of readers (people) living in modern times about the ancient world’s beasts, but it is also the imagination of the "non-existent" creature who is outside the universe of Shanhaijing to coexist with other beasts. Similarly, the four elephants, the rabbit and the sincere listening mentioned above are not included in the records of Shan Hai Jing.

This endows the existence of fierce beasts with the heaviness of ancient memories. It seems that there are no them in the Shanhaijing universe that can become common descent. They originally looked at this ancient world in a non-participation way (ohne mitzumachen), but they met in series with fierce beasts distributed on the mountains in all directions.

It is precisely because Pippi forgot the "missing itself" that he met and got to know other beasts in Deer Man Store, and then he had a new story. When he recalls the past history, the present memory consciousness will be reset and covered, and finally he has to choose between the environment (UmWelt) and the past world (welt). The tearing pain of this choice is no less than the horizontal tearing of natural attributes and social attributes mentioned above, but it must be torn vertically between the ancient world memory and identity recognition that cannot be repeated and the modern world with relaxed and humorous daily life. After all, Deerman Store is both a supervision and a shelter, and it is a paradise for Furui to get along with based on "false memories".

Therefore, the story must be carried out in a circular way and forgotten again. Whenever faced with a choice, it will be thrown back to the starting point in the form of Mobius ring. This is the story of the stranded animal island, which is the third suspended parallel space independent of the present world and the ancient world, and is unfolding in constant rescue and escape.

The story of "There are Beasts" is full of bittersweet, just like stories of different worlds are nested in comics, so that it is necessary to rely on the previous reminder of "See the XX words" to connect the polyphony between the Furui lines. This intense dimorphous response repeatedly jumps between cuteness and injury, and finally becomes the contradictory symbiosis of cute aggression.

The same is true of Furuikong’s living space. As the second cuteness product of kindenschema, Furuikong points to the past (childhood) and fantasy at the same time with the furry image of the present. Babies always grow up, become teenagers and get old. Furui doesn’t. Like a cat, he is covered with a furry body. This parallax illusion seems to have the magic of fixed time. It has always existed in the form of Peter Pan syndrome, and one day it will have to break the dream of pumpkin carriage, just like the brave and four elephants.

But what about this?

Even if you have to forget the present and have to go back to the past, the traces of their present life will always be seen by the bluebird. Although the Jade Bird is a kind of non-human gaze (Wondering at the Inhuman Gaze) and a Foucault-style supervision, it still faithfully records all vision.[18]. Behind the bluebird is not only a shining god (person) from heaven, but also a reader who has been watching the story.

Furui’s consolations with each other in "There are Beasts", whether it is listening-Bai Ze, pig-bobcat, cat’s tears-Panhu, and Qiong Qi, are Cute－love built beyond the normal emotional relationship in the world. This love is also true in Furui control: through the reunion of furry people, the fictive kin relationship formed between them shows strong tolerance and belonging recognition. "The sense of belonging to the social circle is a major feature of Furui group, even in 2023, when decentralized society is highly developed."[19]. This sense of identity drives them/us to maintain a deer shop that seems to be in danger but can always help the beasts.

Notes:

[1] Patten, Fred. "Retrospective: An Illustrated Chronology of Furry Fandom, 1966–1996". Flayrah. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05.

[2] Play with people from generation to generation. A suit of "fur" is worth a small sachet. What are the young people in the "animal circle" consuming? [OL]. 36Kr， https://www.36kr.com/p/1708166923523845

[3] Exhibition information was compiled and collected by UPP owner Lopei sama in Furui District [ol] https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Lo4y177Gq.

[4] Chen Xinru. Renewal and reconstruction of aesthetic categories in the era of social media [J]. Southern Literature .2021 (6): P33

[5] Edmund Burke. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful，Oxford University Press，1998.p39、136.

[6] Dermot Moran. Subjectivity and initiative [J]. Translated by Luo Zhida. Shenzhen Social Sciences, 2019(05):p41.

[7] [France] Tiphaine Samowayo. Intertextuality Research [D]. Translated by Shao Wei. Tianjin People’s Publishing House, 2002: P107-108.

[8] Yao Yunfan. The difficulty of catching mice: The Black Cat Sheriff and the representation of the new order [J]. Contemporary Culture and Literary Theory. 2019 (1): P207, 211, 213

[9] There was a popular piece on the Internet called "ケモのぼろぅ! ! The stem map of "Furui" is divided into five levels, namely, from left to right, human, ear and tail, increased hair, naked body, unlike human bones, and human-anthropoid-anthropo-feral-animal, which can shuttle through Shan Ye (pure animals). [OL] 2010-06-16. https://www.pixiv.net/artworks/11313122

[10] [France] Derrida. Deconstruction and the future of thought [D]. Translated by Du Xiaozhen, etc. Changchun: Jilin People’s Publishing House, 2010.11：p114

[11] [France]. Derrida. Beast and Sovereign. Volume I [D]. Translated by Wang Qin. Xi ‘an: Northwest University Press, 2021.12：p20

[12] The other side. Furui animation made in China, which I didn’t expect [OL]. Animation Academic Party. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/L-_cjhqFfb847DehkACH9w., 2023-06-24.

[13] For details, please refer to the sales information of "There are Beasts" after the 745th sentence in the comic book: Listen to the sky-blue mushrooms, such as Qiong Qi Blood Tooth Mushroom, Rabbit Ye Xia Oak, Zhuang Zhuang Lemon Tree, Balingjun Du Ying, etc.

[14] [France]. Derrida. Beast and Sovereign. Volume I [D]. Translated by Wang Qin. Xi ‘an: Northwest University Press, 2021.12：p49

[15] [Japan] Yasuhiko Yasuda. On Cuteness [D]. Translated by Sun Mengmeng. Jinan: Shandong People’s Publishing House, 2011.2：p71

[16] [France]. Derrida. Beast and Sovereign. Volume I [D]. Translated by Wang Qin. Xi ‘an: Northwest University Press, 2021.12: P205-206

[17] [Japan] Yasuhiko Yasuda. On Cuteness [D]. Translated by Sun Mengmeng. Jinan: Shandong People’s Publishing House, 2011.2：p77

[18] Sean D. Kelly . Wondering at the Inhuman Gaze[J]. in Anya Daly, et. al. (eds.) Perception and the Inhuman Gaze (New York: Routledge, 2020): p239-253.

[19] Bao Xiang, Dr.B B. Furui, but gay-a cross-ecological discussion between animal fans and gay men in mainland China [OL]. Zhihu. https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/595827268

CCTV News:"Build an agricultural power with strong supply guarantee, strong scientific and technological equipment, strong management system, strong industrial resilience and strong competitiveness." On February 14th, the State Council held a series of press conferences on the theme of "Opening by Authoritative Departments" to introduce the key tasks of comprehensively promoting rural revitalization in 2023. Tang Renjian, director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Rural Work and Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said in response to a question from a CCTV reporter at the General Station that it is necessary to have the common characteristics of a powerful agricultural country, follow the general laws of agricultural modernization, and reflect China’s characteristics based on the national conditions.

Tang Renjian believes that the connotation of an agricultural power is very rich, including both the development of productive forces and the transformation of production relations; It includes not only the all-round upgrading of agriculture, but also the all-round progress of rural areas and the all-round development of farmers. On the one hand, we must have the common characteristics of a strong agricultural country. Although foreign modern agricultural powers have different resource endowments and institutional environments, and the performance of agricultural powers is also different, they have some common characteristics.We should follow the general laws of agricultural modernization., find gaps, fill shortcomings, promote advantages, and buildStrong supply guarantee, strong scientific and technological equipment, strong management system, strong industrial toughness and strong competitiveness.A powerful agricultural country. On the other hand, we should reflect the characteristics of China based on the national conditions. It is the key to cultivate crops and feed them, to stress water and soil in agriculture, and to build an agricultural power according to the national conditions and agricultural conditions and to solve practical problems by relying on our own strength. our countryThe resource endowment with a large population and little land, the historical background of farming civilization, and the requirements of the times for harmonious coexistence between man and nature.These three aspects determine us.We must rely on our own strength to secure the rice bowl, rely on the two-tier management system to develop agriculture, develop ecological low-carbon agriculture, continue farming civilization, and solidly promote common prosperity.. These reflect us.The characteristics of China, the national conditions and agricultural conditions of China., toStrive to embark on a road of agricultural modernization with China characteristics.

Building a strong agricultural country is a long-term task and systematic project, so we should pay attention to ways and means and grasp the timing and efficiency. First, accurately understand the work layout of agriculture, countryside and farmers. Building a strong agricultural country is in the same strain as comprehensively promoting rural revitalization, with the same goal and unified process. At present, we should focus on promoting rural revitalization in an all-round way, do a good job in connecting the policy system with the work system, keep the focus unchanged, change the theme, adjust the channels, and maintain the continuity of work. The second is to strengthen overall planning. Pay close attention to the study and formulation of plans to accelerate the construction of a strong agricultural country, and make overall planning and systematic arrangements.Connecting with the existing planning, we can’t make another set completely., clear road map construction drawing, solid and powerful, both convergence and innovation, do a good job in such a plan. The third is to highlight the actual results. Focus on solving the problemThe development of local agriculture and rural areas is the most urgent, and farmers have the strongest reaction.Practical problems ofIn fact, it falls into one specific livelihood fact, even including some.Key trivial matterIn fact, it has been a long time to make the peasants feel a real sense of gain, happiness and security in the process of rural revitalization.

In recent years, cycling has increasingly become the endorsement of people’s pursuit of freedom and health. However, these pursuits often conflict with the complexity of the real environment.

On August 11 this year, a father in Hebei rode with his child. After the child fell, he was crushed by the opposite vehicle and died unfortunately. On September 15th, a mainland woman unfortunately lost control and fell while riding on Lantau Island in Hong Kong, and was crushed to death by an oncoming tourist bus.

These accidents reflect the potential safety hazards faced by cyclists when they enjoy sports and explore the scenery, and also make us think deeply, how can we find a balance between freedom and safety in cycling?

Behind the craze, cycling accidents continue to increase.

The concept of cycling is no stranger. Different from the bicycle culture full of pragmatism in China in 1970s and 1980s,Nowadays, cycling has developed into a highly respected sport.

According to the "Survey Bulletin of National Fitness Activities in 2020" issued by the National Physical Fitness Monitoring Center, cycling is one of the main sports for adults in China, and the proportion of women is higher.

The rise of cycling groups and cycling activities makes cycling add social attributes to sports. Yaya, who has participated in cycling activities for many times, told us: "Riding has made me make many different friends, and I enjoy this free state." Health, relaxation, pursuit of freedom, social interaction … Riding itself has been given more meaning, and it has also become a personalized choice for people to pursue self-expression at present.

With more and more people participating in cycling, especially in complex scenes such as cities and traffic roads, the number of cycling accidents is also increasing.According to statistics, in recent years, the incidence of bicycle traffic accidents in China has been increasing, and the number of injuries and deaths has also been rising.

The recent cycling accidents have also pushed cycling to the forefront and exposed its potential safety risks.

Multiple factors are superimposed, and the hidden dangers of riding safety are highlighted.

Behind the frequent cycling accidents, there are many factors, such as environment, man-made and equipment.

In the feedback about riding risks from the People’s Daily Online leaders’ message board,Inappropriate road conditions and the lack of dedicated cycling lanes are important factors affecting riding safety.Dahai is the founder of the bicycle organization in China Renmin University. In his view, the road conditions have a great influence on riding safety. The smooth roads in some cities are one of the reasons for the rising cycling fever. In other cities, there are many bumps in the downtown roads, which are easy to cause riding safety hazards and make people flinch.

The smoothness, width and visibility of the road surface all play an important role in riding safety, but some roads lack special bicycle lanes, so cyclists usually need to share narrow roads with motor vehicles, which increases the risk of collision. The sea also tells us that electric bicycles, as a common means of transportation, are numerous, and their irregular driving has caused great safety pressure to cyclists. At present, the domestic electric vehicle management is relatively loose, which makes this problem more prominent.

In addition to the imperfect cycling infrastructure, there are often contradictions between cyclists and other road users. We coded and analyzed 988 comments under the four most typical posts on the theme of "Riding to Quit" in Xiaohongshu, looking for a spit point. In the comments, the opinion on "too fast" is the biggest. Others mostly focus on cyclists’ behaviors that do not obey traffic rules, such as occupying roads, running lights, retrograde, etc. Some people are worried about cyclists’ lack of professional knowledge and safety equipment.

For mature cycling groups, experience, equipment and professional knowledge seem to be no longer a problem. There are many cyclists in the G318 Sichuan-Tibet line, including many large and small motorcades. Xiaojin, who once rode the line, said that this kind of cycling group usually has experienced riders as the "head car" and "tail car". The "head car" will observe the situation ahead in advance and give tips in the way agreed by the team when encountering special circumstances such as uneven road surface or about to turn. They are usually well-equipped, such as preparing lighting facilities to deal with the situation of entering dark sections such as tunnels. The leadership of experienced people, full preparation and orderly management all add a safety guarantee to cycling.

However, the popularity of modern high-performance bicycles makes many cyclists have a higher pursuit of speed. The control ability of cyclists in high-speed state is weakened, and the reaction time of judging and dealing with emergencies is greatly shortened. More importantly, riding accidents caused by high speed have greater impact and more fatal damage to cyclists.

When talking about the riding accident in Hebei, Xiaojin said: "The reaction speed and strength of children are still different from those of adults. His father may treat him as an adult."

From the unfinished construction roads in Hebei to the winding mountain roads in Hong Kong,When cycling becomes a contest between high-speed sports and complex road conditions, the imbalance of safety becomes particularly obvious.

How to ensure riding safety within the rules?

In practice,Some bicycles can easily ride at a speed of more than 30 kilometers per hour, and the speed can even reach 50 kilometers per hour when going downhill.[1]. This has far exceeded China’s regulations that the maximum speed of electric bicycles in non-motor vehicle lanes should not exceed 15 kilometers per hour.

