Most people don’t know about the scavengers. In fact, in reality, a large number of garbage cleaners living in urban gaps are not homogeneous groups, and their internal division of labor and stratification have already formed. A large number of scavengers still have the expectation of gradual accumulation and upward mobility. However, despite the existence of opportunities for social mobility, they are also very fragile. A natural and man-made disaster is enough to bring their decades of struggle back to the original point.

In a village in south-central Henan province, we have repeatedly heard that most people in the village and surrounding areas have gone out to collect waste products, and some villagers have made a fortune by collecting waste products, so we asked the village cadres to introduce a villager who has been scavenging for a long time and knows the whole waste purchasing industry. This is how we met Fang Zhenye. The 65-year-old Fang Zhenye started scavenging in the 1980s, and worked in the waste industry until 2010. In the past 30 years, he went from scavenging and collecting waste at a fixed point to running a waste collection station step by step, and every step was deeply branded with the change of urban-rural relations.

(A) missed the opportunity for development and embarked on the road of scavenging

Fang Zhenye is small and thin, but his eyes are alert, he is good at talking, and his expression is clear, his logic is strong, and he is not lacking in literary talent. It can be seen that he has a solid foundation in reading when he was young.

He graduated from junior high school in 1970, and then worked as a farmer at home for one or two years. He joined the army in the second half of 1972 and worked as a soldier in Chengdu for four years. In 1975, he became the first batch of party member to join the Party, and soon became the monitor. In the fourth year of the army, he joined the cadre teaching team with excellent performance. This means that being trained with emphasis is very likely to stay in the army in the future, with broad prospects, but it has lost the opportunity by mistake. Fang Zhenye’s fiancee was not at ease at that time, fearing that she would not want to be herself after her high level, so she went to Fang Zhen’s industrial home. Unexpectedly, she just got sick there and sent a telegram to him at home, so the army asked her to treat her. Fang Zhenye was in the coaching team at that time, and was talked to by his superiors. What the army meant was that Fang Zhenye’s lover was sick and would be a drag in the future, so he could not be trained any more. He missed the development opportunity, retired and returned home.

In 1977, after returning home, Fang Zhenye continued to farm until 1985, when he began to go out to pick up rubbish. One of the main reasons for his going out is to avoid the fine of family planning. He was fined 120 yuan that year because of his super-life. Because of his limited agricultural income, he couldn’t pay the fine, so he had to find a way to hide out.

At first, Fang Zhenye, who had just returned from the army, could not pull his face down to collect junk. However, for the sake of the family’s life, he had to put down his figure and embark on this road without too high cost. He said that at that time, in order to avoid the embarrassment of meeting acquaintances, he pulled a rickshaw out early every morning and went home until he could not see anyone at night. In this way, I secretly scavenged from 1985 to 1992. At that time, the income of scavenging was 5 yuan a day, much higher than the salaries of teachers and village cadres, and the local people’s views gradually changed. By this time, 50% of the villagers had devoted themselves to scavenging.

(2) Going out to pick up rubbish: being taken in for deportation.

In order to check the scrap market, Fang Zhenye lived in Anyang’s younger brother’s house for ten days in 1992. His brother is a college student and his sister-in-law is the head nurse. After living in his brother’s house for ten days, he felt very uncomfortable. He was afraid of being looked down upon by his brother, especially his sister-in-law, so he finally gave up Anyang and went to Luoyang with his relatives in a rage. After staying in Luoyang for three months, he collected waste products wholeheartedly. Fang Zhenye said that he was not so ashamed at that time. After returning from Luoyang, he stayed at home for more than 20 days, found five or six relatives with the same temper, and went to Dalian together. Dalian is a main battlefield for many local villagers to collect waste products. Until now, some villagers still do waste products business in Dalian.

Fang Zhenye’s memory of Dalian is not good. He said, "Dalian people and Henan people have different personalities, and they are violent, especially those who pick up junk." During his stay in Dalian, he was often injured, as were several people who went with him. After staying in Dalian for about half a year, five or six people who went with him came back one after another, and Fang Zhenye himself came back. During his six months in Dalian, Fang Zhenye was taken in for three times. Generally, the police station is involved in the management. When you arrive at the police station, you will be beaten first, and then you will be sent to the detention and repatriation station overnight at most. Before you send it, you must make a statement that you will never accept waste again and will never be here again. Then the detention and repatriation station will use the money of the deported people to buy train tickets and send them to the train. Only when the train starts will the person in charge of repatriation leave. Fang Zhen escaped from the shelter twice, once was sent home, stayed for five days and went to Dalian. The reason why they want to escape is that they can’t go to their residence to get their luggage and certificates when they are caught in the police station and sent directly from the police station to the detention and repatriation station. The first two times, because someone paid for bail, it usually takes 500-600 yuan to get bail; At that time, the income from collecting waste products was only 200-300 yuan a month. "If you come out for a month or two and get caught again, it will be finished." The third time, they were sent back because Dalian wanted to clean up the foreign population. Fang Zhenye said that his ID card and discharge certificate were lost this time, not to mention money and clothes. Fang Zhenye was very angry because he lost his discharge certificate, because it could not be reissued.Later, when he received the retirement allowance, he did not have a retirement certificate and was not recognized. Being repatriated, Fang Zhenye had no choice but to return to his hometown.

Fang Zhenye mentioned that at that time, some people in the village went out to work, and every year when they came back during the Spring Festival, people got together to discuss what they could do to make money. He said, "(At that time) officials earned more than 100 yuan a month, village cadres and primary school teachers earned a few dollars a month, and garbage collectors earned 500 yuan a month, making more money than county heads." Under such circumstances, after discussion, everyone still feels that it is more reliable to collect waste products. "After coming back (from Dalian), I was tempted by money and wanted to go, but I was afraid." At this time, Fang Zhenye’s lover discussed with her husband that she went to Dalian to collect waste products, and her husband took care of the children and cultivated the land at home. She thought, "When a woman is outside, people will have some sympathy, at least not being beaten." In this way, his wife went to Dalian and collected waste products in Dalian for nearly a year until Fang Zhenye was introduced to Beijing through another relative. In 1994, Fang Zhenye and his wife went to Beijing with their 17-year-old son. Since then, from 1994 to 2011, Fang Zhen’s family has been collecting waste products in Beijing. Despite the difficulties, relying on his hard work, luck and intelligence, Fang Zhenye opened up a situation in Beijing and experienced many twists and turns.

(3) The golden age of scavengers: "If you can pick up junk for three years, you will not give it to a county magistrate."

When I first arrived in Beijing, it was difficult to find a stable place to stay. At that time, for the sake of safety, the neighborhood Committee refused to let waste collectors in. Fang Zhenye managed to find a community to help the community clean up and take care of bicycles for free. They start cleaning at 3: 00 a.m. every day. By 7: 00 a.m. before breakfast, the day’s cleaning work has been finished. During the day, they collect waste products without wasting time. From 1994 to 1995, it took a year or so for Fang Zhenye’s family to be gradually recognized by the community and basically settled down from 1995.

When Fang Zhenye’s family first arrived in this community, they were careful everywhere and spent a lot of time on building good relations with the residents of the community. During the wheat harvest season in 1994, Fang Zhenye didn’t let his eldest son go back to his hometown to harvest with him, let him stay in that community to continue his work, and specially told his son not to be too busy collecting waste products and to do a good job for others. The eldest son is sensible, does a good job, and looks likable. The old lady in the neighborhood Committee likes this child, so Fang Zhenye and his family live in the community, and the waste products are also given to them directly. For Fang Zhenye’s family to live in, the neighborhood committee cleared out the small house where the garbage truck used to be, and built another shed to store the garbage truck. So this small house of about 8 square meters became the residence of Fang Zhenye’s family, and they lived there for ten years. Fang Zhenye said, "All my three sons grew up in that community."

Fang Zhenye told his son that he must have a good relationship with people. "We are at the bottom, and people are superior. Standing in front of people, people are too dirty. How can we have contact with people? I can only help people. " Fang Zhenye’s neighborhood is the family building of the municipal party committee. He said, "The heads of all units are there, the director, the manager and the manager. Officials have a characteristic: they are willing to pay, but unwilling to contribute. He didn’t take the flowerpot, rice and a few pounds of things, so let’s take them. We have sent more (times), and when he comes down from upstairs, there will be waste or food. If we are not here, they will put the food directly on our booth. " Fang Zhenye said that at that time, half of their food was sent by residents. For him, this solved their big problem. Several sons are big boys, and they can’t cook, and they can’t cook where they live.

There are about 1000 households in this community. The waste products that Fang Zhenye collected and sold at that time ranged from paper, cartons and cans to waste plastics, scrap copper and iron. At that time, they can easily get a net income of two or three hundred yuan a month. If they are lucky, their net income can be five or six hundred yuan a month. Therefore, in the mid-1990s, there was a popular saying in Henan, "You can pick up rags for three years and give them to a county magistrate." The peak of the whole waste purchasing industry was from 1994 to 2000. In the early 1990s, the income from collecting waste products was 200-300 yuan per month, and in the mid-1990s, it reached 400-500 yuan per month. At the same time, the monthly salary of a secretary of a township party committee was only over 100 yuan, and that of a teacher was only a few dollars.

From the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, there were two main ways to collect waste products. One is not fixed, commonly known as "garbage pickers". These people carry a bag with a stick and walk around the streets. Such people account for the majority of the people who collect waste products. The other is to collect waste products at fixed points, which must be recognized by neighborhood committees and residents. The number is very small, and Fang Zhenye belongs to this category.

Fang Zhenye explained that although he started to buy in the community in 1995, he completely occupied the community after 1997. In the second half of 1997, Fang Zhen returned to his hometown to build a house. When he returned to Beijing in 1998, it was no longer an open community, and all communities were fenced off. During this period, because it is easy to make money by collecting waste products, people from all walks of life collect them. "The more people collect, the more things there are, and the less income there is. Young people with brains have begun to take crooked ways and steal. " Fang Zhenye said that the construction of a closed residential area was planned by Beijing in a unified way, and the house in his residential area and security room was built by his father and son. From the beginning of building a closed community, it became possible for a community to be contracted by one or two, and then it gradually evolved into a later type of waste acquisition-"package community" to collect waste.

As for Zhenye, although his community was closed in 1997, at that time he still cleaned the community for free in exchange for not paying the contract fee. However, by around 2000, residents began to realize that all waste collectors were rich, and some residents suggested, "Don’t look at junk collectors, they are rich, and they have to bleed." Fang Zhenye said, "At first, residents regarded waste collectors as beggars, but they were woken up at night and closed the windows." Later, it was found that it was not easy to collect waste products, and it was also interesting to sell waste products (for us). We were not allowed to collect sanitation at night, and we could not collect sanitation before 5 am. " From then on, people who collect waste products at fixed points like Fang Zhenye began to pay a certain contract fee to the neighborhood committee.