Compared with electric bicycles, China’s "Regulations on the Implementation of Road Traffic Safety Law"(hereinafter referred to as the regulations)The regulations on cycling are relatively broad, and there is no clear regulation on the speed of cycling and whether it is necessary to wear a helmet. However, the regulations stipulate the minimum age for cycling, the lanes that can be driven and how to borrow roads in an orderly manner. At the same time, there are clear prohibitions on traction, climbing and parallel chasing.

At the same time, some cities in China also put forward management measures for racing cycling. On July 25, 2024, the Beijing Municipal Public Security Traffic Management Bureau issued a message to strictly investigate the "racing" behavior of cyclists on urban roads. Since August, 2023 illegal behaviors of non-motor vehicles chasing and racing have been punished on the spot.[2]. In March, Chengdu issued the Measures for the Management of Greenway Riding in Chengdu’s Ecological Zone around the City.(Provisional)",clearly stipulates the" greenway speed limit ",and requires that the warning sign of safe riding speed should be set according to the principle that the maximum speed of high-risk sections and crowded areas is not more than 15km/h, and the maximum speed of other sections is not more than 20 km/h.[3].

In terms of helmet wearing, some foreign cities have legislative provisions. For example, at present, 22 states in the United States and Washington, D.C. have legislation on wearing helmets when riding bicycles, mostly to protect the safety of young cyclists.[4]. The laws of Sydney and New South Wales in Australia require all cyclists to wear helmets that meet the standards, and wear and fasten them firmly to ensure the safety of cyclists.[5].

Abiding by the rules and ensuring safety are the principles that everyone should jointly safeguard. Failure to take appropriate riding methods should be disciplined and reminded, and even worse, bear relevant responsibilities.At present, some uncivilized and even illegal cases have brought negative effects to normal cycling exercise groups, leading to the public’s stereotype and stigma of cycling groups. Within the scope of the rules, cyclists should not be looked at and questioned as a separate group.

Whether it is legislation, infrastructure or public awareness, cycling needs to be better embraced and accepted.But at the personal level, civilized riding is still the premise of ensuring safety, and it is also the responsibility of every rider to himself and others.

To this end, we have also compiled a cycling tip, hoping that every cyclist can always enjoy peace while pursuing freedom.

Note: At the request of the interviewee, Yaya, Dahai and Xiaojin are all pseudonyms.

References:

[1] Beijing News. (2024). Racing groups rush lights and ride friends, please take it easy and get acquainted with the city experience officer. https://www.bjnews.com.cn/detail/1724307395129793.html.

[2] Shangguan News. (2024). Beijing strictly investigates cycling racing, and public roads can’t tolerate "violent riding groups" rampaging. https://export.sheobserver.com/baijiahao/html/790329.html.

[3] The Paper. (2024) The frequent accidents of urban cycling groups have attracted attention, and police in many places have rectified the chaos of "violent riding". https://m.thepaper.cn/newsdetail _ forward _ 28421377

[4]IIHS HLDI.(2024).Bicycle helmet use laws.https://www.iihs.org/topics/pedestrians-and-bicyclists/bicycle-helmet-use-laws-table

[5]NSW Government.(2024).Wearing the right cycling safety gear.https://www.nsw.gov.au/driving-boating-and-transport/roads-safety-and-rules/bicycle-safety-and-rules/wearing-right-gear

　　Cctv newsBeijing Meteorological Observatory issued a blue warning signal for cold wave at 10: 10 on February 18, 2024.

　　Affected by cold air, it is expected that there will be cold wave weather in Beijing from the night of the 18th to the 20th, and the minimum temperature will drop by 8℃, and the minimum temperature in the plain will drop to around -5℃. From the evening of 18th to 19th, the gust can reach about 7, so please take precautions.

Opinions of the General Office of Hunan Provincial People’s Government on the Implementation of Several Provisions on the Safety Management of Residents’ Self-built Houses in Hunan Province

Xiang Zheng Ban Fa [2023] No.7

The people’s governments of cities, counties and cities, the provincial government departments and commissions, and the directly affiliated institutions:

　　"Several Provisions on the Safety Management of Residents’ Self-built Houses in Hunan Province" (hereinafter referred to as "Several Provisions") was adopted at the 34th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th People’s Congress of Hunan Province on November 23, 2022, and shall come into force on January 1, 2023. In order to do a good job in the implementation of the "Several Provisions", this opinion is formulated with the consent of the provincial people’s government.

　　I. General requirements

　　We will fully implement the spirit of the 20th Party Congress and the important instructions of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader on safety in production, especially the safety of residents’ self-built houses, coordinate development and safety, strictly implement the responsibility of territorial management, strengthen the responsibility of departmental guidance and supervision, compact the main responsibility of those responsible for housing use safety, establish and improve the working system of coordinated joint control, full chain control and closed-loop control, promote the normal and long-term safety management of residents’ self-built houses, and effectively protect the safety of people’s lives and property.

　　Second, the main task

　　(A) to strengthen land planning and construction management

　　1. Strict planning and control. Strictly implement the land and space planning, and basically complete the planning of towns and villages before the end of 2023 to achieve full coverage of village planning; Strengthen the preparation and implementation of detailed planning, clarify the controlling indicators such as land use scope, height and number of floors, strictly implement the provisions that "no new residents’ self-built houses shall be built within the current construction land of cities and counties" and "no new residents’ self-built houses shall generally exceed three floors", and strengthen the control over the number of floors and height of residents’ self-built houses. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Natural Resources, people’s governments of cities, counties and cities. The following shall be the responsibility of the people’s governments of cities, counties and cities, and will not be listed)

　　2. Improve site selection and land use approval services. Carry out risk investigation in areas prone to geological disasters, and formulate risk zoning and control measures; Guide the rational delineation of the scope of construction land, and strengthen the approval of land use and planning for new construction, renovation (expansion) construction and reconstruction of residents’ self-built houses; Guide the Township People’s Government to do a good job in issuing the approval letter of rural homestead. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Involving multiple provincial units, each unit is responsible for the division of responsibilities, the same below).

　　3. Standardize construction approval and supervision. City, state, county and city people’s governments, township people’s governments and sub-district offices shall strengthen the capacity building of residents’ self-built housing safety supervision, and clarify the supervision institutions and personnel. For self-built houses built by residents with three floors or above, if the project investment is more than 300,000 yuan or the construction area is more than 300 square meters (referred to as "self-built houses built by residents above the quota"), the new construction, renovation (expansion) construction and reconstruction shall go through the procedures of construction drawing review, quality and safety supervision, construction permit, completion acceptance and filing according to law, and the county-level housing and urban construction departments shall strengthen daily supervision; Other residents’ self-built houses (hereinafter referred to as "self-built houses for residents below the quota") shall be supervised by the county-level housing and urban-rural construction departments to the township people’s governments and sub-district offices for quality and safety, and random checks shall be conducted according to a certain proportion. The provincial housing and urban-rural construction department shall formulate the management measures for the completion and acceptance of residents’ self-built houses below the "quota" before June 30, 2023, and guide the quality and safety acceptance of residents’ self-built houses in the province. Implement the system of permanent signs embedded in residents’ self-built houses, and implement the main responsibilities related to housing quality and safety. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development)

　　4. Do a good job in information sharing of residents’ self-built houses. Township People’s governments and sub-district offices shall timely send a copy of the construction information of each new building, renovation (expansion) building and reconstruction of residents’ self-built houses to the departments of county-level natural resources, urban and rural housing construction, agriculture and rural areas, urban management and comprehensive law enforcement, and form an information sharing and linkage supervision mechanism. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)

　　(two) strict management of self-built houses for residents.

　　5. Strengthen the management and control of the business format and number of self-built houses for operating residents. Standardize the relevant certification materials submitted for the registration of residents’ self-built houses as the main residence (business premises) of the market. At the time of registration, the owner of the self-built house who uses the self-built house as the main residence (business premises) of the market needs to submit a certificate of ownership of the residence (business premises) and a letter of commitment that each self-built house has no more than three business formats, and is responsible for the authenticity and legality of the materials. The registration authority shall conduct a formal review. The provincial market supervision department introduced the supporting system and management measures for residents’ self-built houses to be converted into business purposes. The municipal and state market supervision, education, public security, commerce, culture and tourism, health and health, emergency management, civil affairs and other departments, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the province, differentiated different business formats to formulate control standards for the number of self-built houses for operating residents, and guided and urged all localities to complete the adjustment of residents’ self-built houses that did not meet the requirements of business formats and numbers before June 30, 2025. (Responsible units: Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Education Department, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Commission, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　6. Strengthen the fire safety management of self-built houses for operating residents. Improve the relevant provisions and technical standards for fire safety management of self-built houses for operating residents, guide and strengthen the fire safety management of self-built houses for operating residents and those with changed use purposes, and urge the implementation of provisions such as the use of fire and electricity, the configuration and maintenance of fire-fighting facilities and equipment, safe evacuation and fire separation, and shall not occupy or block evacuation passages and safety exits. According to the law to carry out the fire design review and acceptance of residents’ self-built houses, and do a good job in daily fire inspection and fire rescue. (Responsible units: Provincial Fire Rescue Corps, Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Public Security Department and Provincial Market Supervision Bureau)

　　7. Carry out insurance services for residents’ self-built houses. We will develop insurance products for the safety management of residents’ self-built houses, and encourage those responsible for the use of self-built houses to purchase housing safety insurance. (Responsible unit: Hunan Banking Insurance Regulatory Bureau)

　　(3) Strengthen the management of safety appraisal of residents’ self-built houses.

　　8. Strictly regulate the situation of house safety appraisal. Establish and improve the safety appraisal system for residents’ self-built houses. If houses with obvious subsidence, cracks, inclination and corrosion are found in the safety investigation and rectification, houses damaged due to natural disasters, fires, explosions and other accidents, and houses with other obvious safety hazards endanger public safety, the Township People’s Government and sub-district offices shall urge those responsible for housing use safety to entrust appraisal institutions to conduct safety appraisal. Engaged in catering, accommodation, entertainment, education and training, pension and other personnel-intensive business activities, the responsible person for the safe use of residents’ self-built houses shall obtain the certificate of housing safety appraisal that conforms to the requirements of the business format or the relevant certification materials for the completion acceptance after the renovation (expansion) and reconstruction according to the requirements of the business format, and the relevant information shall be included in the housing safety clear card and posted in a prominent position; County-level market supervision and management, education, public security, commerce, culture and tourism, health, emergency management, civil affairs and other departments shall conduct supervision and inspection according to laws and regulations. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Department of Education, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　9 clear housing safety appraisal institutions. Provincial Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Department shall improve the normative documents of housing safety appraisal management in a timely manner in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and the housing and urban-rural construction departments of cities and prefectures shall, before June 30, 2023, combine local conditions, and report the list of institutions with independent legal personality, corresponding professional technicians and professional equipment and facilities engaged in housing safety appraisal to the provincial housing and urban-rural construction department for the record, and make it public for public inquiry. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development)

　　10. Compacting the responsibility of housing safety appraisal institutions. City and county housing and urban-rural construction departments should strengthen supervision and inspection of the authenticity and accuracy of appraisal reports, and city and county market supervision departments should standardize the charging behavior of housing safety appraisal institutions, and severely investigate and deal with acts of issuing false appraisal reports and charging fees in violation of laws and regulations according to law. The appraisal institution shall deliver the appraisal report to the client in time and report to the township people’s government, neighborhood offices and county-level housing and urban-rural construction departments where the house is located; If there is a danger of collapse, the appraisal institution shall immediately inform the client and immediately report to the township people’s government, street offices and county-level housing and urban-rural construction departments where the house is located. Township people’s governments and sub-district offices shall, according to the appraisal report, promptly issue a notice to urge the people to solve the crisis or take emergency measures, and urge those responsible for the safety of housing use to take measures to solve the crisis. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau)

　　(4) Strengthen the investigation and rectification of hidden dangers of residents’ self-built houses.

　　11. Highlight the key points of investigation and rectification. The people’s governments of provinces, cities, counties and cities shall establish and improve the working mechanism for the investigation and rectification of safety risks of residents’ self-built houses. County and urban people’s governments should guide and urge township people’s governments and sub-district offices to conduct a comprehensive investigation on key areas such as urban-rural fringe, villages in cities, resettlement areas, schools and hospitals, industrial parks, tourist attractions, and geological disaster-prone areas, and strengthen daily inspections, highlighting the inspection of key contents such as structural safety, operational safety, fire safety, and legal compliance of construction. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Department of Natural Resources)

　　12. Improve the effect of investigation and rectification. The investigation activities should involve professional organizations and personnel, and the government can purchase services where conditions permit. The municipal housing and urban-rural construction department shall establish an expert database for investigation and rectification, and make selection and dynamic adjustment from professionals such as design, construction and testing of universities and enterprises. County-level housing and urban-rural construction departments shall guide and urge the Township People’s governments and street offices to put forward written opinions to the person responsible for the safety of housing use in a timely manner if there are potential safety hazards in the houses found in the investigation and daily inspections; If it is found that there are obvious security risks that endanger public safety, it shall immediately take emergency measures and establish a ledger for investigation and rectification work until the hidden dangers of housing safety are eliminated. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Department of Finance)

　　13. The safety management responsibility of the person responsible for the use of compacted houses. According to the principle of "who owns the house is responsible, who uses it is responsible", the owner of residents’ self-built houses is the person responsible for the safety of housing use; If the owner of the house is inconsistent with the user of the house, the owner and the user of the house shall bear the responsibility for the safety of the use of the house in accordance with the agreement. If there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the owner of the house shall bear the responsibility for the safety of the use of the house; If the owner of the house is missing or the ownership of the house is unclear, the township people’s government and the street office shall make it clear that the user or manager of the house shall bear the responsibility for the safety of the use of the house. County-level natural resources, housing and urban-rural construction, market supervision, fire rescue, agriculture and rural areas and other departments should guide and urge the township people’s governments and sub-district offices under their jurisdiction to strengthen safety education and training on the site selection, planning, design, construction, use and operation of residents’ self-built houses, and implement the main responsibility of those responsible for housing use safety. Township people’s government, street offices to supervise and guide the use of housing safety responsible person in accordance with the planning purposes, design requirements for rational use, decoration of housing; Do not change the use function of the house, add stories or demolish the main load-bearing structure of the house without authorization; Conduct daily safety inspection, maintenance and repair of houses, and eliminate potential safety hazards in time; Ensure the fire safety of houses; Found that there are serious security risks, should promptly report to the village (neighborhood) committees, and take emergency measures such as suspending use, evacuating people, and setting warning signs; According to the written handling opinions put forward by the notice of danger relief,Take measures such as maintenance and reinforcement, immediate cessation of use, and demolition. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Department of Education, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　(five) to strengthen the supervision of law enforcement in the whole process of residents’ self-built houses.

　　14. Strictly implement the department’s law enforcement responsibilities. Self-built houses built by residents who have not obtained the construction project planning permit shall be handled by the urban management and comprehensive law enforcement departments of the people’s governments of cities and counties according to law. Residents who have not built their own houses in accordance with the provisions of the construction project planning permit shall be ordered by the competent department of urban and rural planning of the people’s government of the city or county to stop construction and handed over to the urban management and comprehensive law enforcement departments of the people’s government of the city or county for handling according to law. Residents who have not obtained the rural construction planning permit according to law or have not built their own houses in accordance with the provisions of the rural construction planning permit shall be dealt with by the township people’s government according to law. New construction, renovation (expansion) construction and reconstruction of self-built houses above the "quota" have handled the construction project planning permit or issued the rural construction planning permit, but failed to handle the procedures of construction drawing review, quality and safety supervision, construction permit, completion acceptance and filing according to law, which shall be handled by the county-level housing and urban-rural construction department. In the process of use, if the main load-bearing structure of the house is added or demolished without authorization, the residents’ self-built houses within the scope of the construction project planning permit shall be handled by the urban management and comprehensive law enforcement departments of the people’s governments of cities and counties, and the residents’ self-built houses within the scope of the rural construction planning permit shall be handled by the township people’s governments. Failing to entrust a housing safety appraisal agency to conduct safety appraisal according to law, residents’ self-built houses within the scope of handling construction project planning permits shall be handled by the county-level housing and urban-rural construction departments, and residents’ self-built houses within the scope of issuing rural construction planning permits shall be handled by the Township People’s Government. (Responsible unit: Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development)

　　15 clear administrative licensing and administrative punishment delegated matters. The whole process of administrative law enforcement supervision shall be implemented for newly built, renovated (expanded), rebuilt and converted into self-built houses for business purposes. The Township People’s Government shall implement the relevant administrative penalties for the safety management of residents’ self-built houses in charge of the relevant competent departments of the people’s governments at the county level; According to the entrustment of the relevant competent departments of the people’s government at the county level, the relevant administrative license for the safety management of residents’ self-built houses shall be implemented. The relevant competent departments of the people’s governments at the county level may, according to the actual situation, entrust the street offices with the relevant administrative penalties and administrative licenses for the safety management of residents’ self-built houses. The relevant departments of the people’s government at the county level shall publish the list of matters entrusted by administrative licensing and administrative punishment before June 30, 2023. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Department of Education, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　16 highlight the key points of law enforcement of residents’ self-built houses. Strengthen law enforcement, standardize law enforcement procedures, and focus on strengthening law enforcement supervision over the following acts: construction and use without obtaining or in accordance with the approval, planning permission, construction permit and business license of land and homestead; Adding stories or demolishing the main load-bearing structure of the house without authorization during use; Failing to entrust a housing safety appraisal institution to conduct safety appraisal according to law; The safety appraisal institution issues a false appraisal report; Engaged in personnel-intensive business activities without obtaining the certificate of housing safety appraisal that conforms to the requirements of business format or the relevant certification materials for the completion acceptance after the renovation (expansion) and reconstruction according to the requirements of business format; Residents above the "quota" did not adopt fire separation measures according to relevant standards, the number of evacuation passages and safety exits was insufficient, and electric vehicles were not parked and charged according to relevant regulations. Improve the benchmark system of administrative penalty discretion, so as to enforce the law strictly and in a civilized way. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Department of Education, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　17. Give play to the role of reporting rewards and punishments and grassroots organizations. The people’s governments at the county level shall establish and improve the complaint, report and reward mechanism for acts endangering the safety of houses and dangerous houses, and publish the complaint and report methods, processing procedures and time limits. The specific reward methods and standards shall be formulated by the people’s governments at the city, state and county levels. Township people’s governments and sub-district offices shall guide and urge the village (neighborhood) committees to actively assist in the safety supervision and management of the construction and use of self-built houses by residents, and assist in the investigation and rectification; Incorporate the relevant provisions on the safe construction and use of residents’ self-built houses into the village regulations and residents’ conventions, promptly discourage illegal construction and other acts that endanger safety, and report to the township people’s government and sub-district offices.

　　(six) to strengthen the information management of residents’ self-built houses.

　　18 to establish a comprehensive management information system for residents’ self-built houses in the province. Adhere to the combination of long and short, prioritize, adopt the way of overall planning and phased construction, deeply integrate the data of investigation, approval and supervision of residents’ self-built houses in the province, establish a full-scale database of residents’ self-built houses in the province, integrate the business processes of relevant functional departments in the whole life cycle supervision of residents’ self-built houses, establish a one-yard house management system, and build a unified comprehensive management platform for residents’ self-built houses in the province to realize intelligent supervision of full-scale houses. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Development and Reform Commission, Provincial Department of Finance, Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Government Affairs Bureau, Provincial Education Department, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　19. Promote data collection and sharing exchange. Relying on the comprehensive management platform of residents’ self-built houses, timely collect the basic information of houses, hidden dangers investigation, rectification of sales numbers, construction approval, daily safety supervision, public services and other data, carry out big data analysis and application, and provide data sharing application services to governments at all levels and industry authorities through the government data sharing exchange platform. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Government Affairs Bureau, Provincial Education Department, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department, Provincial Civil Affairs Department, Provincial Government Services and Big Data Center)

　　20. Improve the public service system for residents to build their own houses. Relying on the comprehensive management platform of residents’ self-built houses, government portals and departmental government websites, timely release necessary management information such as residents’ self-built houses construction, safety early warning, renovation of dangerous houses, operation and use, provide service information such as building knowledge, policies and regulations, free atlas, and building craftsmen, and establish channels such as complaints and reports of violations of laws and regulations, self-inspection and reporting of potential safety hazards, information disclosure and information inquiry, so as to realize government leadership, property owners (users) subject, professional and technical support. (Responsible units: Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Provincial Department of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Provincial Market Supervision Bureau, Provincial Fire and Rescue Corps, Provincial Government Affairs Bureau, Provincial Department of Education, Provincial Public Security Department, Provincial Department of Commerce, Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, Provincial Health and Wellness Committee, Provincial Emergency Department and Provincial Civil Affairs Department)

　　Third, safeguard measures

　　(1) Strengthen organizational leadership. The provincial leading group for the special rectification of the safety of self-built houses is responsible for coordinating the safety management of self-built houses by residents in the province, further refining the tasks according to the needs, implementing the safety management responsibilities, and strengthening the supervision and guidance on the safety investigation and rectification of self-built houses by residents in the province; The office of the leading group (located in the Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development) should strengthen the work tracking and scheduling, and cooperate with relevant provincial departments to do a good job in daily work. The people’s governments of cities, counties and urban areas should establish and improve the coordination and linkage mechanism for the safety management of residents’ self-built houses, establish a normal and long-term system for the safety investigation, review and spot check of residents’ self-built houses, clarify the institutions and personnel for the safety management of houses in cities and counties, and ensure the funds for safety management according to regulations; Township people’s governments and sub-district offices shall establish and improve the system of housing safety administrators and grid dynamic management, and carry out regular investigations.

　　(2) Compaction responsibility. All departments at all levels should follow the requirements of "three management and three necessities", implement the territorial responsibility and industry sector supervision responsibility of residents’ self-built housing safety management, and accelerate the formulation and implementation of supporting systems and measures in light of the main tasks specified in the "Several Provisions" and the requirements of this opinion. It is necessary to strengthen communication and coordination, cooperate closely, form a joint force, strengthen information sharing, data interconnection and departmental linkage law enforcement, and ensure that the whole process of safety management of residents’ self-built houses and the supervision of all links are not disjointed and absent.

　　(3) Strengthen supervision and inspection. The people’s governments of cities, prefectures, counties and cities and the relevant departments at the provincial level should list the implementation of the "Several Provisions" as a key task, incorporate the safety management of residents’ self-built houses into the special assessment of safety production of lower-level governments and relevant functional departments, strengthen daily supervision and assessment, and ensure full implementation. The clues about the violation of discipline and law by the relevant responsible personnel shall be transferred to the relevant authorities for handling according to the cadre management authority.

　　General Office of Hunan Provincial People’s Government

　　February 24, 2023

　　(This piece is made public voluntarily)

On June 6th, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, and the Ministry of Commerce once again pushed the development of new energy vehicles-"Implementation Plan for Promoting the Updating and Upgrading of Key Consumer Goods and Smooth Resource Recycling (2019-2020)" was released. The importance of this document can basically be understood as the main theme of the post-new energy vehicle era. That night, we took a look at the dynamics in the circle, which is roughly like this:

From a fundamental point of view, this is a promotion document for digesting production capacity nationwide, which is good for all companies in all industries, large and small. On the other hand, the switching of fuel vehicles in China is the icing on the cake. However, this Dragon Boat Festival, the vast majority of car companies and pile companies have spent a uneasy festival. To sum up, people who have no long-term worries will have near worries.

From the point of view of energy supplement, there are several points worthy of attention in this document: how to go in the future in the process of changing tracks from policy-driven to market-driven in China’s new energy automobile industry.

Judging from the logic of the new energy automobile industry in the full text of the policy, it mainly guides the industry from two aspects: encouraging the upstream and downstream of the new energy automobile industry to continue research and development, promoting cost reduction and efficiency improvement, perfecting the energy supplement system and improving the market application of new energy vehicles. The document specifically mentions that it is necessary to learn from the power exchange mode and application experience in the field of public services, and encourage enterprises to develop new energy vehicle products with the combination of charging and power exchange, flexible battery configuration and long driving range. Therefore, we feel it is necessary to show past lives, the power exchange mode, to everyone.

01 Sadness Xia Jiaxi and His Better Place

In 2007, Shay Xia Jiaxi put forward the power exchange technology, and then founded a power exchange company called Better Place in Israel. After the financing of $850 million was changed in 2013, Xia Jiaxi and his dream of Better Place collapsed. Even though the valuation reached an unprecedented $2.25 billion at that time, the hopeless power exchange model was ruthlessly abandoned by capital.

Xia Jiaxi’s Ambition and the Legacy of Better place

In the early days of its establishment, Xia Jiaxi foresaw that the power battery, a key component that directly affects consumers’ desire to buy, would not improve by leaps and bounds in the short term. The most direct way to solve the mileage anxiety is to form the same energy supply efficiency as fuel supply for fuel vehicles. The energy supplement market bred by the emerging industry of electric vehicles will directly subvert the existing energy structure and consumption mode. Under such a market positioning setting, Xia Jiaxi boldly left SAP.

One year after the establishment of Better place, Israel’s first "power exchange station" was established. First, it signed a cooperation agreement with Renault to provide 100,000 Fluence ZE electric vehicles (but the actual order was less than 1%). Better Place started with 750 drivers in Israel, and the charge for electricity exchange service includes battery rent and electricity exchange fee. Although the hardware cost, battery maintenance cost and education cost of consumers and enterprises were incomprehensible at that time, Xia Jiaxi did not hesitate to continue to burn money in Denmark and the United States, but at that time, car companies still had great doubts about the development of new energy vehicles, and the convenience and use cost of customer-side power exchange mode were not particularly different from those of traditional fuel vehicles. Better Place only launched thousands of vehicles around the world until it was closed.

The end of the road for Better Place seems to be ill-timed now. After all, the overall environment of the new energy automobile industry is far from the same. However, Better Place has left a complete chassis power exchange technology for future generations, and the value generated by the experience in the operation process is immeasurable.

Schematic diagram of Better Place power exchange station and power exchange

02 Phased tasks of State Grid

863 Program-the Beginning of Power Exchange Technology

In 2006, the domestic electric vehicle industry was still in its infancy. The State Grid responded to the call of the country to start the electric vehicle project, and Zhejiang Power Grid is the top priority to implement the project. At that time, the first project leader of Zhejiang Power Grid participated in the project was Mr. Nie Liang (the first person in the domestic market application field of power exchange mode). In 2010, his team developed and completed the first licensed pure electric vehicle in China, and completed the reserve of basic power exchange technology. In the same year, Nie Liang was responsible for building the Zhejiang project of intelligent charging and replacing power service network. Different from Better Place, a pioneer in power exchange, State Grid developed a set of standard box power exchange technology after understanding the chassis power exchange technology. In Hangzhou, 500 power exchange taxis were piloted with Langyue and Prima models and high box standard boxes, and the business model of "separation of vehicles and electricity and mileage charging" was put forward and verified for the first time in this project.

Power exchange stations and standard boxes piloted by State Grid in Hangzhou

It can be said that the power exchange technology was basically a system at that time, and the pilot effect was quite satisfactory. Later, the Beijing-Shanghai trip organized by State Grid set a fire for the development of power exchange. What’s more interesting is that. In August 2010, State Grid joined the "China Enterprise Electric Vehicle Industry Alliance" and served as the chairman of the charging and service professional committee. At that time, State Grid determined the basic idea of its own intelligent charging and replacing operation mode, that is, mainly replacing electricity, supplemented by plug-in, centralized charging and unified distribution. In other words, the development direction of state grid is to change power stations, not. In line with the above development ideas, State Grid also reserves advanced technologies such as battery balancing, battery automatic replacement equipment and battery cascade utilization. These forward-looking explorations and pre-research have laid a solid theoretical foundation for the budding electric vehicle industry, pointed out the general direction of technical development, and established the development path and ideological system of the whole industry. Today, these technologies have been widely used, especially the chassis replacement mode and standard battery box technology, which have become the mainstream of domestic electric vehicles. However, during 2013 -2014, State Grid did suspend the project of replacing new energy vehicles with electricity due to the change of the main task direction of enterprises. We inquired about the relevant historical information and found that apart from the change of the main tasks of enterprises, the irreconcilable contradiction with car companies is also one of the development factors that hinder their power exchange mode. After all, no car company is willing to become a subsidiary of State Grid. At that time, a director of the National Development and Reform Commission once said: "State Grid should put its position right and cooperate with car companies to develop electric vehicles with a more open attitude."However, State Grid’s insistence on the power exchange mode is not only not conducive to its stable position in the electric vehicle infrastructure market, but also more likely to restrict the development of electric vehicles. In other words, the failure to get through the industrial chain has become the biggest factor for the grounding of the State Grid’s power exchange model. On the other hand, the national policies at that time, such as subsidies and the environment of new energy vehicles, were still relatively weak. Therefore, although the State Grid ran through the business model of power exchange, it was unable to open up the industrial chain to form a business ecology due to institutional factors, and it was inevitable to suspend the power exchange project.