The change of the status of scavengers is actually hidden in the anxiety of urban people caused by social stratification. Scavengers originally lived in the gap of the city and were sympathized by the city people. However, with the changes in the city in the 1990s and the rising income of scavengers, they began to become a threat to the urban middle class with increasingly unstable status and uncertain future.

(four) the restructuring of state-owned enterprises, laid-off workers and the expulsion of scavengers

After 2000, another more important change has taken place in the waste collection industry, because at this time, a large number of urban workers were laid off due to the restructuring of state-owned enterprises, making urban cleaning an important channel for the employment placement of "4050 personnel", and the scavengers who had existed in the urban gap must make way at this time. For the other zhenye, the change began with the change of the neighborhood Committee. Since 2001, college students have started to work in neighborhood committees, while old ladies who used to work in neighborhood committees have to retire if they are over 55 years old. After six months’ training in street offices, college students who have just graduated from university will go to work in neighborhood committees. Around 2004, the director and deputy director of the neighborhood Committee who had been dealing with Fang Zhenye for many years were replaced. In less than three months, things changed.

One day, the new college student director came to talk to Fang Zhenye about the new policy of the community. When talking about this, Fang Zhenye pondered for a long time before he thought of the word that made him very headache at that time: "standard". He said, "I can’t even hear the word, and my head is big when I hear it." The director of the neighborhood Committee came to express two meanings. First, the community work should be "standardized" now, and booth fees should be charged for those who collect waste products; To clean up the sanitation, a special cleaning company should be set up, and it should be cleaned in a fixed period of time during the day. "Even if it is cleaned up before 7 o’clock in the morning, the leaves will come down again when it is windy during the day. Let the residents see the cleaning staff cleaning up. If you collect sanitation at night, the residents will only see that you are collecting waste. " Second, if there are unemployed people in this community who can’t find jobs, they should replace the original cleaning staff and give priority to the unemployed people in this community. Fang Zhenye said, "What community college students explain is that’ cleaning staff’ and’ cleaning’ are to ensure cleanliness at any time. You look at this explanation, so you say,’ Those who work hard rule people, and those who work hard rule people’. "

Soon, the new regulations will be implemented. Fang Zhenye said, "As a reason for arranging unemployed people, we were cleared out. But suddenly clear us out, what should I do? " He went to several old ladies to intercede, but several people said that it was no good and must be "standardized". When Fang Zhenye was worried, the residents who had arranged to take over his work came to see him. "I said what you should do, I won’t hold you up. I’ll leave as soon as I find a place. He said he wouldn’t do (cleaning). I understood after listening to his words. I asked,’ Do you sell (this job)?’ Finally, we agreed that I would give him money and I would continue to do my original work. "Unexpectedly, one day not long after, the residents’ committee suddenly gave Fang Zhenye a good lecture and forced him to leave. Fang Zhenye said, "At that time, college students were very fierce. If they were angry, they would get angry. If they said, you would slap you!" In desperation, Fang Zhenye can only find another way out.

(5) From scavengers to "waste recyclers": paying money to "package the community"

From 2004 to 2008, Fang Zhenye and his son were employed by the cleaning department of another residential property to clean up the garbage, and their salary was 700 yuan/month. Fang Zhenye proposed to the property department that he didn’t want a salary, as long as he was allowed to collect sanitation and clear away the waste. At that time, their gross income from selling waste products could reach 5,000 yuan a month, which was handed over to the property 1000 yuan.

Fang Zhenye said that cleaning up garbage is a work that requires experience, and not everyone can do it well. At that time, in the residential area where he lived, each building had 28 floors, each floor had a garbage room, and the garbage of 12 households on each floor was put in the garbage room. At 8 o’clock in the morning, the cleaning staff carried out the garbage with the bag of the trash can and collected it layer by layer. Because there is a distance from the garbage room to the elevator, and garbage bags often contain soy sauce bottles, vinegar bottles, leftovers, etc., inexperienced employees often delay time because of garbage leakage, which also makes residents dissatisfied. According to the regulations of the property department, the cleaning staff in the learning stage need to collect a building within 2 hours. Mature employees can take it in 80 minutes, and high-tech employees can take it in 50 minutes. Fang Zhenye usually comes down within an hour, so although someone else has changed in the middle of the property to collect it, he finally had to bring Fang Zhenye back because of complaints from residents.

From Fang Zhenye’s point of view, there are several principles for choosing what kind of community to enter. The first is to see whether there are more commodity buildings or family buildings in the community. The income of purchasers in commodity buildings is twice as much as that in family buildings, because all the people living in commodity buildings are rich. The second is to see how many doors are opened in this community. The more doors there are, the more uneconomical it is, because the more doors there are, the more people from outside will come in to collect waste products. The third is to look at the number of households. Fang Zhenye and his fellow villagers once discussed a general rule that people who buy waste products can earn an average of 1 yuan from each household every day.

Since the closure of the community and the standardization of waste purchase, the "waste recyclers" in the community have been managed by the property department and paid contract fees to the property. With the increasingly fierce competition for scrap purchase, the property keeps raising the contract fee. Fang Zhenye said that according to the current market, in a community of about 10,000 people, the waste recyclers have to pay 70,000 yuan to the property a year.

(6) A short turnaround under the economic crisis: renting a waste collection station.

After the 2008 Olympic Games, the economic crisis suddenly appeared in the second half of the year. Fang Zhenye said that at that time, some waste collection stations lost hundreds of thousands at once. A waste collection station usually needs millions of dollars, and the collection station usually stores a certain amount of waste before selling it. The sudden economic crisis has caused these collection stations with hundreds of thousands of goods to lose a lot of money at one time. Some people are buying stations operated by loans, but they can’t see hope, and they are also urged to pay debts. Just in the area where Fang Zhenye is located, three people who run buying stations committed suicide, all from Gushi County, Henan Province.

With many years of industry experience, Fang Zhenye has a keen grasp and analysis ability of information. After the economic crisis, the price of waste products fell to the bottom in the second half of 2008. At this time, Fang Zhenye, who had a good idea of the situation, spent all his money, borrowed some money, raised about 300,000 yuan, and rented a purchasing station with his three sons to do the business of scrap copper and aluminum. He believes that under the circumstances at that time, the price of waste products can no longer go down, and it will definitely pick up. As expected, after the end of 2008, the price of waste really began to pick up. The rent of the purchasing station contracted by Fang Zhenye at that time was 4,000 yuan/month. If it is well managed, the monthly net income can be more than 6,000 yuan; General management, net income is only 2000 yuan.

After more than two years of running the acquisition station, the economic crisis appeared again. Fang Zhenye said that when he saw the falling oil price, he quickly withdrew. According to his many years’ experience, if the price of oil rises, the price will rise; When oil prices fall, prices will also fall, and the waste business will also weaken. With such keen judgment and analytical ability, Fang Zhenye has not suffered a big loss in the acquisition of waste products, and has avoided big price fluctuations. Until returning to his hometown, Fang Zhenye has been paying attention to the market of the waste industry, but the market has been bad in recent years, so he has never made another shot. He estimated that he would never do the junk business again.

(7) Sudden storms: Cancer has exhausted years of savings.

In the second half of 2010, Fang Zhenye’s wife had a stomachache, and it was diagnosed as duodenal cancer. She stayed in a hospital in Beijing for more than 20 days and spent more than 40,000 yuan, but the hospital did not study for 3 or 4 weeks. Finally, Fang Zhen was asked to take a living specimen to the cancer hospital for testing, and the result of the test was that it was likely to become cancerous, so the hospital asked them to transfer to another hospital quickly.

In the Spring Festival of 2010, Fang Zhenye took his wife home for the New Year and returned to Beijing for treatment the following year. He spent tens of thousands of yuan, through various relationships, transferred to a hospital where a fellow villager was the vice president. According to the situation at that time, if you don’t have surgery, your wife will have a life span of up to 3 years; If you have an operation, you may die on the operating table, but you may also survive. If you live for another 20 or 30 years, doctors are 75% sure. What my wife means is that if it is only 10,000 yuan, I will have an operation. If it is more than 10,000 yuan, I will not do it. Several sons could not make a decision, and finally Fang Zhenye made a decision and had an operation. It cost nearly 0.2 million/200 thousand before and after, and finally it survived. Fang Zhenye said that before his wife got sick, he had more than 100,000 yuan in his hand. At that time, he had planned to buy a house for his son in the suburbs of Beijing. As a result, his wife’s illness almost spent the original savings.

Fang Zhenye and his wife withdrew from the waste industry. After returning to their hometown, their sons still made a living outside, but they stopped doing waste business. The eldest son bought a big truck and transported muck for more than a year. The second son, together with his daughter-in-law, contracted the sanitation of a hotel. The third son set up a grocery store in Dalian. Because he just started to open a store, he was not familiar with it. He bought fakes and was cheated. After more than two years, he lost 50,000 to 60,000 yuan. This year, he just started to turn around.

A scene in Agnès Varda’s gleaner (the picture has nothing to do with it)

Fang Zhenye’s story is only the corner of the joys and sorrows of countless scavengers in Henan Province, but it is also clearly marked by major social changes such as the detention and repatriation system and the reform of state-owned enterprises. The changes in urban-rural relations have shaped a major turning point in the life of scavengers.Fang Zhenye, who locates himself at the bottom of society,In fact, both IQ and EQ are extremely high. After years of hard work in the waste purchase market, you can accurately grasp the situation, analyze the market and make timely moves. What he lacks is just a little luck. In Henan, a region with a large population and scarce resources, there are many people with outstanding abilities, but they just lack opportunities. Occasionally, a few lucky people can achieve social mobility and get rid of the "bottom" label.

In this village of nearly 4,000 people where Fang Zhenye is located, among the 10 households with an annual income of more than 1 million (about 1% of all households in the village), 3 households started from scrap purchase, and now they run their own scrap purchase market; Of the more than 30 households (accounting for about 3% of all households in the village) with an annual income of 500-1 million, about 10 households are engaged in the work related to waste purchase, mainly engaged in waste processing or second-hand goods business, and some of them later switched from other industries to waste industry. That is to say, about a quarter of the nearly 50 households with the highest income of 5% in the village are engaged in waste-related work, accounting for about 1% in the village, and some of them did not start from the waste industry, but invested in the accumulation of other industries. Compared with that year, nearly 90% of the people in the village were involved in collecting waste products, but less than 1% completely changed their fate. The social mobility of scavengers is really difficult.