03-The sharing mode has no future.

After the State Grid froze the power exchange mode, Tesla, an American star company, demonstrated its 90-second quick exchange technology in 2013, once again detonating the problem of changing the phone all over the world, but soon Tesla will develop specifically for supercharger 3. From a technical point of view, Tesla still follows the chassis power exchange idea of Better place, but it is further improved in speed. But when "Iron Man" saw the fatal defect of chassis-type power exchange-abnormal batteries can not be shared across car models, and the compatibility of power exchange stations is low, so low compatibility can not improve operational efficiency. It is even more unrealistic to integrate the resources of car companies and form a common standard. In such a complicated power changing environment, Tesla silently quit to change the power stage.

Schematic diagram of Tesla power exchange technology

The rise of 04 module box-splitting power exchange technology

In 2014, Nie Liang left the State Grid after seeing the possibility of opening up the industrial chain of the power exchange system and constructing the power exchange ecology. In the same year, Hangzhou Botan was established, and based on the power exchange of State Grid, the low-box standard box battery was further developed. Compared with the standard box of State Grid in 2010, the low-box standard box battery can be directly placed in the vehicle chassis (the original high-box standard box battery of State Grid needs to be placed under the back seat of the vehicle or in the trunk of the vehicle), and the stability and safety of the vehicle are greatly improved. On the other hand, at that time, the large-scale travel business began to exert its strength, and the market segment paid unprecedented attention to the operation economy of fuel and new energy vehicles. The split-box power exchange mode combined with the large-scale travel business perfectly solved the problems of operating costs and energy replenishment efficiency, and the module split-box power exchange ushered in its historical opportunity.

Standard charging cabinet and standard box batteries for module box-changing.

So, what is the principle of module splitting? First of all, the main dimensions of the TEU are completely the same, but according to the iteration of power battery technology, the energy density can be continuously improved. At present, the single TEU is mainly 15KWH (see the figure below). According to the requirements of vehicle models, different numbers of TEU power batteries are arranged on the vehicle chassis (2/4 for passenger cars and 6 or even 8 for logistics vehicles). Because the box size is the same at the initial stage of design, the power exchange station can exchange power for all vehicles using TEU, no matter which main engine factory they are made, thus completing the development of three limited power exchange modes: compatibility of power exchange equipment and vehicle models, compatibility of charging equipment with TEU, and recycling of circulating batteries.

05 Inventory of Power Exchange in China at the Present Stage

In 2016, the chassis replacement technology that sank for a period of time reappeared in the field of vision. This time, Cai Dongqing created Shanghai Aodong New Energy Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., and made continuous efforts in the power replacement business, and then quickly followed up. Sort out the development path of domestic power exchange technology, which is roughly as follows:

Mainstream power exchange technology: module splitting and chassis power exchange, as shown below:

It is worth noting that at present, the two modes of automatic route for power exchange are slightly different. Six-axis robots are mainly used for power exchange in modules, and RGV is mainly used for chassis change, which is roughly as follows.

Market application: Beiqi Weilai Xinchufeng is used for chassis power exchange, Dongfeng, Zotye, Universiade are used for module power exchange, and the number of vehicles put in and the actual mileage of operation are slightly superior.

How to compare the above two power exchange technologies?

We believe that it is not objective enough to compare the above two power exchange technologies only from the actual promotion layout level (such as infrastructure investment, power exchange capacity, site requirements and construction speed, etc.). The reason for this is the following：

Equipment level: manual, semi-automatic or full-automatic power exchange mode can also be selected for box-by-box power exchange, and the investment intensity can be selected according to the actual situation, while chassis power exchange can only be fully automatic, so it has higher capital requirements and limited investment flexibility in practical promotion. However, according to the fully automatic standard, the cost difference between RGV and six-axis robot equipment is not big.

Site expansion level: the chassis can be quickly laid out in containers for power exchange, and the landing speed is slightly faster, but some cities are not allowed to work in containers (such as Guangzhou). Therefore, in terms of policy compliance, the requirements for the construction of sub-box power exchange and chassis power exchange are basically the same.

On the aspect of power exchange capacity: in the fully automatic state, the average daily power exchange capacity can reach about 250 times with little difference. However, there is a point of concern in this respect. According to the public data, although there are more charging compartments in the power exchange stations with the same power exchange capacity, the number of vehicles that can be exchanged for electricity is only slightly more or equal to that of the chassis (we think that the future evaluation of power exchange capacity can not only rely on the single angle of power exchange speed, because the power exchange capacity depends on the number of charging compartments in the station energy supply, From this point of view, the general modular sub-box power station has 120 cells at the same level, while the chassis power station has 28 cells. However, one car in the modular sub-box power station consumes 4 cells on average, so the power exchange capacity of 120 cells, that is, 30 cars at a time, is not much different from that of the whole pad chassis power station with 28 cells. Therefore, there is little or no difference between the two modes from the above three aspects, so there is no way to compare them only from these three points.

With the issuance of the document "Implementation Plan for Promoting the Updating and Upgrading of Key Consumer Goods and Smooth Resource Recycling (2019-2020)", on the basis of encouraging the development of power exchange mode, requirements are put forward for battery modularization and step utilization of batteries. Therefore, which mode can be compatible with more types of vehicles, better connect the front and rear ends of battery step utilization and better adapt to the future modular development of automobile manufacturing is the more important focus.

From the perspective of vehicle compatibility, the power exchange mode should not be a limited energy supplement scene in the end, but an open source energy supplement mode, because the most basic and basic construction purpose of the power exchange station is to be used as a public infrastructure to facilitate public travel, otherwise why do you enjoy subsidies? At present, Beiqi, Weilai and other car companies are leading the chassis power exchange, because the batteries of their respective car companies are opposite-sex batteries compared with other OEMs, the power exchange sites or batteries cannot be universal. However, Dongfeng, Universiade, Zotye and other enterprises adopt the idea of modular box-splitting power exchange based on standard box batteries, which makes the power exchange station shared among different car models, and the battery can be shared, which greatly improves the utilization ratio of the site and the battery. Therefore, from this perspective, it is obvious that modular box-splitting power exchange is more suitable for the current concept of "sharing economy" and is also an intensive use of social resources.

From the point of view of power battery recycling, the mainstream design ideas in the industry at present are as follows

Direct view of step utilization of power battery

From the point of view of echelon utilization, we must first reduce the transformation cost in the process of each degradation, otherwise it will be difficult to land. From the top-level design point of view, the standard of battery should be unified first, and then the battery with smaller relative weight and volume (because it can’t be directly used in section B and section C if it still stays in the direction of the overall special-shaped battery of most models at this stage). Only under these two preconditions can the whole life cycle development of battery be maximized, and the average use cost of power battery at the user’s end will be lower.

Therefore, from the perspective of battery recycling, it is obvious that the case-by-case power exchange built by the standard box system is more in line with the policy and national conditions. However, from the perspective of automobile enterprises, the whole chassis-type power exchange has less changes to the chassis of the whole vehicle body, and the technical level is relatively easier to realize; However, the modular box-changing technology requires higher requirements for body chassis modification and design cycle. However, it is very interesting that the number of car companies that accept the standard box-splitting power exchange system is far more than that of the chassis-type power exchange model (the total number of cars that are actually put in the box-splitting power exchange system is also more than that of the chassis-type power exchange system). It can be said that many car manufacturers are doing power exchange, and obviously many car companies do not want to play with tickets at this level, but stand higher and look farther.

07 written at the end

On June 5, 2016, China Tower established an energy company with a capital of 5 billion yuan to take the lead in entering the terminal market of power battery ladder utilization, which made it possible for standard box batteries used by modular box-changing electric vehicles and power-changing technology companies to be used in large-scale terminals (compared with special-shaped batteries). The integrity of power battery ladder utilization has been further improved, while the extension of battery ladder utilization industrial chain has further reduced the average use cost of power batteries, which will indirectly reduce the consumption cost of new energy vehicles. From the perspective of industrial chain, does it mean modularity?

We gave time to this problem, but for enterprises that insisted on changing electricity in the early stage, in June 2019, the wind started.

　　In 2023, frequent extreme weather and climate events once again left a deep impression on people. In China, sandstorms in the northwest, droughts in the southwest, extreme rainstorms in North China and typhoons in South China have all brought rare disasters in recent years. On a global scale, forest fires in Canada, alternating droughts and floods in the United States and India, high temperatures in Europe, and heavy casualties caused by hurricanes in the Mediterranean have also caused shocking consequences.

　　Reality warns people that the negative consequences of climate change are increasing with the rising temperature. At the end of November this year, world leaders will gather in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, to attend the 28th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP28). People hope that this meeting will achieve more results and create more favorable conditions for the global response to climate change. We should not only pay attention to the set ultimate goal, but also find feasible paths and effective ways to promote it.

　　On December 12, 2015, in order to cope with the increasingly serious climate change problem, nearly 200 parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change unanimously agreed to adopt TheParis Agreement at the Paris Climate Change Conference to make arrangements for global action to deal with climate change after 2020. At this year’s COP28 conference, all parties will conduct the first global inventory since the Paris Agreement.

　　On September 8th, the report on the inventory results released by the United Nations showed the progress made since the Paris Summit in 2015, and pointed out that compared with the prediction made in 2010 that the global temperature would rise by 3.7-4.8 degrees Celsius by the end of this century, the predicted temperature rise is now 2.4-2.6 degrees Celsius, but it still far exceeds the goal of controlling the temperature at 2 degrees Celsius and trying to control it within 1.5 degrees Celsius.

　　At the same time, the report clearly pointed out that all parties need to respond to climate change in an all-round way with higher ambition and a stronger sense of urgency. At present, global greenhouse gas emissions are still increasing, and to achieve the above goals, global greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced by 43% compared with 2019 levels by 2030 and 60% by 2035.

　　On the occasion of the upcoming global climate conference, The Paper’s Critical Point combed the climate commitment actions of some major countries in the world. In response to climate change, our window of time and opportunity is shrinking rapidly.

　　United States of America

　　It has been six months since the United States resumed its contribution to the United Nations Green Climate Fund (GCF) and allocated a new $1 billion. Rich countries, including the United States, have not yet fulfilled their climate funding commitments, and developing countries are facing the fact that the speed at which funds are put in place is far behind the increasingly severe extreme weather and climate events.

　　According to British media reports, on October 21 this year, the negotiations on implementing the "loss and damage fund" first proposed at last year’s UN Climate Conference to help countries with fragile climate rebuild their homes reached an impasse. The United States and the European Union proposed that the World Bank should host the fund. However, questa, Chairman of the Group of 77, believes that the effectiveness of the World Bank’s decision-making is difficult to cope with the climate crisis. In addition, if the fund must operate within the legal structure of the World Bank, the wider sources of funds may be limited.

　　Not only is the operation of funds stagnant, but the amount of funds raised at present is still insufficient for the reconstruction of countries with fragile climate. According to American media reports on October 6, at the donor conference held in Bonn, Germany, developed countries promised to provide 9.3 billion US dollars to supplement green climate funds. However, NGOs believe that these funds are not enough to help countries with fragile climate to cope with climate change. It is worth noting that the United States is one of the few developed countries that have not provided new funds.

　　Nine years ago, the United States promised to provide $3 billion to the Green Climate Fund, but so far it has only injected $2 billion. Of the $11.4 billion pledged by US President Biden to developing countries, the country’s Congress only approved $1 billion. In fact, as early as the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP15) held in Copenhagen in 2009, the United States and other rich countries promised to raise 100 billion dollars annually for climate action in developing countries by 2020. This goal was reaffirmed at COP21 in Paris and extended to 2025. According to reports, the current funding gap is as high as $17 billion per year.

　　Fossil fuel subsidies are still soaring, despite the delays in climate finance in rich countries. According to the global regulatory organization Energy Policy Tracker, the public funds flowing to fossil fuels in G20 countries will reach a record $1.4 trillion, more than double the amount before the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019.

　　Restricted by domestic social contradictions and inflation, it is difficult to cancel fossil fuel subsidies in the United States. In the United States, the Supreme Court, which has been dominated by the Republican Party for a long time, keeps opening the floodgates of money politics for the wealthy class. The accumulated polarization between the rich and the poor has laid the groundwork for the social phenomenon that high oil prices are often accompanied by a decline in the support rate of presidential polls. On the other hand, unlike other countries, subsidies in the United States are mainly tax relief for fossil fuel companies, that is, by providing credit and expense deduction to energy producers to reduce production costs.

　　Saudi Arabia

　　Under the pressure of decarbonization, Saudi Arabia, the world’s largest crude oil exporter, launched a comprehensive action to deal with climate change and reduce carbon emissions in 2021 to reduce domestic carbon emissions, including achieving "net zero" greenhouse gas emissions by 2060, planting 50 billion trees in the Middle East in the next few decades, and launching a $10.4 billion clean energy project for the region.

　　However, according to the Financial Times reported on July 23rd, several countries, led by Saudi Arabia, tried their best to stop G20′ s call to reduce the use of fossil fuels. At the same time, Reuters reported that Saudi Arabia and other countries opposed G20′ s proposal to triple renewable energy production capacity by 2030. Saudi Aramco announced in 2021 that it plans to increase crude oil production from 12 million barrels per day to 13 million barrels per day by 2027. According to Agence France-Presse, the total profit announced by Saudi Aramco in 2022 reached a record $161.1 billion.

　　Reduce the burning of fossil fuels at home, so that Saudi Arabia can free up more oil to sell abroad. In this regard, Saudi Arabia attempts to explain the rationality of this contradiction by implementing the "circular carbon economy" plan, which envisages continuing to exploit fossil fuels and adopting new technologies to capture, store or sell carbon emissions. At the same time, according to media reports, Saudi Arabia and other traditional fossil energy countries believe that it is unrealistic to tighten the "faucet" of fossil fuels immediately, and hydrocarbons such as oil, natural gas and coal will continue to become an important part of the global energy structure in the next few decades.

　　Saudi Arabia regards tackling climate change as a long challenge, but the International Energy Agency (IEA) released a report in May 2021, saying that if the world wants to achieve zero carbon emissions by 2050, governments and enterprises of all countries must immediately stop investing in new oil and gas projects. The unresolved issue is also the "carbon capture" technology promoted by Saudi Arabia — — The effectiveness of this technology has not been proved, and the cost of applying it to large-scale mining is too high.

　　"It is believed that the economy based on the exploitation and combustion of fossil fuels can be ‘ Loop ’ The idea is absurd, and the only way it works is to rely on technologies that don’t exist yet. " Matthew Archer, a researcher at the Geneva Institute, said in an interview with the media, "These measures … are full of ambitious and ambiguous language, with few specific plans and no accountability mechanism."

　　Japan

　　Coincidentally, Japan’s climate solution is also questioned. According to local media reports, on September 29th, Japan hosted the 3rd International Fuel Ammonia Conference, which focused on the theme of decarbonization of supply chain and shipping industry. This meeting is a sign of Japan’s commitment to a climate solution, but some experts believe that the solution may not meet the world timetable that urgently needs to reduce carbon emissions.

　　Consistent with all countries, Japan urgently needs to decarbonize the energy sector. At present, Japan plans to reduce the energy share of coal to 19% by 2030. At the meeting, the government and major industries described the vision of using ammonia (a gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen) on a large scale in the foreseeable future, that is, reducing carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants by replacing fossil fuels with ammonia. Because ammonia combustion will not emit carbon dioxide, and the co-combustion equipment of existing coal-fired power plants in Japan does not need major transformation.

　　From a technical point of view, it seems feasible to burn ammonia to generate electricity. "Japan Times" reported on October 22nd that JERA, Japan’s largest power company, is testing the 20:80 ammonia-coal co-combustion ratio at Binan Thermal Power Station in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It is reported that JERA’s goal is to gradually increase the proportion of ammonia-coal mixed combustion and realize 100% ammonia combustion by 2050.

　　However, with the government and enterprises eager to establish an ammonia fuel supply chain on a global scale, experts began to question the feasibility of ammonia as a decarbonization solution in Japan. Although ammonia will not emit carbon dioxide when it is fully burned, fossil fuel is an essential raw material for ammonia production.

　　In this regard, many Japanese power companies, including Mitsui & Co., Ltd., are exploring a new mode of ammonia production, that is, using fossil fuels to produce ammonia, and at the same time capturing 80%-90% of carbon emissions through CCS technology. Considering the high price and poor performance of CCS technology at present, some ongoing ammonia synthesis projects focus on developing technologies to produce ammonia through renewable energy. However, Motoichi Kato, deputy secretary-general of Japan Clean Fuel Ammonia Association (CFAA), told the media that all ammonia imported from Japan is still produced by traditional production methods, and the new ammonia production technology has not yet covered the whole world.

　　In addition to concerns about carbon emissions caused by ammonia production procedures, experts also said that producing such a large amount of ammonia may pollute the air and water quality. According to the Japan Times, Japan is expected to need 3 million tons of ammonia by 2030 and 30 million tons by 2050. Climate Integrate, an independent climate policy think tank in Japan, warned that fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere to produce ammonia may further disrupt the balance of the global nitrogen cycle. In addition, the increase of nitrogen will lead to eutrophication of marine ecosystem, as well as air pollution and groundwater pollution.

　　South Korea

　　Compared with the above countries, South Korea has not performed well in dealing with climate change in recent years. According to the report updated by Climate Action Tracker on July 17, 2023, the overall rating of South Korea’s actions to deal with climate change is classified as "seriously inadequate". Furthermore, South Korea’s climate policy and energy sector planning still lack the necessary speed and rigor, and can not embark on the road that conforms to the temperature limit of 1.5°C in the Paris Agreement.

　　After the change of government in South Korea in 2022, the country’s climate policy changed, deviating from the 100% renewable energy target previously set by the government. The new president Yin Xiyue publicly stated that the target was "too expensive". According to media reports, on March 21st this year, South Korea announced that it would lower the greenhouse gas emission target of the industrial sector in 2030. According to the plan, the Korean industrial sector is required to reduce carbon emissions by 11.4% compared with 2018 levels by 2030, while the emission reduction target set by the end of 2021 is 14.5%.

　　According to the plan, the carbon emission gap caused by the adjustment will be made up by increasing emission reduction overseas and replacing traditional energy with more renewable energy. However, given that South Korea has reneged on its climate commitments, the way to make up for the plan is still in doubt. According to the Climate Action Tracking Agency, in April 2021, South Korea announced at the leaders’ climate summit hosted by the United States that it would immediately stop providing financing for overseas coal projects. Just one month later, it announced the exception of renovation and approval of related projects.

　　On the other hand, Yin Xiyue decided to revive the nuclear power plan, overturning the previous president’s reform of phasing out nuclear power. It is reported that the Korean government promulgated the tenth power plan in January 2023, aiming at using nuclear energy to realize national decarbonization. Contrary to the original goal of limiting the proportion of nuclear energy to 30% by 2030, the latest goal is to increase the proportion of nuclear energy use to 34.6%.

　　In January 2012, South Korea promulgated the Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS). According to the International Energy Agency, the plan aims to expand the use of renewable energy and make it a promising market competitor. To this end, the 13 largest Korean power companies are required to increase the use of renewable energy to 14.5% and 17% in 2023 and 2024 respectively, and to reach 25% after 2026. However, according to Yonhap News Agency’s report on January 13th, 2023, the South Korean government lowered the RPS target for this year and next to 13% and 13.5% respectively, and the final goal was postponed until after 2030.

　　Canada

　　Countries that have failed to say what they must do in climate action include Canada. According to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), since 1990, the country has formulated nine climate plans, but failed to achieve the goals.

　　Even though Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau released a comprehensive emission reduction plan for 2030 on March 29th, 2022, listing a series of actions that the country will take to reduce climate pollution to 40% to 45% lower than the 2005 level by the end of this century, the plan still has many defects.

　　For example, the plan does not provide enough funds to help automobile suppliers increase the sales of electric vehicles according to the government’s goals. Secondly, there are criticisms that the goal is to reduce the climate pollution of the energy industry without limiting production, which will require fossil fuel companies to make great improvements in carbon capture technology.

　　In addition, a report on April 24th said that a recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences showed that the Canadian government and enterprises seriously underestimated the current domestic carbon emissions.

　　Britain

　　Backward climate action may also affect the activity of other countries in the field of climate governance. According to media reports on September 20th, British Prime Minister Sunak may dilute Britain’s plan to deal with climate change, including postponing the ban on the sale of new gasoline and diesel vehicles originally scheduled to take effect in 2030, greatly weakening the plan to phase out gas boilers by 2035, and not updating the energy efficiency regulations for housing construction.

　　Sunak said that he is still committed to the legally binding goal of achieving net zero emissions by 2050. At the same time, he also said that Britain can slow down its progress in achieving this goal because Britain is "far ahead of all other countries in the world." However, considering the national election in 2024, Reuters in the United Kingdom believes that Sunak leaked the news of reducing the green policy in order to gain the support of voters who are troubled by high inflation and stagnant economic growth.

　　Britain is the first country to set a legally binding "net zero" goal in 2050. Since 1990, with the closure of coal-fired power plants and the rise of offshore wind power, the country’s carbon emissions have dropped by nearly 50%. However, according to media reports on September 21st, the British government’s independent climate adviser said that Britain still has some shortcomings in achieving its climate goals, and diluting its plan to deal with climate change may further weaken its ability to fulfill its legal commitments.

Order of Beijing Municipal People’s Government

No.307

　　The Measures for the Administration of Earthquake Early Warning in Beijing have been adopted at the 185th executive meeting of the Municipal People’s Government on December 6, 2022, and are hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of March 1, 2023.

Acting Mayor Yin Yong　　　　

December 19, 2022　　

Administrative Measures of Beijing Municipality on Earthquake Early Warning

catalogue

　　Chapter I General Provisions

　　Chapter II Planning and Construction of Earthquake Early Warning System

　　Chapter III Release of Earthquake Early Warning Information and Emergency Disposal

　　Chapter IV Regional Cooperation

　　Chapter V Legal Liability

　　Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions

　　the first In order to standardize earthquake early warning activities, effectively play the role of earthquake early warning, defend and mitigate earthquake disasters, serve to safeguard the functions of the capital, and protect the safety of people’s lives and property, these measures are formulated in accordance with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation Law, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Emergency Response Law, the Regulations on Earthquake Monitoring and Management, and the Provisions on the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation Law in Beijing, combined with the actual situation of this Municipality.

　　the second These Measures shall apply to the planning and construction of earthquake early warning system, the release of earthquake early warning information, emergency response and other activities within the administrative area of this Municipality and their supervision and management.

　　The term "earthquake early warning" as mentioned in these Measures refers to the act of automatically and quickly generating early warning information through the earthquake early warning system after the earthquake, and using the characteristics that the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is greater than that of seismic waves to give an early warning to areas that may be damaged and affected by the earthquake.

　　Article The earthquake early warning work follows the principles of government leading, regional cooperation, departmental linkage and social participation, and implements the working mechanism of unified planning, unified management and unified release under the guidance of the competent department of earthquake work of the people’s government at the next higher level.

　　Article 4 The municipal and district people’s governments strengthen the management and guarantee of earthquake early warning, coordinate and solve major problems of earthquake early warning, and incorporate the funds needed for earthquake early warning into the fiscal budget at the corresponding level.

　　The municipal earthquake department shall co-ordinate the city’s earthquake early warning work, and be responsible for the planning, construction, supervision and management of earthquake early warning system.

　　The competent department of earthquake work in the district is responsible for the supervision and management of earthquake early warning within its administrative area, and assists the municipal earthquake department in promoting the construction of earthquake early warning system.

　　Development and reform, education, science and technology, public security, planning of natural resources, urban and rural housing construction, urban management, transportation, water, culture and tourism, health, emergency management, radio and television, communication management and other relevant departments shall, according to their respective responsibilities, do a good job in earthquake early warning.

　　Article 5 This Municipality encourages and supports social forces to participate in the construction and use of earthquake early warning system according to law, as well as scientific and technological innovation, product development and application of achievements related to earthquake early warning.

Chapter II Planning and Construction of Earthquake Early Warning System

　　Article 6 The municipal earthquake department shall, according to the national earthquake early warning system construction plan, organize the preparation of the city’s earthquake early warning system construction plan, and incorporate it into the city’s earthquake prevention and disaster reduction plan.

　　The planning for the construction of this Municipality’s earthquake early warning system should be combined with the characteristics of this Municipality’s earthquake risk and the demand for earthquake risk prevention, so as to improve the earthquake disaster prevention capability of key earthquake risk areas, important security areas, key protected buildings, earthquake risk-prone places and projects that may cause serious secondary disasters.

　　Article 7 The municipal earthquake department is responsible for organizing the construction of a unified earthquake early warning system in the city according to the plan, including monitoring system, data transmission system, data processing system and information release system. The competent department of seismic work in the district shall assist in relevant work.

　　The design, construction and instrument access of earthquake early warning system shall conform to relevant standards and technical requirements.

　　To build an earthquake early warning system, existing resources should be fully utilized and integrated to avoid repeated construction.

　　Article 8 Major construction projects such as high-speed railways, urban rail transit, electric power control centers, oil and gas pipelines (stations), petrochemicals, communications, coal mines, large reservoirs, and other projects that may cause serious secondary disasters can build special earthquake early warning and monitoring systems according to needs and report them to the municipal earthquake department for the record. Those that meet the relevant technical requirements can be incorporated into the unified earthquake early warning system of the whole city to realize information sharing.

　　Article 9 Schools, hospitals, railway stations, airports, stadiums and other public places, public transport and other crowded places, as well as high-speed railways, urban rail transit, nuclear facilities projects, large reservoirs, large and medium-sized dangerous goods production and storage facilities and other projects that may cause serious secondary disasters, their business units or management units shall install special earthquake early warning information receiving and broadcasting devices, and formulate emergency response plans for earthquake early warning. The municipal earthquake department and the competent department of seismic work in the district shall give guidance, strengthen supervision and inspection, and promptly correct the problems found.

　　Encourage other units and places to install special earthquake warning information receiving and broadcasting devices.

　　Article 10 The operation and maintenance of the earthquake early warning system in this Municipality shall follow the principle of who builds and who is responsible.

　　The municipal earthquake department and the competent department of earthquake work in the district shall strengthen the protection of the facilities of earthquake early warning system and the environment for earthquake observation. If any damage or damage is found, it shall promptly organize the repair.

　　Units that build special earthquake early warning and monitoring systems and install special information receiving and broadcasting devices shall strengthen daily maintenance and management to ensure normal use.

　　No unit or individual may occupy, damage or dismantle or move the facilities of earthquake early warning system without authorization.

Chapter III Release of Earthquake Early Warning Information and Emergency Disposal

　　Article 11 The municipal earthquake department automatically and uniformly issues earthquake early warning information to all kinds of receiving devices in the area where the estimated earthquake intensity reaches the release conditions through the earthquake early warning information release system.

　　Any other unit or individual shall not release earthquake warning information without authorization, and shall not fabricate and disseminate false earthquake warning information.

　　Article 12 Earthquake early warning information should include earthquake occurrence time, earthquake epicenter, magnitude, arrival time of seismic waves, estimated earthquake intensity and so on.