Even with high IQ and high EQ, such as Fang Zhenye, he survived the squeeze of the laid-off tide and avoided the impact of the economic crisis, but he still returned to the original point because of a serious illness of his family. Although all three sons grew up in urban communities, it is still difficult for them to stay in cities, and the hope of intergenerational mobility is still unknown.

(The name in the article is a pseudonym. )

CCTV News:　On 14th local time, the Federal Reserve opened a two-day monetary policy meeting, and will announce the resolution of the meeting on 15th. As the United States is facing the worst inflation situation in 40 years, the market’s expectation of the Fed’s aggressive interest rate hike is heating up. Many major banks and investment banks, such as JPMorgan Chase and Wells Fargo, generally expect that the Federal Reserve will announce a 75 basis point interest rate hike to curb inflation soaring again. This may also be the largest rate hike by the Federal Reserve since 1994.

In March this year, the Federal Reserve raised the target range of the federal funds rate by 25 basis points from the level close to zero, which started the tightening cycle to curb inflation. At the beginning of May, the Federal Reserve announced another 50 basis points interest rate hike, and hinted that it might raise interest rates by 50 basis points each time in June, July and September this year.
　　　　　　 More and more economists believe that the Fed takes more radical measures to deal with inflation, and the risk of the US economy falling into recession is rising.

The Fed’s last round of interest rate hikes and contraction caused heavy losses in emerging economies.

It is not alarmist for the Federal Reserve to harvest the world and consolidate American financial hegemony by raising interest rates.

The Federal Reserve started the last round of interest rate hike cycle in December 2015. By the end of 2018, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates nine times. During this period, the Fed also launched a plan to reduce its balance sheet to gradually withdraw from the loose monetary policy introduced after the financial crisis. Under the impact of the Fed’s continuous interest rate hike and table contraction, the liquidity of the US dollar continues to tighten around the world, and many emerging economies and some developing countries have experienced different degrees of local currency depreciation, capital outflows and economic setbacks.

In order to consider the interests of the United States and curb inflation, the Federal Reserve started a new round of interest rate hike cycle in December 2015, and raised interest rates four times in 2018, and the US dollar index rose sharply. At the same time, in October 2017, the Federal Reserve officially launched the table reduction plan to reduce its super-large balance sheet, and the market currency circulation decreased. The dual role of raising interest rates and shrinking the balance sheet has caused emerging market countries with high external financing needs to bear the brunt and suffer heavy losses.

In 2018, the exchange rate of Argentina’s national currency peso against the US dollar fell by 50.56%, and the inflation rate reached 47.6%, the highest in 27 years. In order to curb the devaluation of the peso, the Argentine government had to seek financial assistance from the International Monetary Fund. In June 2018, it finally reached a loan agreement of 50 billion US dollars to make up for the fiscal deficit and stabilize the exchange rate.

The Brazilian currency, the real, also continued to depreciate in 2018. Although the intervention of the Brazilian central bank led to a rapid decline in the exchange rate, it still failed to reverse the reality that the real depreciated by 20% against the US dollar.

Due to the massive outflow of capital and the deterioration of the balance of payments, the expectation of exchange rate depreciation continued to strengthen. In August 2018, there was a currency crisis in Turkey, and the lira exchange rate plummeted by more than 30%, which led to a slowdown in investment and consumption, and the prices of daily consumer goods and energy rose sharply.

Market analysts pointed out that when the quantitative easing monetary policy was implemented in the United States, a large amount of funds flowed to emerging market countries, which fostered local currency and asset bubbles to varying degrees. However, the Fed’s interest rate hike caused a large amount of funds to flow back to the United States, the global monetary tightening, and a large amount of funds from emerging market countries, which triggered exchange rate turmoil and even led to currency crisis or financial crisis. However, the "shrinking table" policy adopted by the United States is to "pump water" from the "reservoir" of the financial market. In the highly leveraged environment of the American financial system, its lethality is even greater, leading to the loss of investor confidence and the bursting of the financial asset bubble. Through these operations, the United States absorbs the high-quality assets of emerging economies, passes on its own crisis, and easily "shears wool".

[Global Network Comprehensive Report] According to US media reports on February 22, the new Volvo XC90 was released on the 22nd. The car’s exterior and interior have undergone minor changes, as well as power system and energy efficiency upgrades.

Russell Datz, a Volvo spokesperson, has confirmed that the new XC90 will go on sale later this year as a 2020 model year and that the new powertrain will not be available in the early US market. Other market models will be equipped with a new braking-by-wire system, which includes a kinetic energy recovery function. The mild hybrid system works with Volvo’s existing internal combustion engine to recover lost energy during braking. Volvo expects the system to improve fuel economy by 15 per cent and reduce emissions from the XC90 by 15 per cent.

Volvo will mark the new powertrains with a "B". Other market models outside the US will be available in gasoline or diesel versions of the XC90 B5, or B6 petrol models. Volvo says these powertrains will eventually become standard for the brand.

It is not clear when the new powertrain will be available on US models, but the existing T8 powertrain has increased its battery capacity from 10.4 to 11.6kwh. Worldwide, the T6 and T8 powertrains with 2.0-liter turbocharged and supercharged inline-4-cylinder engines also feature braking-by-wire technology similar to the B5 engine. Volvo says the new car’s range has also increased by 15%. The T8 powertrain can now deliver 420 horsepower, compared to 400 horsepower previously. But Datz says the only change on US models is the larger battery size, while the T6 and T8 powertrains have not yet changed.

In terms of appearance, the 2020 XC90 features a new grille design, new wheels, and new exterior color options. In terms of interior, the new car is equipped with a new luxury wool blend trim and new leather seats. The car is available in six- and seven-seat versions.

Active safety features include a blind spot monitor and automatic steering auxiliary features for the pedestrian detection system. In addition, the new car is equipped with a lane deflection reminder function to help relieve lane traffic pressure.

The 2020 XC90 will begin production at the Torslanda plant in Sweden this May.

(Internship Compiler: Li Yumin, Reviewer: Liu Yang)

　　Recently, Bai Yansong’s interview with Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, broadcast by the multi-language radio and television of the General Station and new media, has aroused great concern in the international media, including Russia, the United States, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Albania, Serbia, India, Turkey, Iran, Nigeria, Qatar, Pakistan, Indonesia, etc.

　　Among them, the relevant news materials compiled and distributed by the International Video News Agency of the reception desk were quoted by 29 TV stations in 17 countries and regions, including the news channel of all-Russian radio and television company, XHDTV TV station in the United States, Al Araby TV station in Britain, Club-RTL TV station in Belgium, RTL TV station in the Netherlands, RTL TV station in Luxembourg, SIC TV station in Portugal, independent TV station in Portugal, Spanish national TV station, SBS TV station in Australia, Al Jazeera TV station in Qatar and Astro Gorgeous TV station in Malaysia, with a total broadcast of 199 times. In addition, Hong Kong Wen Wei Po, Hong Kong Ta Kung Pao and other Chinese media have also been widely forwarded.

　　According to the report, the World Health Organization defined the epidemic as an international public health emergency on January 30, which was a warning to the world. Unfortunately, many countries did not pay attention to early warning, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths, which could have been avoided. Some people are accusing China of being the source of the epidemic, but the accusation is useless and untrue. What we really need to do is to calm down and cooperate with the China municipal government to understand the epidemic situation, so as to do everything possible to ensure that the epidemic situation will not come back. China himself did not want to see the outbreak of the epidemic, nor should he be responsible for it.

　　Mainstream national television stations have forwarded relevant reports.

　　XHDTV, American Spanish TV station: Horton said that many countries did not pay attention to the epidemic information obtained in January.

　　XHDTV, a Spanish television station in the United States, directly quoted Horton’s same period in the news material released by the International Video News Agency: "In the last week of January, we already knew about these situations, but most western countries, such as the United States, wasted the whole time in February and early March, which was a man-made tragedy in COVID-19. China doctors, scientists and world scientists cooperated, and we got this information in January, but other countries in the world did not pay attention to this information. "

　　British AI Araby TV: The editor-in-chief of The Lancet said that the world should work together to prevent and control the epidemic.

　　British Al Araby TV station quoted the news material released by the International Video News Agency as saying that China CCTV broadcasted an interview with Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, and compared the differences between China and the United States in responding to the epidemic. Horton said: "China’s decision to block Wuhan shows that the China government has taken decisive action in the face of an emergency."

　　Spanish national television: The person in charge of The Lancet said that "the most important thing now is to work together to eliminate the virus threat."

　　The International Channel, News Channel and Channel 1 of Spanish national television released reports entitled "Interview with Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet: Regret that the virus dispute has turned into a political struggle" and "Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet: China’s scientific development has reached the world’s leading level" respectively. According to the report, the head of the famous British medical magazine The Lancet said that the most important thing now is to work together to eliminate the virus threat.

　　Spanish national television news channel (Canal 24 Horas)↓

　　TVE Internacional)↓

　　Portuguese Independent Television News Channel (TVI 24)

　　Portugal’s independent television news channel (TVI 24) quoted Horton’s same period in the news material released by the international video news agency: "Western countries think that this virus can spread among people and protect us after causing domestic group immunity, but in fact this is a serious misjudgment."

　　Portugal SIC TV integrated channel ↓

　　Australian SBS TV: The editor-in-chief of The Lancet said that "it is a pity that the virus battle has turned into a political struggle."

　　The head of The Lancet, a famous British medical journal, said that he regretted that countries such as China and the United States were having geopolitical discussions on coronavirus, and the most important thing now was to work together to eliminate the virus threat.

　　Russian Business Consulting Television (RBC TV) reported "The Lancet"〉Editor-in-Chief: Western countries pay little attention to the epidemic.

　　The news channel of all-Russian national television broadcasting corporation (Rossiya 24) directly quoted Horton’s same period in the news material released by the international video news agency: "China does not want to see the outbreak of the epidemic, nor should it be responsible for it. But things have happened. Doctors and scientists in China have made the most outstanding contributions. They have given advice to the government, treated patients and protected the lives of China citizens. Unfortunately, some people accuse China of being the source of the spread of the epidemic. In fact, the accusation is useless and not true. "

　　Iranian English News TV:Horton accused western countries of turning a blind eye.

　　Press TV quoted the news material published by the international video news agency as saying that Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of the medical magazine The Lancet, accused the western countries of turning a blind eye: "In the last week of January, we already knew about these situations, but most western countries, such as the United States, wasted the whole February and early March, which is a man-made tragedy." Horton praised China’s response to the epidemic, saying that it has done better than other countries. Horton believes that China’s rapid and decisive response is due to the experience of SARS, and that China has the scientific strength and medical ability to deal with the epidemic.