　　Article 13 Radio, television, Internet and other media and communication operators shall establish an automatic broadcasting mechanism to automatically broadcast earthquake warning information to the public free of charge after receiving the warning information. Municipal earthquake and other relevant departments shall guide them to establish and improve the automatic broadcasting mechanism of earthquake early warning information.

　　Article 14 After receiving the earthquake early warning information, the municipal and district people’s governments and their relevant departments shall, in accordance with the earthquake emergency plan, do a good job in earthquake emergency response in time according to law.

　　In crowded places and projects that may cause serious secondary disasters, after receiving the earthquake early warning information, the business unit or management unit shall immediately take corresponding risk-avoidance measures in accordance with the formulated earthquake early warning emergency response plan.

　　Article 15 Organs, organizations, enterprises, institutions and other units should carry out publicity and education on earthquake early warning knowledge and necessary emergency drills in light of their respective realities.

　　Radio, television, newspapers, the Internet and other media should carry out public welfare publicity activities on earthquake early warning knowledge.

　　The municipal earthquake department and the competent department of district earthquake work shall publicize and popularize the knowledge of earthquake early warning to the public, and guide, assist and urge the relevant units to do a good job in the publicity and education of earthquake early warning knowledge and earthquake emergency drills.

Chapter IV Regional Cooperation

　　Article 16 Under the national earthquake early warning mechanism, this Municipality has established a cooperative earthquake early warning mechanism with Tianjin and Hebei Province, and strengthened exchanges and cooperation in earthquake early warning.

　　Article 17 The city and Tianjin, Hebei Province unified earthquake early warning information sources and earthquake early warning information release threshold, release content.

　　Article 18 The municipal seismological department and the competent departments of earthquake work in Tianjin and Hebei jointly promote the construction of a regional earthquake monitoring and early warning platform, establish an earthquake early warning data and information sharing mechanism, realize mutual backup and mutual service of earthquake early warning information, and enhance the regional earthquake early warning capability.

　　Article 19 The municipal seismological department and the competent departments of earthquake work in Tianjin and Hebei jointly promote the popularization and application of new earthquake early warning technologies in the region, and promote the construction of a regional earthquake early warning scientific and technological innovation platform integrating scientific research experiments, achievements transformation, scientific and technological exchanges and integrated demonstrations.

Chapter V Legal Liability

　　Article 20 In violation of the provisions of the fourth paragraph of Article 10 of these measures, units or individuals that occupy, damage or dismantle or move the facilities of earthquake early warning system without authorization shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation.

　　Article 21 In violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of article eleventh of these measures, fabricating and disseminating false earthquake warning information or releasing earthquake warning information to the society without authorization, the municipal earthquake department shall order it to make corrections; If it constitutes a violation of public security administration, it shall be dealt with by the public security organ according to law; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

　　Article 22 These Measures shall come into force as of March 1, 2023.

　　CCTV News:In 2021, the national health and wellness system will conscientiously implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, coordinate epidemic prevention and control, health and wellness, and continuously promote the high-quality development of health and wellness. The average life expectancy of residents will increase from 77.93 years in 2020 to 78.2 years in 2021, the maternal mortality rate will drop from 16.9/100,000 to 16.1/100,000, and the infant mortality rate will drop from 5.4‰ Down to 5.0‰ .

　　I. Health resources

　　(1) The total number of medical and health institutions. By the end of 2021, there were 1,030,935 medical and health institutions nationwide, an increase of 8,013 over the previous year. Among them, there are 36,570 hospitals, 977,790 primary medical and health institutions and 13,276 professional public health institutions. Compared with the previous year, there were 1,176 hospitals and 7,754 primary medical and health institutions. There are 10 categories of national medical centers and national regional medical centers for children in China.

　　Among hospitals, there are 11,804 public hospitals and 24,766 private hospitals. Hospitals are classified into 3,275 tertiary hospitals (including 1,651 tertiary hospitals), 10,848 secondary hospitals, 12,649 primary hospitals and 9,798 unrated hospitals.

　　According to the number of beds, there are 21,909 hospitals with less than 100 beds, 5,412 hospitals with 100-199 beds, 5,017 hospitals with 200-499 beds, 2,068 hospitals with 500-799 beds and 2,164 hospitals with 800 beds or more.

　　Among the primary medical and health institutions, there are 36,160 community health service centers (stations) (including 10,122 community health service centers and 26,038 community health service stations), 34,943 township hospitals, 271,056 clinics and clinics, and 599,292 village clinics.

　　Among professional public health institutions, there are 3,376 centers for disease prevention and control, including 31 at the provincial level, 410 at the prefecture (city) level and 2,755 at the county (district, county-level city) level. There are 3010 health supervision institutions, including 25 at the provincial level, 315 at the prefecture (city) level and 2487 at the county (district, county-level city) level. There are 3032 maternal and child health care institutions, including 26 at the provincial level, 377 at the prefecture (city) level and 2554 at the county (district, county-level city) level.

　　(2) Number of beds. By the end of 2021, there were 9.448 million beds in medical and health institutions nationwide, including 7.413 million beds in hospitals (accounting for 78.5%), 1.712 million beds in primary medical and health institutions (accounting for 18.1%) and 302,000 beds in professional public health institutions (accounting for 3.2%). In hospitals, public hospital beds account for 70.2% and private hospital beds account for 29.8%. Compared with the previous year, the number of beds increased by 348,000, including 281,000 in hospitals (116,000 in public hospitals and 166,000 in private hospitals), 63,000 in primary medical and health institutions and 6,000 in professional public health institutions. The number of beds in medical and health institutions per thousand population will increase from 6.46 in 2020 to 6.70 in 2021.

　　(3) Total number of health personnel. By the end of 2021, the total number of health workers in China was 13.983 million, an increase of 508,000 (3.8%) over the previous year.

　　At the end of 2021, among the total number of health workers, there were 11.242 million health technicians. Among the health technicians, there are 4.287 million licensed (assistant) doctors and 5.018 million registered nurses. Compared with the previous year, the number of health technicians increased by 564,000 (up by 5.3%).

　　By the end of 2021, there were 8.478 million people in hospitals (accounting for 60.6%), 4.432 million people in primary medical and health institutions (accounting for 31.7%) and 958,000 people in professional public health institutions (accounting for 6.9%).

　　In 2021, there were 3.04 licensed (assistant) doctors and 3.56 registered nurses per thousand population; The number of general practitioners per 10,000 population is 3.08, and the number of professional public health institutions per 10,000 population is 6.79.

　　(4) Total health expenditure. In 2021, the total national health expenditure is estimated to be 7,559.36 billion yuan, of which: government health expenditure is 2,071.85 billion yuan, accounting for 27.4%; Social health expenditure was 3,392.03 billion yuan, accounting for 44.9%; Personal health expenditure was 2,095.48 billion yuan, accounting for 27.7%. The per capita total health expenditure is 5348.1 yuan, and the proportion of total health expenditure to GDP is 6.5%.

　　Second, medical services

　　(1) Outpatient service and hospitalization. In 2021, the total number of medical and health institutions in China was 8.47 billion, an increase of 730 million (9.4%) over the previous year. In 2021, residents visited medical and health institutions for an average of 6.0 times.

　　In 2021, there were 3.88 billion person-times in hospitals (accounting for 45.8%), 4.25 billion person-times in primary medical and health institutions (accounting for 50.2%) and 340 million person-times in other medical and health institutions (accounting for 4.0%). Compared with the previous year, the number of hospital visits increased by 560 million, and the number of primary medical and health institutions increased by 130 million.

　　In 2021, there were 3.27 billion medical consultations in public hospitals (accounting for 84.2% of the total medical consultations in hospitals) and 610 million medical consultations in private hospitals (accounting for 15.8% of the total medical consultations in hospitals).

　　In 2021, township hospitals and community health service centers (stations) treated 2 billion people, an increase of 150 million people over the previous year. The number of consultations in township hospitals and community health service centers (stations) accounted for 23.6% of the total number of consultations, and the proportion decreased by 0.3 percentage points over the previous year.

　　In 2021, there were 247.26 million hospitalizations in medical and health institutions nationwide, an increase of 17.13 million over the previous year (an increase of 7.4%), and the annual hospitalization rate of residents was 17.5%.

　　In 2021, there were 201.49 million person-times in hospitals (accounting for 81.5%), 35.92 million person-times in primary medical and health institutions (accounting for 14.5%) and 9.85 million person-times in other institutions (accounting for 4.0%). Compared with the previous year, the number of hospital admissions increased by 17.97 million, the number of primary medical and health institutions decreased by 1.15 million, and the number of other medical institutions increased by 320,000.

　　In 2021, there were 164.04 million hospital admissions in public hospitals (accounting for 81.4% of the total hospital admissions) and 37.45 million hospital admissions in private hospitals (accounting for 18.6% of the total hospital admissions).

　　(2) The workload of hospital doctors. In 2021, hospital doctors were responsible for 6.5 person-times of diagnosis and treatment and 2.2 bed days of hospitalization, among which, doctors in public hospitals were responsible for 7.0 person-times of diagnosis and treatment and 2.2 bed days of hospitalization.

　　(3) use of hospital beds. In 2021, the utilization rate of hospital beds in China was 74.6%, including 80.3% in public hospitals. Compared with the previous year, the utilization rate of hospital beds increased by 2.3 percentage points (including 2.9 percentage points in public hospitals). In 2021, the average length of stay of discharged patients in hospitals was 9.2 days (including 9.0 days in public hospitals), and compared with the previous year, the average length of stay of discharged patients in hospitals decreased by 0.3 days (including 0.3 days in public hospitals).

　　(4) improving medical services. By the end of 2021, 54.5% of secondary and above public hospitals had carried out appointment diagnosis and treatment, 91.3% had carried out clinical pathway management, 64.6% had carried out telemedicine services, 87.6% had participated in mutual recognition of examination results at the same level, and 92.0% had carried out quality nursing services.

　　(5) blood security. In 2021, the number of unpaid blood donors reached 16.745 million, and the amount of blood collected reached 28.559 million units, up by 7.5% and 8.0% respectively compared with 2020, and the blood donation rate per thousand people was 12.

　　Third, primary health services

　　(1) Rural health. By the end of 2021, there were 17,294 county-level (including county-level cities) hospitals, 1,868 county-level (including county-level cities) maternal and child health care institutions, 1,999 county-level (including county-level cities) centers for disease prevention and control, and 1,761 county-level (including county-level cities) health supervision institutions, with a total of 3.521 million health personnel in four types of county-level (including county-level cities) medical and health institutions.

　　By the end of 2021, there were 35,000 township health centers in 29,600 townships nationwide, with 1.417 million beds and 1.492 million health workers (including 1.285 million health technicians). Compared with the previous year, the number of township hospitals decreased by 819, the number of beds increased by 27,000, and the number of personnel increased by 11,000.

　　By the end of 2021, there were 599,000 village clinics in 490,000 administrative villages nationwide. There are 1.363 million people working in village clinics, including 476,000 licensed (assistant) doctors, 193,000 registered nurses, 691,000 rural doctors and health workers. Compared with the previous year, the number of village clinics decreased by 10,000, and the number of practicing (assistant) doctors increased by 11,000.

　　In 2021, there were 1.31 billion hospital visits at county level (including county-level cities), an increase of 150 million over the previous year; The number of admissions was 83.718 million, an increase of 3.069 million over the previous year; The utilization rate of hospital beds was 72.3%, an increase of 0.7 percentage points over the previous year.

　　In 2021, the number of medical consultations in township hospitals was 1.16 billion, an increase of 60 million over the previous year; The number of hospital admissions was 32.23 million, a decrease of 1.603 million over the previous year. In 2021, doctors were responsible for 8.9 person-times of diagnosis and treatment and 1.2 bed days of hospitalization, and the utilization rate of beds was 48.2%, and the average hospitalization days of discharged patients were 6.6 days. Compared with the previous year, the average daily number of doctors in township hospitals increased by 0.4 person-times, the average daily number of hospital beds decreased by 0.1 bed days, the utilization rate of hospital beds decreased by 2.2 percentage points, and the average hospitalization days remained unchanged.

　　In 2021, the number of visits to village clinics was 1.34 billion, a decrease of 90 million compared with the previous year, with an average of 2,239 visits per village clinic.

　　(2) Community health. By the end of 2021, there were 36,160 community health service centers (stations) in China, including 10,122 community health service centers and 26,038 community health service stations. Compared with the previous year, there were 296 community health service centers and 499 community health service stations. There are 555,000 people in community health service centers, with an average of 55 people in each center; There are 128,000 people in community health service stations, with an average of 5 people per station. The number of staff in community health service centers (stations) increased by 35,000 over the previous year, with an increase of 5.4%.

　　In 2021, there were 700 million medical consultations and 3.193 million hospitalizations in the national community health service centers. On average, each center has an annual treatment volume of 69,000 person-times and an annual admission volume of 315 person-times; Doctors are responsible for 14.6 person-times of diagnosis and treatment and 0.5 bed days of hospitalization. In 2021, there were 140 million consultations in community health service stations nationwide, with an average of 5,379 consultations per station, and 11.0 consultations per doctor per day.

　　(3) Basic public health services. The per capita financial subsidy standard for basic public health services will be raised from 74 yuan in 2020 to 79 yuan in 2021. In 2021, the number of elderly people aged 65 and above who received health management in primary health care institutions was 119.412 million, the number of hypertensive patients who received health management was 109.384 million, and the number of type 2 diabetes patients who received health management was 35.713 million.

　　Fourth, Chinese medicine services

　　(a) institutions of traditional Chinese medicine, beds and personnel. In 2021, there were 77,336 Chinese medical and health institutions nationwide, an increase of 4,981 over the previous year. Among them, there are 5715 Chinese medicine hospitals, 71583 Chinese medicine outpatient departments and clinics, and 38 Chinese medicine research institutions. Compared with the previous year, there were 233 Chinese medicine hospitals and 4,753 Chinese medicine outpatient departments and clinics.

　　In 2021, there were 1.505 million beds in Chinese medicine medical and health institutions nationwide, including 1.197 million beds in Chinese medicine hospitals (accounting for 79.5%). Compared with the previous year, the number of beds in medical and health institutions of traditional Chinese medicine increased by 72,000, including 49,000 beds in hospitals of traditional Chinese medicine.

　　In 2021, 99.6% of the similar institutions are community health service centers, 93.0% are community health service stations, 99.1% are township hospitals and 79.9% are village clinics.

　　In 2021, the total number of Chinese medicine health personnel in China reached 884,000, an increase of 55,000 (an increase of 6.6%) over the previous year. Among them, there are 732,000 practicing (assistant) doctors in Chinese medicine and 136,000 pharmacists (doctors). The two types of personnel have increased compared with the previous year.

　　(2) Chinese medicine medical services. In 2021, the total number of medical consultations in Chinese medical and health institutions nationwide was 1.2 billion, an increase of 140 million over the previous year (up 13.7%). Among them, there were 690 million person-times in TCM hospitals (accounting for 57.3%), 200 million person-times in TCM outpatient departments and clinics (accounting for 17.0%), and 310 million person-times in TCM clinical departments of non-TCM medical institutions (accounting for 25.7%).

　　In 2021, 38.002 million people were discharged from Chinese medical and health institutions nationwide, an increase of 2.96 million people (8.4%) over the previous year. Among them, there were 31.519 million person-times in hospitals of traditional Chinese medicine (accounting for 82.9%), 0.8 million person-times in outpatient departments of traditional Chinese medicine, and 6.475 million person-times in clinical departments of traditional Chinese medicine in non-traditional Chinese medicine medical and health institutions (accounting for 17.0%).

　　V. Medical expenses of patients

　　(1) Medical expenses of hospital patients. In 2021, the average outpatient cost of the hospital was 329.2 yuan, which was 1.5% higher than that of the previous year and 0.6% higher than the comparable price. The average hospitalization expense was 11,002.9 yuan, which was 3.6% higher than the previous year and 2.7% higher than the comparable price. The average daily hospitalization expense is 1191.7 yuan.

　　In 2021, the average outpatient medical expenses (123.3 yuan) accounted for 37.5% of the average outpatient expenses, down 1.6 percentage points from the previous year (39.1%); The average hospitalization expenses (2759.5 yuan) accounted for 25.1% of the average hospitalization expenses, which was 1.1 percentage points lower than the previous year (26.2%).

　　In 2021, among public hospitals at all levels, the average outpatient expenses of tertiary hospitals decreased by 0.9% (the current price, the same below), and the average hospitalization expenses decreased by 1.1%.

　　(2) Medical expenses of patients in primary medical and health institutions. In 2021, the average outpatient fee of community health service center was 164.3 yuan, which was 1.0% lower than that of the previous year and 1.8% lower than that of the comparable price. The average hospitalization expense was 3,649.9 yuan, which was 2.5% higher than that of the previous year and 1.6% higher than the comparable price.

　　In 2021, the average outpatient drug expenses in community health service centers (118.9 yuan) accounted for 72.4% of the average outpatient expenses, down 2.9 percentage points from the previous year (75.3%); The average hospitalization expenses (1088.8 yuan) accounted for 29.8% of the average hospitalization expenses, which was 1.8 percentage points lower than the previous year (31.6%).

　　In 2021, the average outpatient fee of township hospitals was 87.5 yuan, which was 3.3% higher than that of the previous year and 2.4% higher than the comparable price. The average hospitalization expense was 2166.5 yuan, which was 4.0% higher than that of the previous year and 3.1% higher than the comparable price. The average daily hospitalization expense is 329.3 yuan.

　　In 2021, the average outpatient medical expenses of township hospitals (51.5 yuan) accounted for 58.9% of the average outpatient expenses, down 2.3 percentage points from the previous year (61.2%); The average hospitalization expenses (719.4 yuan) accounted for 33.2% of the average hospitalization expenses, which was 1.9 percentage points lower than the previous year (35.1%).

　　VI. Disease Control and Public Health

　　(1) Prevention and control of epidemic situation in COVID-19. In 2021, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps reported 15,243 confirmed cases in COVID-19, including 6,866 imported cases and 8,377 local cases; There were 6265 asymptomatic infected people, including 5047 imported cases and 1218 local cases. In the whole year, 12,725 discharged cases were reported, including 6,331 imported cases and 6,394 local cases. There were 2 deaths.

　　Further improve the epidemic prevention and control policy system, unswervingly adhere to the general strategy of "external defense input, internal defense rebound" and the general policy of "dynamic zero clearing", adhere to the common prevention of people, things and environment, revise and issue 85 kinds of protection guides related to epidemic prevention and control in key places, key units and key populations, and revise the novel coronavirus Prevention and Control Plan (Eighth Edition) and the novel coronavirus Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Trial Eighth Edition? Revised edition) and other programs.

　　As of December 31, 2021, a total of 2,835,332,000 doses of Covid-19 vaccination have been completed, and the number of people who have completed the whole vaccination is 1,210,685,000; A total of 11,937 medical and health institutions in China provide Covid-19 nucleic acid detection services, with a total detection capacity of 41.68 million copies/day, and the nucleic acid detection capacity has been significantly improved; There are more than 800 designated hospitals in COVID-19.

　　(2) reported incidence and death of infectious diseases. In 2021, there were 2.727 million reported cases of Class A and B infectious diseases and 22,000 reported deaths. The top five reported cases are viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea and brucellosis, accounting for 93.3% of the total reported cases of Class A and B infectious diseases. The top five reported deaths are AIDS, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, rabies and epidemic hemorrhagic fever, accounting for 99.7% of the total reported deaths of Class A and B infectious diseases.

　　In 2021, the reported incidence rate of Class A and B infectious diseases in China was 1.9346/100,000, and the mortality rate was 1.5733/100,000.

　　In 2021, a total of 3.506 million cases of 11 Class C infectious diseases were reported and 19 people died. The top five reported cases were hand, foot and mouth disease, other infectious diarrhea, influenza, mumps and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, accounting for 99.9% of the total reported cases of Class C infectious diseases. The diseases that reported more deaths were hand, foot and mouth disease, other infectious diarrhea and influenza in turn, accounting for 94.7% of the total reported deaths of Class C infectious diseases.

　　In 2021, the reported incidence rate of Class C infectious diseases in China was 248.71/100,000, and the mortality rate was 0.0013/100,000.

　　(3) Prevention and control of schistosomiasis. By the end of 2021, there were 451 endemic counties (cities, districts) in China; The number of counties (cities, districts) that have achieved elimination, transmission blocking and transmission control is 339, 100 and 12 respectively; In 2021, there were 29,037 patients with advanced schistosomiasis in China, 480 fewer than the previous year.

　　(4) prevention and control of endemic diseases. By the end of 2021, there were 330 counties (cities, districts) with Keshan disease in China, and 330 had been eliminated, with 4000 patients. There are 379 counties (cities, districts) with Kaschin-Beck disease, and 379 have been eliminated, with 172,000 patients. The number of counties (cities, districts) with iodine deficiency disorders was 2,799, and 2,799 were eliminated. There are 1,041 endemic fluorosis (drinking water type) counties (cities, districts), 953 under control, 73,902 endemic villages (neighborhood committees), 298,000 dental fluorosis patients aged 8-12 years and 66,000 skeletal fluorosis patients. There are 171 endemic fluorosis (coal-burning pollution) counties (cities, districts), with 171 under control, including 55,000 patients with dental fluorosis and 154,000 patients with skeletal fluorosis.

　　(5) Comprehensive prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Implement strategies and measures for comprehensive prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, and innovate the mode of prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. By the end of 2021, 488 national-level demonstration zones for comprehensive prevention and control of chronic diseases have been built, and 2,855 counties (cities, districts) across the country have launched a nationwide healthy lifestyle campaign, and 605 death cause monitoring points and 2,085 tumor registration points have been established nationwide. In 2021, in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, 3.116 million high-risk groups were given early diagnosis and treatment of key cancers such as esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer, 1.559 million people were screened in the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease screening intervention project, and 4.844 million people were given free oral examinations in the comprehensive intervention project for children’s oral diseases.

　　(6) Management services for severe mental disorders. Health departments at all levels shall, jointly with public security, civil affairs, disabled persons’ federations and other departments, improve the management service network for severe mental disorders. By the end of 2021, a service network for the management and treatment of severe mental disorders had been established in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Under the guidance of mental health professional institutions, grassroots medical staff regularly followed up 6.331 million patients with severe mental disorders and provided rehabilitation guidance.

　　(seven) control of major diseases and health hazards. In 2021, monitoring of urban and rural drinking water quality will be carried out in all counties and districts of the country, with a total of 135,000 monitoring points and 270,000 water samples collected for water quality testing; Set up 167 monitoring points in 87 cities to monitor the impact of air pollution (smog) on people’s health; Monitoring points in public places were set up in 132 cities, and health hazard factors were monitored in 7240 public places.

　　In 2021, 8,710 schools in 1,606 counties (cities, districts) carried out monitoring of common diseases among students, with a total of 2.736 million people monitored; Myopia monitoring of children and adolescents was carried out in 2,307 kindergartens and 6,286 primary and secondary schools in 1,683 counties (cities, districts), with a total of 3.739 million people being monitored.

　　(8) Prevention and control of occupational diseases. By the end of 2021, there were 1022 occupational health technical service institutions, 605 radiological health technical service institutions, 23 chemical toxicity identification centers, 5067 occupational health inspection institutions and 588 occupational disease diagnosis institutions. The central government transferred local funds to build 671 pneumoconiosis rehabilitation stations (points), covering nearly 170,000 pneumoconiosis patients within its jurisdiction, and patients’ satisfaction with rehabilitation services reached 96%. In 2021, a total of 15,407 new cases of various occupational diseases were reported in China, including 11,877 cases of occupational pneumoconiosis and other respiratory diseases (including 11,809 cases of occupational pneumoconiosis), 2,123 cases of occupational otorhinolaryngology and oral diseases, 339 cases of occupational infectious diseases, 567 cases of occupational chemical poisoning, 283 cases of occupational diseases caused by physical factors, 83 cases of occupational skin diseases, 79 cases of occupational tumors and 43 cases of occupational eye diseases (including 5 cases of radiation cataract).

　　Seven, maternal and child health and healthy aging

　　(1) Maternal and child health care. In 2021, the prenatal check-up rate of pregnant women was 97.6%, and the postpartum visit rate was 96.0%. Compared with the previous year, the rate of prenatal examination and postpartum visit have improved. In 2021, the hospital delivery rate was 99.9% (100.0% in the city and 99.9% in the county), and all hospital deliveries were basically realized.

　　In 2021, the systematic management rate of children under 3 years old reached 92.8%, which was basically the same as that of the previous year; The systematic management rate of pregnant and lying-in women reached 92.9%, slightly higher than the previous year.

　　(2) Mortality rate of children under 5 years old. According to the national maternal and child health monitoring, in 2021, the mortality rate of children under 5 years old was 7.1‰ , in which: City 4.1‰ Rural 8.5‰ ; Infant mortality rate is 5.0‰ , in which: City 3.2‰ Rural 5.8‰ . Compared with the previous year, the mortality rate of children under 5 and infant mortality rate in China have decreased to varying degrees.

　　(3) Maternal mortality rate. According to the national maternal and child health monitoring, in 2021, the national maternal mortality rate was 16.1/100,000, including 15.4/100,000 in cities and 16.5/100,000 in rural areas. Compared with the previous year, the national maternal mortality rate has decreased.

　　(4) National free pre-pregnancy eugenics examination program. All counties (cities, districts) in China generally carry out free pre-pregnancy eugenics health check-ups, and provide free pre-pregnancy eugenics services such as health education, health check-ups, risk assessment, consultation and guidance for rural planned pregnant couples. In 2021, a total of 8.23 million planned pregnant couples were provided with free check-ups, and the average coverage rate of the target population reached 93.5%. All the screened risk groups received targeted counseling and treatment referral services, and pre-pregnancy preventive measures were implemented, effectively reducing the risk of birth defects.

　　(5) Promoting the combination of health services and medical care for the elderly. By the end of 2021, there were 6 national clinical medical research centers for geriatric diseases; There are 4,685 secondary and above general hospitals with geriatric departments, 5,290 general hospitals with geriatric friendly medical institutions, 15,431 primary medical and health institutions, and 1,027 medical and health institutions with hospice care (hospice care) departments. There are 78,000 pairs of medical and health institutions and old-age service institutions across the country that have signed cooperative relations; There are 6,492 medical and nursing institutions with complete two certificates (referring to the practice license or filing of medical institutions and filing of old-age care institutions). Jointly with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the pilot demonstration of the application of smart and healthy old-age care in 2021 was carried out, and 35 demonstration enterprises, 2 demonstration parks, 45 demonstration streets (towns) and 17 demonstration bases were identified.

　　Eight, food safety and health supervision

　　(1) Food safety risk monitoring. According to the reports of provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, by the end of 2021, there were 2,778 food safety risk monitoring points nationwide, and 113,000 samples in 26 categories were monitored for pollutants and harmful factors; Food-borne diseases were monitored in 70,478 medical and health institutions, and 5,493 outbreaks of food-borne diseases were reported nationwide, with 32,334 cases and 117 deaths.

　　(2) Health supervision in public places. In 2021, there were 1.596 million public health supervision units and 8.061 million employees. 1.842 million times of supervision and inspection were conducted in public places, and 106,000 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　(3) Sanitary supervision of drinking water. In 2021, there were 104,000 supervised units for drinking water sanitation (water supply) in China, and 744,000 people were directly engaged in water supply and management. Supervise and inspect the sanitation (water supply) of drinking water for 130,000 times. There are 6,346 supervised units involving drinking water hygiene and safety products nationwide, with 125,000 employees. 7214 households were supervised and inspected for products related to drinking water hygiene and safety. 4,079 cases of drinking water and drinking water safety products were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　(four) disinfection products and tableware centralized disinfection hygiene supervision. In 2021, there were 10,817 supervised units in disinfection products, with 212,000 employees. There were 31,000 supervision and inspections in disinfection products, and 12,673 samples were sampled, with a qualified rate of 96.8%. 2,529 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law. In 2021, there were 4,018 centralized disinfection service units for tableware and drinking utensils nationwide, with 44,000 employees. 8,797 households were supervised and inspected, and 1,475 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　(5) School health supervision. In 2021, there were 194,000 supervised schools nationwide, with 233,000 times of supervision and inspection and 7,329 cases investigated.