　　

　　Belgium Club-RTL/Kidz-RTL TV Station ↓

　　Dutch RTL 5 TV station ↓

　　Luxembourg RTL TV ↓

　　Al Jazeera Balkans)↓

　　Astro Wah Lai Toi, Malaysia & Darr;

　　Newspapers, websites, radio stations and other media in mainstream countries have also reported on the interview.

　　Russian media:"Virus conspiracy theory" is ridiculous.

　　The Russian newspaper, the organ of the Russian state government, published a report entitled "Richard Horton said that the conspiracy theory on the origin of the virus is ridiculous". According to the report, in response to rumors such as "virus conspiracy theory", Horton said that these statements are very ridiculous, but we should also pay attention to them. The "virus conspiracy theory" is not good for fighting the epidemic. We must understand the origin of the virus and study it with a scientific attitude.

　　Newsvideo, a mainstream Russian news website, published reports entitled "Horton, Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet: China’s scientific development SARS reached the leading level in the world" and "Horton, Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet: China’s experience is to make quick and decisive decisions". According to the report, doctors and scientists in China have made the most outstanding contributions, and leaders of some countries criticized China, which is unfair and wrong. We should thank doctors and scientists in China for fighting the epidemic. "

　　The German website of European Times published a report entitled "Covid-19: Editor-in-Chief The Lancet criticizes conspiracy theories".

　　It is reported that Dr Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, a British medical journal, criticized the conspiracy theory against COVID-19 virus. In a video conversation with CCTV, Horton called the "virus conspiracy theory" ridiculous. We must understand the origin of the virus and study it with a scientific attitude, and we must not let such conspiracy theories disturb our thinking. The negative impact caused by such conspiracy theories is very serious.

　　Italian Daily: "The Lancet"〉The editor-in-chief accepted an exclusive interview: Thanks to China’s efforts in fighting the epidemic, international cooperation is crucial.

　　The article quoted Horton’s statement in an interview with the main station. Horton said that the decision made by the China government in the face of the epidemic emergency was very decisive, giving the world time to respond, and we should thank China for this. He pointed out that some people accused China of being the source of the epidemic, which was useless and untrue. In recent months, the whole world has been fighting against two kinds of epidemics, one caused by viruses and the other by false information. Finally, he stressed that the most important thing to deal with the epidemic is the cooperation among countries. We need to join hands with our Chinese colleagues to invest in global medical scientific research, which is a very important goal after the epidemic.

　　Japanese media: Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, refuted "conspiracy theory of virus origin" and "responsibility theory"

　　On May 2nd, Record China, the largest Japanese China information portal, published an article entitled "Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, refutes" conspiracy theory on the origin of virus "and" responsibility theory ". According to the report, Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, said that it is useless and untrue to accuse China of being the source of the epidemic, and China has many experiences worth learning from the world.

　　The Japanese video portal "Oricon" published an article entitled "The editor-in-chief of" The Lancet "thinks that the epidemic discussion should not be regarded as a part of geopolitical struggle". According to the report, Horton said that the COVID-19 epidemic is a common problem faced by mankind and should not be regarded as a part of geopolitical struggle.

　　South Korea’s "Asian Economy" website: Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, responds to "conspiracy theory of virus origin" and "responsibility theory"

　　The report quoted Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, as saying in an interview that the China government decided to block Wuhan in the face of an emergency. By blocking Wuhan, China allowed the world time to deal with the epidemic, which was not only the right decision, but also showed other countries how to deal with the urgent threat of the epidemic. We should thank China for its efforts in fighting the epidemic in Wuhan.

　　Official website RTSH, Albanian National Radio and Television Station: On the Origin of China’s Counterattack Virus.

　　The report focuses on Horton’s opposition to "the theory of virus origin" and "the theory of China’s responsibility" and his support for experts and medical workers in China, and emphasizes that the world should thank China for its positive actions and support China to make more cooperative voices in its post-epidemic work.

　　Indian media:The "conspiracy theory of virus origin" is untenable.

　　On May 3rd, official website, a mainstream Indian newspaper, forwarded a report entitled "The conspiracy theory of virus origin is untenable" by the Hindi Department of the reception desk. Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of the internationally renowned medical magazine The Lancet, said in an interview with the reception desk that "the conspiracy theory of virus origin" and "the responsibility theory" were nonsense and totally untenable.

　　Horton was quoted as saying that China’s blockade of Wuhan gave the rest of the world time to respond to the COVID-19 epidemic. Therefore, we should thank China for its efforts to fight the epidemic. However, the behavior of some western politicians is disappointing. They not only spread the "conspiracy theory of virus origin", but also criticize other countries or organizations without foundation. We should thank the doctors and scientists in China who fought the epidemic. Facing the epidemic, the international community should unite and cooperate.

　　The website of Daily Bells, the mainstream Tamil media in India, reported that the editor-in-chief of The Lancet said that a scientific investigation should be conducted on the origin of the virus.

　　Indian WION News Channel reported that Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of British medical magazine The Lancet, said that western countries ignored the warning of Covid-19 pandemic issued as early as January.

　　Kazakhstan’s national economic weekly, Kazakhstan Industrial News: The Lancet’s editor-in-chief accepts an exclusive interview with Bai Yansong; Richard Horton: The conspiracy theory on the origin of the virus is ridiculous.

　　Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, said that doctors and scientists in the United States have done a very good job in dealing with the epidemic, but what disappointed him was American politicians, who advocated conspiracy theories, supported some treatments without clear evidence, and publicly criticized other countries or organizations.

　　Turkish Economic Observer Network: Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, called conspiracy theories related to the source of the virus ridiculous.

　　According to the report, Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, pointed out that the decision of the China government to "blockade" Wuhan was very decisive in the face of an emergency. By "blocking" Wuhan, China has given countries around the world time to deal with the epidemic. This is not only the right decision, but also shows other countries how to deal with the urgent threat of the epidemic. Horton believes that China should be thanked for its efforts in fighting the epidemic.

　　At present, there are some people in the world who accuse China of being the source of the COVID-19 epidemic. Horton said that this accusation is useless and untrue. What we really need to do is to calm down and cooperate with the government of China, and do everything possible to ensure that the epidemic will not come back. China doesn’t want to see the outbreak, and it shouldn’t be responsible for it.

　　Iranian media: "lancet》The editor-in-chief called the conspiracy theory about the origin of the virus ridiculous.

　　Iranian Tasneem News Agency reported "Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet Medical Journal: Some American politicians’ remarks about COVID-19 are disappointing". According to the report, the "virus conspiracy theory" is unfavorable to the fight against the epidemic. We must understand the origin of the virus and study it with a scientific attitude.

　　Iranian mainstream media "Global Online" website published a report "Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet: The conspiracy theory about the origin of the virus is ridiculous".

　　Nigerian Hausa newspaper Leader: Richard Horton: Conspiracy theories about Covid-19 should not be spread.

　　On May 1st, Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, a top international medical journal, accepted an exclusive interview with CCTV to respond to public concerns. In response to rumors such as "virus conspiracy theory", Horton said that these statements are very ridiculous. "Virus conspiracy theory" is not good for fighting the epidemic, and the negative impact caused by this conspiracy theory is very serious.

　　Regarding the remarks made by some politicians in the United States, Horton said that he greatly appreciated the scientific and medical development level in the United States, but he was disappointed by American politicians, who advocated conspiracy theories, supported some treatments without conclusive evidence, and publicly criticized other countries or organizations. This practice is useless. What we should do is to strengthen cooperation to deal with the challenges brought by the epidemic. Dividing countries and people cannot effectively deal with this threat facing all mankind.

　　In addition, Serbian Newsweek magazine, Pakistan’s FM98 China-Pakistan Friendship Network, Indonesia’s Elsinda Radio, Nepal’s Urban Online Network, Arabic News Network under North Macedonia’s ATV Media Group, Myanmar’s online media Opinion Leaders and other overseas mainstream media also forwarded the relevant reports of the reception desk.

　　Serbian mainstream media Nedeljnik)↓

　　Pakistan FM98 China-Pakistan Friendship Network Report ↓

　　IndiaRadio Elsinda, the largest private radio station in Nigeria, reported ↓

　　The Arabic news network Lajm, a subsidiary of North Macedonia ATV Media Group, reports ↓

　　Myanmar online media Opinion Leaders report ↓

　　Nepal Urban Online Network Report ↓

　　Interview with Bai Yansong in Hong Kong Media ReportHorton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet

　　Hong Kong Ta Kung Pao, Wen Wei Po, Hong Kong News, Phoenix Satellite TV Chinese Channel, Wireless News Channel, Cable News Channel, Hong Kong Wireless Financial Information Channel, Point News, Hong Kong people’s port and Hong Kong 01 and other media have also quoted CCTV Bai Yansong to interview Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet.

　　Ta Kung Pao: The editor-in-chief of The Lancet, "The virus conspiracy theory is untrue and blames China for being unreasonable" ↓

　　Wen Wei Po: Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet, "Europe and the United States ignore WHO’s early warning and cause man-made disasters" ↓

　　Hong Kong Cable News reported ↓

　　Hong Kong Radio News: The editor-in-chief of The Lancet said that China was not responsible for the outbreak and should find out the source and host of the virus ↓

　　The letter:The Lancet.Editor-in-Chief "China is not responsible for the outbreak"↓

　　Click on the news:The Lancet.Editor-in-Chief: It is useless and untrue to accuse China of being the source of the virus.↓

　　Hong Kong people and places: [fair comment]The Lancet.The editorial pointed out that many countries were not ready to deal with the new pneumonia epidemic and called for learning from China.↓

　　Hong kong 01:The Lancet.Editor-in-Chief: It is useless and untrue to accuse China of being the source of virus transmission.↓

　　Phoenix Chinese Channel↓

　　China Hongkong Cable Broadband News Channel (iCable News Channel)↓

　　Hong Kong Radio News (TVB News)↓

　　Hong Kong TVB Pearl↓

　　Hong kong wireless financial information station (TVB Finance)↓

In March 1957, East China Normal University will hold a large-scale academic seminar. At the request of the organizer of the conference, Qian Gurong, then a lecturer in the Chinese Department of East China Normal University, wrote the article "On Literature as Human Studies" the month before. In May of that year, this paper was published in Literature and Art Monthly (predecessor of Shanghai Literature).

On "Literature is Humanism" begins with a clear meaning-Gorky once suggested that literature should be called "Humanism". Later, Qian Gurong explained this: "We often quote Gorky’s opinion when explaining that literature must be described by people and create vivid typical images. But our understanding stops here, only knowing that we can’t take a step forward because we are stuck in emphasizing the importance of writing people. In fact, the meaning of this sentence is extremely profound. We can simply regard it as a master key to understand all literary problems. Whoever wants to go deep into the literature and art hall, whether he is a creator or a theorist, must master this key. Without this key, theorists cannot explain a series of phenomena in literature and art; If the creator forgets this key, he can’t write exciting real works of art. "

To be honest, "literature is human science" is the key to understand all literary problems. As a unique language art of human beings, how can literature settle down without "people"? This is common sense. But just because it is common sense, people tend to be ignorant of it and don’t ask for a very good solution. For example, as a proposition that anchors China’s values of modern and contemporary literature, whose mouth did "literature is a study of human" originally come from? For a long time, the academic community has been unable to agree. Even Qian Gurong, who used this key to open the door to China’s modern and contemporary literature, has experienced repeated explorations. Today, the answer he gave himself may not be convincing.

Collected Works of Qian Gurong

Qian Gurong’s initial answer was Gorky. The full text of On Literature as Human Studies is more than 30,000 words, and Gorky’s name is mentioned 33 times. The gesture of "I note the Six Classics" is self-evident. However, after reading this article, you will find that the actual effect is "six classics note me". Interestingly, as far as the view of humanitarian literature expressed by Qian Gurong is concerned, Gorky’s literary theory, which is the "Six Classics" that he quoted, that is, the "proletarian artistic authority" (Leninist), is not solid and powerful in supporting the thesis. Gorky’s theory is not completely compatible with Qian Gurong’s point of view in some specific discussion links, such as the task of literature, the motivation of literary creation, the abstraction or concreteness of people in literature, and especially the typical creative mode of literature. On the contrary, in the same article, Chernyshevski, another Russian writer cited by Qian Gurong, is in the same breath as the author.

As a matter of fact, searching for the whole paper on "Literature is a study of humanity" does not show the words "Literature is a study of humanity" or the sentences such as "Literature is a study of humanity" in the form of Gorky’s direct quotation. Looking up Gorky’s related writings and speeches, I found no such expression.

In this case, why did Qian Gurong associate "literature is human studies" with Gorky? Obviously, he equated Gorky’s suggestion that "literature is called’ humanism’" with "literature is humanism". And where does "calling literature’ human studies’" come from? Qian Gurong said: "It comes from Timofeev’s Principles of Literature." In 1953, the Principles of Literature, published by Pingming Publishing House, was mentioned in many places, and Gorky called literature a "human study". However, in this edition of Principles of Literature, Timofeyev did not annotate the origin of Gorky. It was not until 1959, that is, two years after "On Literature as Human Studies" was written, that Timofeyev indicated in the revised edition of "Principles of Literature" that Gorky’s statement came from the article "On Skills". In 1979, People’s Literature Publishing House published this article. According to this version, Gorky’s original words are not "calling literature" human studies ",but" literature is the best literature of "people’s studies" or "human studies".

It is necessary to point out that, from Gorky’s original words to Qian Gurong’s quotations, the semantics have changed a long time ago after being reported by many texts and translated in different languages. But one thing is certain, Gorky is not the original creator of "literature is human studies".

Because of this, since the publication of "On Literature as Humanism", the controversy about the real origin of "Literature as Humanism" has never stopped. As a party to the debate, Qian Gurong’s attitude has also gone through the process from "defense-persistence" to "doubt-correction" and even self-denial. Finally, he admitted that "Gorky may not have said that literature is a human study".

Of course, denying Gorky, Qian Gurong didn’t give up solving the mystery he created. He found a new answer: Dana.

How did Qian Gurong find Dana? There are related descriptions in his correspondence and interviews in his later years:

In July 2003, Qian Gurong said in a letter to literary critic Li Ling: "I remember that one day in the 1990s, I happened to read the English version of A History of English Literature written by Tanner. In the preface of the book, Tanner said in plain language:’ literature, it is the study of man’. Turner was born in 1828, 40 years earlier than Gorky. The invention right of the phrase’ literature is human studies’ should not belong to Gorky, but to Turner. "

In March, 2005, Li Shitao, a classmate from Qian Gurong, mentioned this matter again, and the expression was basically the same, adding that Dana’s History of English Literature was kept in his family.

In June 2014, Qian Gurong repeated the above words in an exclusive interview with Ma Xinfang, a reporter from Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, only emphasizing that "the book History of English Literature has always been in my family, but I didn’t read it".

Qian Gurong’s book-flipping in the 1990s was a rock-breaking event. The three key clues he came across while turning pages —— Dana, the preface of English History of English literature, and "literature, it is the study of man" —— refreshed people’s understanding of the origin of "literature is the study of man".

Danner, a famous French philosopher, historian and literary theorist, had a far-reaching influence on literary research in the 19th century. In China, Dana’s most famous literary theory work is Philosophy of Art, which was translated by Fu Lei.

The History of English Literature, written by Dana from 1864 to 1869, has no complete translation in China, and some chapters are scattered in books compiled by others. For example, the second volume of Selected Western Literary Theories edited by Wu Yifu contains the second chapter of the preface to the History of English Literature; The Interpretation of Shakespeare’s Plays compiled by Zhang Ke and Wang Yuanhua contains the "Shakespeare Theory" in the History of English Literature.

"literature, it is the study of man", according to Qian Gurong, comes from the preface of the English version of The History of English Literature. Literally, it can indeed correspond to the Chinese saying that "literature is human studies".

If we deduce from these three evidences, the invention right of "literature is human studies" will undoubtedly belong to Dana. Never thought, a new round of questioning appeared soon, and it was rigorous and powerful. In the first issue of China Social Sciences in 2010, Liu Weiqin, a professor at South-Central University for Nationalities, published a paper "Reflections on the Proposition that Literature is a Human Study", which revealed a surprising fact-the original version of Dana’s History of English Literature was in French, while Qian Gurong read the English version. The popular English version of The History of English Literature was translated by Henri Van Laun. However, Liu repeatedly read the preface of this translation, but failed to find the words "literature, it is the study of man". Liu then consulted the preface of the original French version of The History of English Literature, and failed to find a French sentence corresponding to "literature is human studies". Even the sentence closest to "literature is human" is far from its precise meaning.

What is the problem? Let’s take a closer look at Dana and his writings.

The English Version of Dana’s History of English Literature

In the history of western literary theory, Danner was deeply influenced by Comte’s positivism and Darwin’s evolution theory, and borrowed natural laws to explain literary phenomena earlier. The representative work of Dana’s literary theory is the preface to the History of English Literature. In this article, Dana systematically expounded his famous theory of "three elements" of literary development, and he advocated that literary creation is determined by three forces: race, environment and times, which constitute the "internal root", "external pressure" and "acquired momentum" of literary development. The History of English Literature takes English literature as an example to prove the theory of "three elements".

It is true that the preface of the History of English Literature can be regarded as an article on literary theory, but it should be classified into the categories of cultural anthropology and historical sociology. Because Dana pays more attention to the general mental state and national temperament that produce literary works, the writer’s psychology and character as an individual are often ignored by him. As Dana’s teacher St. Pevey commented: Mr. Dana’s research method did not touch the unique and specific individuals, and he always stayed outside, letting the so-called talents and talents escape from the mesh.

Furthermore, Dana’s research paradigm of literary theory, which pays attention to the whole nationality, runs counter to the description of "concrete, living people" in literary works advocated by Qian Gurong in On Literature as Human Studies.

Therefore, it is understandable that Qian Gurong’s new answer-Dana, which was sought by the original creator of "literature is human studies", was questioned.

A good guess, perhaps, Qian Gurong turned to another English version of the History of English Literature in the 1990s; Perhaps, in that version, the English translator has drawn up a title and added a new note for the preface of the book, and "literature, it is the study of man" is part of the title or note …

Perhaps, it’s just that Qian Gurong’s memory is biased. However, with the death of the old gentleman, these have become unsolved mysteries.

Perhaps, we should make a bolder guess: before the publication of On Literature as Human Studies, no one explicitly said that literature is human studies. As one of the most important propositions in modern and contemporary China literature, "Literature is the study of human beings" was invented by the discoverer Qian Gurong himself. Truth is largely a matter of courage. Qian Gurong found a key to understand literary problems with great theoretical courage, but his humility made him devote his time and energy to a fruitless task-to find the person who made the key.

　　BEIJING, July 30 (Xinhua)-Recently, the website of the State Railway Administration released an announcement on the investigation and handling of the K596 passenger train collision with the operator on the "6.4" Lanzhou-Xinjiang line, which pointed out the suggestions for handling the units and personnel responsible for the accident: 21 people were given disciplinary sanctions, and the judicial organs have taken compulsory measures against 3 people.

　　The details are announced as follows:

　　I. Basic information of the accident

　　1. Overview of the accident

　　At 5: 18 on June 4th, 2021, Jinchang Workshop of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. carried out line mechanical maintenance work on the down line between Yushi and Jinchang Station of Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway. Due to the temporary failure of tamping the stabilizing car, when the person in charge of the operation organized the workers to transfer to cross the railway line, the cross-line personnel collided with K596 passenger train, resulting in 9 deaths.

　　2. Overview of the accident unit

　　China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. has 16 trunk lines including Baolan High-speed Railway, Lanxin Passenger Dedicated Line, Yinxi High-speed Railway, Longhai High-speed Railway and Lanxin High-speed Railway, and 4 other branch lines, with a business mileage of 6,052 kilometers and 41 transport stations. Wuwei Works Section is its subordinate transportation station, and the line in the accident zone is maintained by Jinchang Line Workshop, a workshop under Wuwei Works Section.

　　3. The accident happened

　　According to the maintenance plan, there are two tamping stabilization vehicles working together in this maintenance operation, and the mechanical maintenance operation is carried out from east to west from K361+850 and K364+500 respectively.

　　At 2: 54 on June 4th, Zhang, deputy director of Jinchang Line Workshop in Wuwei Works Section, as the operation leader, organized the workshop participants to hold a preparatory meeting for maintenance operation, and deployed the maintenance operation organization plan and division of labor. A total of 5 employees and 18 laborers from Wuwei Works Section participated in the mechanical maintenance operation at K361+850, and Zhou was appointed as the shift leader. Because the operation area is in the curve and poor communication area, the protector responsible for the protection of the operators is adjusted to the middle protector, and the protector responsible for the emergency group is adjusted to the protector responsible for the protection of the operators.

　　At 4: 20 on June 4, according to the registration request of the station liaison officer of Wuwei Works Section, station attendant of Jade Station applied to the train dispatcher, who issued a dispatching order, blocked the downlink between Jinchang Station and Jade Station from the time of receiving the order, and allowed Wuwei Works Section to carry out line mechanical maintenance at K360+000 to K368+000, and the maintenance was completed at 7: 22.

　　At 4: 38 on June 4th, Zhang, the person in charge of the operation, led the workers to enter the protective net from the operation door on the side of K361+900 uplink, crossed the uplink and downlink, and walked along the shoulder to the K361+850 operation site.