　　(6) Occupational health and radiation health supervision. By the end of 2021, the technical institutions of occupational health examination, occupational disease diagnosis and radiation health had been regularly supervised for 6,725 households, with a supervision coverage rate of 75.2%. 598 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law. There are 77,000 supervised units for radiation diagnosis and treatment, with a supervision coverage rate of 77.6%, and 86,000 times of regular supervision, and 7,705 radiation health cases are investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　(seven) health supervision of medical and health care, blood safety and prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. In 2021, 42,000 health administrative penalties were imposed on medical institutions or medical personnel according to law. Administrative punishment for practicing medicine without a license is 12,000. 57 administrative penalties were imposed on blood collection and supply institutions according to law. 79,000 cases of prevention and treatment of infectious diseases were investigated and dealt with according to law, including 79,000 cases of health administrative punishment.

　　(eight) maternal and child health supervision. In 2021, there were 20,000 supervised units for maternal and child health throughout the country, and 29,000 supervised and inspected units for maternal and child health, and 816 cases were investigated and dealt with according to law.

　　(nine) the employer’s occupational health and technical service institutions supervise law enforcement. In 2021, 200,000 employers were supervised and inspected nationwide, and 17,308 cases were investigated. In 2021, 1,042 occupational health technical service institutions were supervised and inspected nationwide, and 59 cases were investigated.

　　IX. Population and family development

　　The population born in 2021 was 10.62 million. The proportion of two children is 41.4%, the proportion of three children and above is 14.5%, and the sex ratio of the birth population is 110.9. In 2021, the reward and assistance system for some family planning families in rural areas benefited 16.314 million people; The special assistance system for family planning benefited 1.713 million people. A total of 24.08 billion yuan was invested in the "three systems" of family planning incentives and assistance, an increase of 1.68 billion yuan over the previous year; The central government invested 13.24 billion yuan, 750 million yuan more than the previous year.

　　Ma Jia is a teacher majoring in mathematics in a university in Beijing. This summer, he enrolled his daughter Ma Lu in a 12-day math extracurricular class. "In her daughter’s words, the most difficult questions in the extracurricular class are also simpler than the simplest ones she usually does at school." However, Ma Jia still insisted on letting her daughter go to this extracurricular class. "The mathematics learned at school is too difficult, so let the children find the confidence to do the problem here."

　　Ma Lu is studying in a good middle school, and the second day of junior high school is about to begin. This school is yearning for many parents because of its "difficult study" and "good grades in the senior high school entrance examination".

　　While attending classes in Ma Lu, in the adjacent classroom, Tao Qian, who just finished "Xiaoshengchu", was also attending math classes. "Many parents told me that math in primary schools is too simple. If I don’t study in the summer vacation, I can’t keep up with school." Tao Qian’s mother told the reporter of China Youth Daily and China Youth Network.

　　Same math, different troubles.

　　In fact, the troubles brought by mathematics to Chinese people in these years are by no means just these.

　　A few years ago, at the craziest time of choosing a school in junior high school, Olympiad was the most powerful "weapon" in choosing a school, so that many children were miserable when they learned it.

　　Later, the Olympiad became a "monster" and was banned again and again. Mathematics was also in the voice of reducing the burden and has been reducing the difficulty.

　　What followed was that China students’ scenery in the International Mathematical Olympiad was no longer there, and the champion who had won for many years was lost for four years.

　　Just as people questioned whether the difficulty of mathematics had dropped too much, just after the college entrance examination and senior high school entrance examination this year, there were media reports that the candidates were crying outside the examination room because the questions were too difficult.

　　Is mathematics difficult or easy? Should mathematics be more difficult or easier?

　　Some people say that China’s mathematics education has been swinging in recent years, and this swing seems to be unique to China: when a group of people shout "too easy", we seem to think that mathematics is easy and should be more difficult; When another group of people shouted "It’s too difficult", we seemed to think that mathematics was difficult and were busy reducing the difficulty.

　　On July 12th this year, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Natural Science Foundation of China jointly issued the "Work Plan on Strengthening Mathematical Science Research" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"), calling for strengthening mathematical science research and continuously and stably supporting basic mathematical science.

　　It is mentioned in the Plan that the strength of mathematics often affects the strength of a country, and almost all major discoveries are related to the development and progress of mathematics, which has become an indispensable and important support in the fields of aerospace, national defense security, biomedicine, information, energy, ocean, artificial intelligence, advanced manufacturing and so on.

　　The release of the document has played a decisive role in mathematics teaching, and some essential problems should be discussed more fully: how should mathematics education in primary and secondary schools develop? Can the swing from easy to difficult stop? The reporter of China Youth Daily and China Youth Network recently interviewed many experts in the industry, trying to make a more rational analysis of the current mathematics education in primary and secondary schools.

　　"shallow enough to make people want to cry"

　　Primary school mathematics is caught in the form of operation and visualization.

　　"I always emphasize that primary school mathematics must not be too operational and intuitive, and students should learn to think and recall problems." Liu Jiaxia, dean of the School of Primary Education of Beijing Institute of Education, said.

　　At one time, mathematics education in primary and secondary schools in China was famous for its difficulty. Many people may still remember the classic example: when an American adult is asked what 7×8 is, they will be very embarrassed to answer, "I’ll look for a calculator." And the same question, China grade two or three primary school students will basically blurt out.

　　While people are proud of China’s children’s solid mathematical foundation, they are also thinking about how memorizing the multiplication table of 1999 can really help a child’s mathematical study.

　　Some experts pointed out that mathematics learning should go through romantic period, accurate period and comprehensive period, while primary school learning is in romantic period, so that children can play and go to school.

　　As a result, in many places, primary school mathematics has not only increased the content of practical operation, but also the exams in the lower grades of primary schools have become a "music test". Many years ago, the exercises such as oral arithmetic competition and calculating the standard for 100 days have become rare.

　　"But in fact, this ‘ Play and learn ’ It is a higher realm, and the requirements for teachers are higher. " Liu Jiaxia said that not all grades of study must be ‘ Play and learn ’ , and not all knowledge is suitable for ‘ Play and learn ’ . Especially in the middle and senior grades of primary schools, we should not only operate and be intuitive, but also have reasoning, and some rational methods and training should keep up. "Although it is necessary for middle schools to reflect on refining the law after doing the questions, there will be difficulties in the connection of middle schools if there is no relevant training at all in the primary school stage."

　　Not long ago, there was a post on the Internet that caused a heated discussion. A teacher left homework in the parents’ WeChat group, saying: One of the math homework in the evening is hundreds of millions of grains of rice, so parents can urge their students to finish it and take it to school in food bags the next day. The group of parents immediately exploded. Some said, "If one grain counts, it will take a year." Some said, "Is this a brain teaser?" Others asked, "How can I get to school tomorrow?".

　　Although the case of hundreds of millions of grains of rice is too wonderful, the situation of being too formal and operating for the sake of operation can be seen everywhere in today’s primary school mathematics classroom.

　　Teacher Liu Jiaxia introduced that once she went to a division class in primary school. The example given by the teacher in class is 24÷2, which means that 24 is divided into two parts on average. How to divide it? The teacher led the students to divide the sticks, first one by one, then two by two, and then continue to divide them. "If you are a sophomore, this division is still meaningful, but the real difficulty in this class is the vertical division. This division is completely for the sake of division and operation." Liu Jiaxia said that the teacher should directly present: "two bundles of four", two bundles are two tens, and there are four left, and divide the "two bundles of four" equally. At this time, the children should be led to discuss why they should be divided into high positions first (that is, "bundles"), and then the high positions will be divided into low positions.

　　"Elementary school mathematics is so shallow that people want to cry." A primary school math teacher said that sometimes it is even required to teach students no more than two steps to solve problems.

　　Teacher Liu Jiaxia introduced that primary school students often use the "staring method" to solve problems: there is no need to draw pictures, discuss or question, and the answer is unique. There are only two steps at most, and you can know the answer by staring. "In fact, primary school mathematics should be easier to test, but it is slightly more difficult to learn. The difficulty is not to increase the difficulty of knowledge, but to expand students’ knowledge, to be more reasonable, and to tell the stories behind mathematics knowledge." Liu Jiaxia said, but now there is too much emphasis on operation and intuition, which makes many primary school math classes like teachers coaxing children to play.

　　不过有时候也不仅是老师哄着学生玩，学生也哄着老师玩。

　　“我们在实际教学中还有一个矛盾。”北京某小学的数学牛老师说，学习内容虽然简单，但是对老师的课堂教学过程还要求多样化。“我们经常在课堂上问：孩子们谁还有别的方法？谁还有问题？但这其实低估了孩子的智商，学习内容这么简单还能有多少方法？还能提出多少问题？”牛老师说，久而久之，学生们便配合着老师一起演。

　　老师哄着学生、学生哄着老师，学校里的学习氛围变得轻松了，这种轻松既无法满足聪明孩子的求知欲，同时也无法满足中国家长“不输在起跑线上”的期望，于是“不满足”的家长带着“吃不饱”的孩子进了课外班。

　　初一学初二的课程

　　超前学让中学数学陷入刷题的汪洋大海

　　小学阶段的数学太容易了，浪费了学生的智力。那么，中学呢？

　　有人说在中国最苦的学生就是中学生，因此最应该给中学生减负。

　　Many people feel that it is difficult to learn, so the burden is heavy, so to reduce the burden, we should reduce the difficulty. "There is actually no relationship between burden reduction and difficulty." Professor Zhao Xuezhi from the School of Mathematical Sciences of Capital Normal University said.

　　Today, great changes have taken place in the content of mathematics learning, and at the same time, the methods of mathematics have also changed. This change itself may bring a burden to students. "For example, we used to use derivation to do geometry problems, but now we will use vectors." Zhao Xuezhi said that vector has been debated by math teachers since the day it was introduced. Many people think that the introduction of vector destroys the joy that geometry brings to students when they finally draw a wonderful auxiliary line after trying to break their heads. Others regard the introduction of vectors as evidence that mathematics has reduced the difficulty.

　　"In fact, it is difficult to make a simple summary with difficulty." Zhao Xuezhi said that just like walking the same road, people used to walk, but later they changed to take a bus. Originally, walking and taking a bus would not add extra burden to people. But if you go out for a while and then drive back, then go and drive again, the burden will be heavy.

　　Experts pointed out that these problems encountered in the development of mathematics will disappear with the skilled use of tools and methods. In middle school, what really causes students’ heavy burden of mathematics learning is not the difficulty, but the advance — — That is to say, when teachers and students are not ready, they are in a hurry to catch up with the progress, which often causes teachers not to pay attention to the teaching process, while students are eating raw rice.

　　Ma Lu, who started school in Grade Two, began to learn the content of Grade Two in the next semester of Grade One. Ma Lu said that just because what she learned in school was fast and difficult, she had to "return to the furnace" in the extracurricular class during the summer vacation.

　　Learning ahead of time has become a very common phenomenon in middle school mathematics learning.

　　What knowledge is learned at what age is suitable for students’ cognitive characteristics at this stage. Learning ahead means that what they have learned is beyond students’ cognitive ability. In order to let students master knowledge, teachers usually practice a lot.

　　"Let’s take a simple example to see the relationship between learning ahead and the burden." Professor Zhao Xuezhi said that if we teach at an age consistent with students’ cognitive level, we only need to make it clear that 2 is bigger than 1, and then students can draw countless groups of comparisons by analogy. However, if students learn ahead of time, they can’t understand the relationship between comparisons. In order to let students master this knowledge, teachers will let students remember that 2 is bigger than 1, 3 is bigger than 2, and 4 is bigger than 3 … … "Exhausted and remember, this process is a process of massive practice. Can the burden on students be small?"

　　在这个过程中，数学教学培养的是学生的记忆力，而不是推断力。“数学的学习关键是掌握了原理，然后举一反三，而不在于你记住了哪些具体的知识。”赵学志说。

　　但是，在当前的很多中学，中考和高考分数仍然是教学的主要奋斗目标，在这种前提下老师们不是以更多的精力引导学生进行更多的思考，而是总结题型，追求题型的全覆盖，进而把学生扔进刷题的汪洋大海。学生的思辨能力、推理能力自然无法得到很好的训练。

　　今年高考之后，考生们被“难哭了一片”，很多人不禁怀疑：难道数学的难度又要提高了吗？其实，高考数学科目刚刚结束，教育部考试中心的命题专家就指出，2019年的数学试卷，在难度、区分度上都与前两年相当，只是更加强调考查学生的理性思维能力，综合运用数学思维方法分析问题、解决问题的能力。

　　The proposition expert specifically mentioned the Venus that made the candidates "frightened" and pointed out that this question is not to be difficult for students, but to "explore the beauty of the golden section of the human body and integrate aesthetic education into mathematics education." When the candidates calmed down and looked at this "Venus" again, they finally understood that "Venus" was only a narrative way of the topic, and the real mathematical knowledge had probably been learned in the sixth grade of primary school.

　　The difficulty of the college entrance examination has not increased, but the flexibility has increased, and the students who are tired of brushing the questions are at a loss.

　　Many experts pointed out that there is nothing wrong with the reform direction of mathematics education, and there is nothing wrong with reducing students’ burden. The crux of the problem is that professional things have not been entrusted to professional people.

　　An expert said that people will always mention the difficulty coefficient now, but in fact, the difficulty coefficient is an indicator of post-verification, and it is a monitoring indicator for the education management department to maintain the stability of the exam for a long time. "We don’t need to monitor the difficulty coefficient like monitoring blood sugar at all." Zhao Xuezhi said that the whole society and even ordinary people are concerned about talking about this coefficient, which can only increase anxiety, and it is easy to misread the changes of numbers, which in turn leads to unnecessary misunderstanding of mathematics education.

　　An expert suggested that the reform should be handed over to the education management department and teachers should be liberated from daily affairs, so that the mathematics classroom can return to rationality and mathematics can return to its original appearance. (Reporter Fan Weichen)

　　(At the request of the interviewee, Ma Jia, Ma Lu and Tao Qian are all pseudonyms.)