　　At 4: 48 on June 4th, the tamping stabilizing car was moved from Jade Station to K361+850 according to the operation plan.

　　At 5: 04 on June 4, the tamping stabilized vehicle failed to continue its operation due to the oil leakage of the accumulator.

　　At 05: 09 on June 4th, the resident liaison officer informed the on-site guard that the passenger train K596 was predicted to pass the Jade Station at 05: 10.

　　At 5: 15 on June 4th, Wang, the site protector of tamping stabilizing vehicle, confirmed that he had received the approaching information of passenger train K596 twice.

　　At 5: 16 on June 4th, it was confirmed that the fault of the tamping stabilization vehicle could not be repaired and the operation could not be continued. The person in charge of the operation, Zhang, issued an instruction for the operators to transfer to the operation site K364+500, arranged for the shift leader, Zhou, to lead 15 operators to cross the uplink and downlink lines, and went out of the protective net from the operation gate K361+900 to take a bus to K364+500 to participate in the operation. Wang, the protector who originally followed the tamping stabilization vehicle for mobile protection, was appointed to be responsible for the transfer and crossover After that, the protector Wang and the shift leader Zhou led 15 workers to the shoulder of the road at the 5-meter position (K361+820) on the east side of the faulty tamping stabilization vehicle. During the preparation for crossing the line, the person in charge of the operation, Zhang, urged the crossing line three times.

　　At 5: 18 on June 4, Wang, who was in charge of the protection of the operators, was still jointly controlling the position of the K596 passenger train with the middle protector. In the case that the middle protector did not answer, he did not issue an order prohibiting crossing the line and did not stop the personnel from crossing the line. Zhou, the shift leader, blindly organized the cross-line personnel to cross the line without confirming whether the train passed. Because the lookout line was blocked by the faulty tamping and stabilizing vehicle, the crossing personnel did not see the approaching K596 passenger train before crossing the line. During crossing the uplink, they collided with the passing K596 passenger train, and nine workers died on the spot. Three workers have crossed the uplink, and the other three workers were blocked by the shift leader Zhou.

　　Second, the emergency response

　　After the accident, the co-driver of K596 passenger train, the vehicle attendant and the police immediately got off the train to check the scene of the accident. The driver immediately reported to Jinchang Station and called 120 and 110 for rescue and alarm. After receiving the report, the station immediately organized the police officers of Jinchang station police station and other relevant personnel to rush to the scene of the accident to carry out rescue work for the collision personnel. Confirmed by 120 medical staff, 9 people were killed and others were not injured. After on-site disposal, K596 passenger train started at 6: 43.

　　After receiving the accident report, China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd., the main person in charge led the relevant personnel to the scene of the accident for emergency and after-treatment work.

　　After receiving the accident report, China National Railway Group Co., Ltd. immediately rushed to the emergency command center to direct emergency rescue, and assigned a deputy general manager to lead a team to rush to the scene of the accident to guide Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. to carry out emergency rescue, after-care treatment, safety and stability, and cooperate with accident investigation.

　　The main person in charge of Lanzhou Railway Public Security Bureau rushed to the scene of the accident, organized and dispatched 120 police officers, set up 8 working groups, and devoted themselves to on-site maintenance, exploration and after-treatment work.

　　After receiving the accident report, Lanzhou Railway Supervision and Administration Bureau immediately launched the emergency plan, and the main person in charge led the relevant personnel to the scene of the accident to guide the accident rescue, and set up an accident investigation team to carry out the accident investigation.

　　The Gansu Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government attached great importance to it, and assigned provincial government leaders to rush to the scene to guide Jinchang Municipal Party Committee and Wuwei Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government to fully cooperate with the railway department to carry out the aftermath and family comfort and condolences.

　　The emergency management department sent personnel to the scene of the accident to guide the emergency treatment and accident investigation.

　　Iii. Casualties caused by the accident

　　Nine workers were killed and no one was injured in the accident.

　　Four, the cause and nature of the accident, responsibility identification

　　1. The direct cause of the accident

　　During the maintenance operation, the tamping stabilizing car broke down, and the direct causes of the accident were blind command, incomplete joint control, field protection failure and illegal crossing of the line during the transition and crossing of the line.

　　(1) The foremen violate Article 54 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Work Safety, Article 5 of the Regulations on Railway Safety Management and Article 3.2.2 of the Rules for the Safety Management of Railway Works (TZY [2014] No.272) "When crossing a bridge, crossing or crossing a line, they should ‘ Hand-to-hand, eye-to-eye, mouth-to-mouth ’ , do ‘ One stop, two looks, three passes ’ , it is forbidden to cross the line ",Article 6 of Labor Safety Card Control Measures for General Speed Railway of Public Works Department of Lanzhou Bureau Group Company (Gong ‘an Letter [2020] No.66):" It is forbidden to cross the line blindly without confirming the arrival of cars on this line or adjacent lines ",and Article 68:" Before the operators get on the road and cross the line, they should choose a place with good lookout conditions to cross the line ".When leading the operators to cross the line, there are no regulations.

　　(2) On-site guards violated Article 54 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Work Safety, Article 5 of the Regulations on Railway Safety Management and Article 24 of the Labor Safety Card Control Measures for General-speed Railways in the Public Works Department of Lanzhou Bureau Group Corporation (Gong ‘an Letter [2020] No.66): "The guards should concentrate on their work, look carefully, correctly display and use signal spare parts, and accurately grasp the train operation. Timely and clearly inform all the operation leaders and foremen of the advance notice of each train heading for the operation site, supervise the operators (machines and tools) to get off the train in time when starting, and so on. When knowing that the K596 train is approaching and the joint control has not been answered and confirmed to be safe, it has not issued an instruction to prohibit crossing the line and has not prevented the crossing personnel from crossing the line.

　　(3) The person in charge of the operation violates Article 54 of the Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) on Safety in Production, Article 5 of the Regulations on Railway Safety Management and Article 19 of the Measures for the Safety Management of Railway Business Lines (Tieyun [2012] No.280): "The main duties of the person in charge of the construction are: to be responsible for organizing and directing the construction site, directing the on-site construction, arranging construction protection and confirming the conditions for releasing the train; Responsible for summarizing and analyzing the construction organization, progress and safety, and being responsible for the safety of the construction site ",etc., did not arrange safety precautions for crossing the line, did not comply with the on-site protection regulations, and blindly urged the transition personnel to cross the line.

　　2. Identification of the nature and responsibility of the accident

　　According to Article 11 of the Regulations on Emergency Rescue and Investigation and Handling of Railway Traffic Accidents (Order No.501 of the State Council) and Articles 10 and 49 of the Rules on Investigation and Handling of Railway Traffic Accidents (Order No.30 of the Ministry of Railways), this accident is a serious accident of railway traffic, and China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. takes full responsibility.

　　V. Suggestions on handling the units and personnel responsible for the accident

　　1. Persons whose judicial organs have taken compulsory measures (3 persons)

　　Three people, including Zhou, the operator, Wang, the site protector, and Zhang, the person in charge of the operation, have been arrested according to law.

　　2. Give disciplinary action personnel (21 people)

　　(1) The secretary of the Party Committee and the chairman of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. were given administrative demerits.

　　(2) The deputy secretary of the Party Committee and the general manager of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. were given administrative demerits.

　　(3) The deputy general manager in charge of public works of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was severely warned by the party.

　　(4) The deputy director in charge of overall work of the Public Works Department of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was ordered to resign, and the administrative record was severely punished.

　　(5) The director of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd., who is in charge of this maintenance operation, was removed from office and the administrative record was severely punished.

　　(6) The chief of the Safety and Quality Section of the Ministry of Works of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed and the administrative record was greater than the punishment.

　　(7) The deputy chief of the Safety and Quality Section of the Ministry of Works of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd., who is in charge of labor safety and protection, was dismissed and the administrative record was given greater punishment.

　　(8) The chief of the line section of the Ministry of Works of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed, the probation period was terminated, and the administrative record was severely punished.

　　(9) The deputy secretary and section chief of the Party Committee of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. were removed from office, and the administrative record was severely punished.

　　(10) The party secretary and deputy section chief of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. were removed from office, and the administrative record was severely punished.

　　(11) The deputy section chief in charge of line maintenance in Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. terminated the probation period and was severely warned by the party.

　　(12) The administrative record of the deputy section chief in charge of labor safety and protection in Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was severely punished.

　　(13) The chief of the security section of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed from his post.

　　(14) The administrative record of the assistant engineer in charge of the safety section of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was severely punished.

　　(15) The head of the line section of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed.

　　(16) The administrative record of the deputy section chief of the line section of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was severely punished.

　　(17) The line section of Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. is responsible for the administrative demerit of the line maintenance engineer.

　　(18) The director of Jinchang Line Workshop in Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed.

　　(19) The General Party Branch Secretary of Jinchang Line Workshop in Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed.

　　(20) The deputy director in charge of Jinchang Line Workshop in Wuwei Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was dismissed.

　　(21) The deputy section chief in charge of equipment of Lanzhou Works Machinery Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. was given an administrative demerit.

　　3. Suggestions on the handling of the unit

　　Instructed China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. to make an in-depth inspection to China National Railway Group Co., Ltd.

　　Six, the problems exposed by the accident

　　1. The field operation standards are not implemented in place.The basic operation system of Wuwei Works Section is not implemented. First, the on-site protection personnel and foremen have a weak sense of safety, fail to implement the operating standards thoroughly, and fail to perform their duties as required. Second, the person in charge of the operation did not direct the operation according to the existing plan, and illegally changed the plan temporarily and changed the protection and shift personnel. Third, the abnormal emergency response was not in place. When the tamping stabilizing vehicle broke down and organized the transition and cross-line operation, the emergency response plan and safety precautions were not formulated.

　　2. On-site operation safety risk control is not in place.Wuwei Works Section did not carry out safety risk prediction in combination with the actual situation of the job site. First, no targeted measures have been formulated for the need to cross the uplink without working doors in the downlink. Second, the card control measures are not formulated in combination with the problem that the construction site is in a continuous curve section and the line of sight of safety protection is limited. Third, there are loopholes in the construction protection scheme, the joint control link is too complicated, the information transmission is lengthy, the intercom channel is busy, there are key traffic information missing, and the transmission chain is unstable.

　　3. Maintenance operation management is not in place.The relevant departments of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. and Wuwei Works Section failed to implement the maintenance operation standards of the business line organized by the workshop, and the on-site control was not in place, and the business guidance, supervision and inspection were not in place. Wuwei Works Section failed to organize safety education and training for laborers involved in the operation as required.

　　Seven, accident prevention and rectification measures.

　　In order to draw a profound lesson from the accident, draw inferences from others, effectively prevent and resolutely curb similar accidents, the following rectification measures and suggestions are put forward for China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd.:

　　1. Firmly establish the safety concept of safety first and life first.

　　We must conscientiously implement the spirit of the important exposition and instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on safety production, adhere to the people first and life first, adhere to the red line consciousness and bottom line thinking, firmly establish the concept of safe development, effectively improve the political position, deeply understand the grim situation facing the current railway safety work, implement the main responsibility of safety production, strengthen risk judgment and hidden danger investigation and management, quickly reverse the passive situation of safety production, and resolutely curb the occurrence of similar accidents.

　　2. Deeply draw lessons from the accident and immediately carry out special rectification of business line construction.

　　It is necessary to draw a profound lesson from the accident, immediately organize the special rectification of the construction safety of business lines, benchmark the regulations in the whole process from the aspects of construction organization and leadership, construction scheme review, construction plan preparation and approval, safety agreement signing, personnel training, etc., comprehensively investigate the problems such as non-implementation of on-site operation standards, irregular organization, non-implementation of protective measures, illegal entry and exit during operation, strengthen the on-site supervision and control of cadres, give play to the role of scientific and technological means such as remote monitoring, increase supervision and assessment, and compact safety responsibilities.

　　3. Strengthen the construction safety infrastructure and improve the construction safety prevention ability.

　　In view of the problems exposed by the accident, scientifically analyze and judge the weak links in railway safety management, and make up for the shortcomings of on-site safety management by strengthening the means of "civil air defense, physical defense and technical defense" to improve the ability of on-site safety management and control. It is necessary to strictly carry out training for construction workers and management personnel in business lines in different levels and grades, strengthen the management and training of labor and employment, establish and improve the responsibility system of "self-control, mutual control and other control" for operation safety, and strengthen the safety monitoring and control of construction operations in key time periods, key lots and key links to ensure traffic, personal and construction safety.

　　4. Strengthen the daily management of business line construction and improve the rules and regulations.

　　It is necessary to improve the construction safety management system of business lines, implement the professional management responsibility of business line construction, improve the construction safety risk prevention and pre-judgment mechanism and abnormal emergency response mechanism, analyze and judge potential risks according to different construction characteristics, formulate emergency response plans, improve emergency response and risk prevention capabilities, and ensure safety.

The new M7 was a hit, and it won an order for 15,000 vehicles within 24 hours after the launch. You know, after many slaps, most car companies will not announce the order results within 24 hours or 72 hours after the press conference. Dare to let go of the fear of being beaten in the face in the future and announce the order results, which reflects the great confidence of the Helix team in this product. However, considering the conversion rate of orders, the order data is actually of little reference significance. What really makes sense is the first weekend after the press conference. A big order refers to an order that actually pays a deposit of more than 10 thousand yuan and can basically be converted into actual delivery. At the new product launch conference in autumn, Yu Chengdong revealed that the new M7 has been on the market for less than two weeks, and it will definitely exceed 20,000 units. The bright figures show that the new M7 will definitely become an explosion.

Address quoted in this article: https://www.eepw.com.cn/article/202310/451532.htm.

Some people think that the rapid explosion of the new model M7 is influenced by the light of Mate60 and Huawei, especially after the breakthrough in the production of 7-nanometer chips and the launch of Mate 60, Huawei’s voice volume is in full swing, and the new model M7 has achieved such good sales. This is only half right. To tell the truth, the new M7 is indeed exposed to the light of Mate 60 to a certain extent. After all, the cars in the world are sold in Huawei’s stores, and the huge number of stores brought by Mate 60 will inevitably increase the exposure of the new M7. But it’s as normal as your brothers and sisters in your work and life. If the hat of the great hero who broke out in the world of inquiry M7 is buckled on Mate 60, it is unfair and objective to the team of inquiry. You should know that mud can’t help the wall. If the new model of inquiry M7 itself doesn’t give strength, Mate 60 will shine again and will not shine on it.

Therefore, we still have to go back to the product itself to find the answer.

In the marketing of the new model M7, Huawei and Sailis team found three highlights to promote: safety, comfort and intelligence.

When I first saw the propaganda copy, the author smiled knowingly. Because, if you still have the impression, the author has analyzed the reasons for the misfire of the old M7. First, the test conducted by China Insurance Research Institute made consumers put a big question mark on the safety of the M7. Second, the wheelbase is too short to arrange three rows of space, and the comfort experience is greatly reduced; Third, despite Huawei’s brand aura, in terms of intelligence, the old M7 only has the icing on the cake of the HarmonyOS cockpit, but there is no high-end intelligent driving that high-end consumers are increasingly concerned about. In other words, the three highlights of the new M7 marketing-safety, comfort and intelligence-all have obvious shortcomings in the old M7 marketing.

Let’s start with safety. At the launch conference of almost every new car of BYD, the golden sentence that Wang Chuanfu, the head of BYD, said at the blade battery launch conference was later widely circulated in the industry-safety is the greatest luxury of new energy vehicles. In the new species of new energy vehicles, safety is mainly reflected in two aspects-body safety and battery safety.

For a rigid object that weighs two or three tons and can move at high speed, safety is a political correctness. From the sales volume of Volvo, safety is not the biggest persuasion factor when people buy cars, but from the peak drop of M7 sales volume of the old model, we can find that safety is definitely one of the biggest persuasion factors when people buy cars. After the resumption of trading, there are many reasons for the sales collapse of the old model M7. For example, the ideal L8 is really more amazing. For example, the test of China Insurance Research Institute directly destroyed the momentum of the M7. Therefore, the M7 500 million rejuvenation has put a lot of energy into the upgrading of body strength.

Image source: Huawei

The strength of the car body is closely related to the proportion of high-strength steel and the price of the car. For example, the high-strength steel of BYD’s Qin Plus DMI, which "subverts fuel, Qin rules the world", accounts for 52%, the high-strength steel of Audi A series accounts for 62%, the high-strength steel of LI accounts for more than 75%, and the high-strength steel and aluminum alloy of the new model M7 account for 80.6%.

As for battery safety, Huawei has taken advantage of its own cloud-side collaborative algorithm. Through the combination of local BMS and cloud BMS, it has prevented unburned, creating a good result of selling hundreds of thousands of cars in the world.

In terms of comfort, the author always thinks that changing three rows into two rows and six seats into five seats is a stroke of genius. It is indeed a little stretched to make three rows with a wheelbase of 2.8 meters, and it will inadvertently make the third row of passengers inferior. Since it can’t be arranged, it is simply changed to two rows, so that each seat can be arranged properly. As for other comfort upgrades, it is somewhat eclipsed in front of the 6-seat flying fairy.

Image source: Huawei

The biggest improvement in intelligence is, of course, the introduction of Huawei ADS2.0, a high-order assisted driving function that can be used on the structured roads of all cities in China at the end of the year.

Image source: Huawei

After a year’s market education and the efforts of major car companies such as Huawei and Tucki, consumers of models with a price range of more than 250,000 have gradually accepted and recognized the value of advanced assisted driving. In the high-speed scene, more and more consumers have liberated their hands and feet through high-speed NOA, and gained a more relaxed and comfortable driving experience. In this year’s market environment, if a mid-to-high-end vehicle does not have the ability or potential to assist driving in urban areas, it is basically difficult to achieve good sales performance. We can accurately capture this from the bleak sales of BYD Tengshi N7. It is also based on this judgment that the new model M7 decisively abandoned the third-party intelligent driving solution of Wen Yuan Zhixing and directly launched the "far ahead" Huawei ADS. It is precisely because at this stage, Huawei (and Tucki) have achieved a real lead in the field of autonomous driving, so this short board that Huawei has filled in on the new M7 has become its biggest highlight.

The first good quality is seeking truth from facts, dare to face problems directly, do not evade, do not evade, and get up from where you fell last year. The three shortcomings that users spit out have become the three highlights of the product.

The second quality is pragmatism, accepting the fact that the post-80s generation has become the mainstream consumer group in the mid-to-high-end automobile market, and carrying out targeted transformation and upgrading to meet the mainstream needs of this group. Compared with the driving experience, the post-80s generation, which has become a nanny or treasure mother, pays more attention to the elderly’s riding experience and children’s entertainment needs. The former needs a large space, which requires a spatial layout, and the third row needs to be changed into two rows. The latter needs color TV or flat panel. MagLink has achieved the front row control and linkage requirements while ensuring the rear row entertainment experience.

Image source: car home

The third excellent quality is flexible and decisive, conforming to the reality of market downturn and industry involution. Based on the current situation that the volume and sales volume of the industry have gradually declined in the past six months, we will decisively reduce the price and increase the distribution, and bring the dead old products back to life with sincere prices. Compared with the old model, the new model is 60,000 yuan cheaper, and 70,000 yuan cheaper than the ideal L7, the main competing model. Even if we have to reduce the suspension of 20,000 yuan on the basis of 70,000 yuan, it is also 50,000 yuan cheaper.

No car company has invested hundreds of millions of dollars and a lot of manpower and material resources to make a car, and does not want to achieve a good sales result. If it doesn’t meet the enterprise’s hope in the terminal market, there must be some problems in some aspects. What should we do to face the problems? What kind of answer should car companies give? At this time, it is a special test whether the car companies can make an effective resumption, accurately judge the problem and give targeted solutions.

After comparing the new and old questionnaire M7, we can realize that Huawei and Mercedes team are practical, pragmatic, flexible and decisive from its three highlights. This car is far ahead of intelligent driving, with a comfortable space of five seats, and the price has hit 250,000. Why not become a super explosion?

During his inspection of the Academy of Military Sciences, President Xi stressed that it is necessary to open a closed loop from practice to theory and then from theory to practice, so that the research of military theory can be rooted in the fertile soil of practice, be tested by practice, and realize the benign interaction between theory and practice. Today, with the surge of the new military revolution in the world, it is necessary to further handle the dialectical relationship between military theory and military practice in order to implement the spirit of the 19th Party Congress and promote the modernization of military theory.

Grasp the law of military practice and enhance the consciousness of military theory innovation

Since the birth of the war, human military practice has gone through thousands of years, including wood and stone age, metal age, gunpowder age and mechanization age, and is now striding towards the information age. To innovate military theory, only by thinking through time and space and knowing the overall situation of human military practice, especially war practice, can we base ourselves on the universal law of military practice and accurately grasp the characteristics of the times of military practice.

Grasp the universal law behind it through twists and turns. According to relevant statistics, from 3200 BC to 1964 AD, there were more than 14,500 wars in the world. These wars are different in nature, scale and ways of confrontation, and even have different faces. However, all war practices have common and universal laws. For example, wars are the continuation of politics, so there are points of justice and injustice; Wars are violent confrontations, which will cause more or less destruction and casualties; The final decisive factor of the victory or defeat of a war is people, so no matter how weapons and equipment develop, it will not ultimately decide the victory or defeat of a war, and so on. After entering the 21st century, when people talk about information, intelligence and unmanned warfare, and today, more and more attention is paid to technology and equipment, it is necessary to avoid seeing things but not people and ensure that military theoretical innovation advances in the right direction.

He is good at following the trend with time and understanding the internal password of change. War is often a huge system involving complex variables. Changes in political, economic, social, cultural and diplomatic factors, innovations in equipment, technology, talents, organization and tactics will all affect the development of military practice and the evolution of military theory. To innovate military theory, we must try our best to grasp why, where and how military practice changes from these changes, and earnestly grasp the historical law of the evolution of military practice. Specifically, to innovate military theory under the new historical conditions, we must see many characteristics of modern warfare, such as large economic investment, high technology content, fast combat action, and many political restrictions, and recognize the basic characteristics of the development of modern military forces, such as small quantity and scale, fine strength, excellent organizational structure, and fine command and management.

Be familiar with the changes of ancient and modern times and predict the future development trend. In the long history of war, there are both long gradual changes and short-term drastic changes. To promote the innovation of military theory, we should not only clearly predict the long-term trend of military practice development, but also attach great importance to major military mutations and their possible subversive effects. For example, once laser and quantum replace electrons as the new foundation of information technology, it will have a far-reaching impact on the rules of information attack and defense and the comparison of strategic forces. It can be seen that fully grasping the development trend of future military practice and clearly estimating the possible sudden changes are important guarantees for mastering the initiative and winning the future.

Correcting the innovation direction of military theory by comparing the effectiveness of military practice

The effectiveness of military theory innovation ultimately depends on military practice to test and correct. The innovation of military theory must jump out of the self-circulation of thinking, adhere to the test standard of practice, enrich the test methods of practice and expand the test ways of practice.

Test the innovation of military theory with new war practice. Engels once profoundly pointed out that in a long period of peace, how much weapons have improved due to the development of industry, how much combat methods have fallen behind. The lessons of Maginot Line of Defense have repeatedly warned people to avoid using yesterday’s brain to understand today’s war and break through the imprisonment of old thinking. The fundamental way is to constantly reflect on new war practice, recognize the unique essence and laws of modern war, objectively predict the development trend of war practice, find an effective way to win, and blow off the historical dust in military theory.

Test the innovation of military theory with the practice of preparing for war and using troops. Preparation for military struggle is the key link between army building and combat, an important aspect of peacetime military practice, and also provides a means to test the effectiveness of military theory innovation. It is necessary to unify the practice of combat readiness with the reflection of theory, find and solve the contradictions between them, effectively correct the tendency of theory to be divorced from actual combat, and promote it to be close to war. Although there is no war in peacetime, the practice of using troops in peacetime, such as anti-terrorism, maintaining stability, international peacekeeping and military deterrence, has opened up new ways to test the theoretical results. Making good use of the successful experience of these non-war military operations is conducive to sharpening the practical quality of military theory.

Test the innovation of military theory with the practice of building and managing the army. In peacetime, building and managing the army is the most basic military practice. We should persist in testing the innovative achievements of military theory with actual combat training, and make the innovative achievements of military theory constantly focus on combat effectiveness and lead to actual combat through layer-by-layer screening of basic training, synthetic training, joint training and mission training practice. In particular, we should make good use of the ruler of training practice, insist on training to measure the effectiveness of theoretical innovation in equipment, technology, battlefield and management, and measure the gains and losses of theoretical innovation in various fields, levels, links and elements with training, squeeze out all kinds of ideological bubbles that cannot stand the test of training, and correct all kinds of theoretical deviations that deviate from actual combat training.

Test the innovation of military theory with military virtual practice. Simulation training, virtual simulation, network confrontation and other means, in an immersive and interactive way, can make the officers and men involved get a personal feeling of the future war and an ideological impact that is close to actual combat, which has a good test and evaluation effect on the virtual and real, long and short, superior and inferior in military theoretical innovation. It is an important achievement of the creative application of modern soft science and high technology represented by information technology in training and exercises, and has opened up a relatively independent new channel to test the innovative achievements of military theory. Comprehensive development and application of military virtual practice, giving full play to the role of military virtual practice in testing military theoretical innovation, and combining it with real military practice will help to better play the role of military practice testing and better correct the direction of military theoretical innovation.

Innovating military theory and leading the development of military practice

With the progress of technology and the development of human society, military theory has more and more functions of designing wars and leading the development of wars. Realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the great global changes requires our military theory to have a broader vision, a more forward-looking vision, a keen grasp of the world’s military development trends, and a moderate lead in the development of war practice.

Keep up with the trend of the situation and grasp the historical position of military practice. With the group rise of emerging countries and the relative decline of western power, the global power balance has undergone profound changes, and the Asia-Pacific region has increasingly become the global geographical focus. The structural contradictions between the rising countries and the defending countries have increased, and the risks of competition, games and even conflicts and confrontations among big countries have increased. At the same time, the increasingly close interest ties formed by economic globalization, the increasing number of common multiple security threats faced by all countries, and the growing sense of community of human destiny all shape and restrict the way of resolving contradictions among big countries from different aspects, making it unlikely that a full-scale war will break out between big countries or even trigger a world war. However, military contests such as proxy war, marginal war, armed confrontation and strategic deterrence, which use strategic means to seek benefits, are inevitable, which requires military theoretical innovation to further broaden its horizons and guide military practice.

Keep up with the trend of technology and grasp the operation law of military practice. The use of metals, the invention of stirrups, the appearance of gunpowder, the introduction of tanks, the development of nuclear weapons and the change of information technology have triggered profound changes in the form and mode of warfare again and again. Judging from the previous military revolutions, the scientific and technological revolution is the most profound factor that triggered the military revolution. To promote military theoretical innovation, we must pay close attention to the development trend of science and technology. On the one hand, it is necessary to grasp the military possibilities contained in technological breakthroughs, especially the fundamental changes in confrontation rules and operational mechanisms caused by subversive technologies. The key here is to use the magnifying glass of military thought to select various technical possibilities, find out technological breakthroughs with great military value and study and develop them; On the other hand, we should find out the strategic demand for developing specific technology from the demand of political, economic and strategic games, and actively cultivate the technological fire to meet this strategic demand.

Follow the trend of national conditions and grasp the characteristics of China in military practice. To innovate military theory and lead military development, we should grasp the general laws of human military development, study the special laws of China’s military development, and influence and even lead the development of military practice with the original design of the development and application of China’s military forces. First, focus on ensuring peaceful development, pursue an active defense strategy, refrain from military expansion and arms race, and establish a theoretical perspective of providing strong military support for common security and mutual benefit. Second, to develop the people’s war in the new era, we always regard serving the people, organizing the people and relying on the people as the starting point and the end result of the innovative development of military theory. The third is based on me. Resolutely oppose copying the West in terms of ideas, paths, modes, technologies and organizations, strive to take root in China’s national conditions and military situation, identify the key points and shortcomings of strong enemies, and seize the initiative and lead the future in the design of strength development and application.

(The author is a researcher at the Academy of Military Sciences)

This spring

Teachers in a special way

Meet cufer "in the cloud"

Massive open online course, Quick Class, WeChat Small Class

Synchronous class, online discussion and online answering questions

The epidemic is in the forefront, and research is not limited.

1430 undergraduate courses

2,222 classes

Teachers rely on curriculum content and requirements.

try one’s very best

Create a "three-foot cloud platform"

Carry out teaching work for 91,959 undergraduate students.

"Network Teaching Challenge" officially opened

Homemakers engage in academics.

The epidemic situation keeps learning

Cufer exclusive "micro-classroom"

Continuously updated!

Today xiaobian introduces you

"Academic research articles"

Teach you how to engage in academics!

How to write undergraduate graduation thesis?

Worried about the thesis near graduation?

Don’t worry!

Teachers of our School of Finance and Economics focus on students’ needs

Create a "personal tailor" micro-classroom

Teacher Yu Jian’s thesis writing instruction class is coming!

Writing and Guidance of Undergraduate Graduation Thesis

Speaker: Yu Jian

Ph.D. in Economics, Renmin University of China, currently serving as an associate professor and tutor of master students in School of Economics.

//

brief Introduction of the content

//

In this WeChat class, Mr. Yu Jian gave guidance to the writing of undergraduate graduation thesis, mainly from the following aspects.

First of all, Mr. Yu Jian provided a variety of options for the topic selection materials and ways of graduation thesis. He suggested that students should study topics with China characteristics from current hot issues, classical theoretical issues and issues of interest to them. When the theme of the paper is decided, everyone should start to find high-quality academic literature. Teacher Yu Jian summed up several characteristics of high-quality literature, namely, standardized economic analysis, high-grade journals published, many articles cited, and original and groundbreaking research issues. You can screen out high-quality papers for reference through these four characteristics.

Next, we should think about how to refine the innovation of the article. Teacher Yu Jian pointed out that some students think that as long as they study problems that others have not studied, it is innovation, which is a misunderstanding of thinking. The real innovation can be new research data, the application of old methods in new fields, a new research perspective and a new analysis of transmission mechanism. In addition, the current economic research is inseparable from the support of data. Teacher Yu Jian classified this according to the characteristics of data, and recommended relevant query sources for macro data and micro data.

When these preliminary works are completed, everyone is faced with the problem of writing a literature review. We need to pay attention to the five principles of writing literature review, namely, quoting classics, avoiding piling up documents, not sticking to details, grasping key points, and increasing literature context and comments. Teacher Yu Jian introduced them in detail. Finally, Mr. Yu Jian raised the question of the choice of research methods and sorted out three methods for everyone to choose.

The above is the main content of this WeChat class. I hope students can gain knowledge about paper writing, enrich themselves, enrich themselves and improve their academic research ability.

Teach you to stay at home and do academic work!

The tutor prescribed a good prescription, and the house kept researching.

My finance graduate school was launched in WeChat official account.

"Teach you how to stay at home and engage in academics" column

A series of WeChat small classes for you.

Share experiences and give directions.

Let knowledge transfer and value lead the same frequency resonance!

one

Special period, forging special you

Speaker: Chen Yunsen

Professor of Accounting College, doctoral supervisor, Longma scholar-young scholar. Dr. Tsinghua University, a visiting scholar at Washington University in St. Louis and Chinese University of Hong Kong, was selected as the national accounting leading (reserve) talent program of the Ministry of Finance.

Special period, forging special you

Chen yunsen

A sudden COVID-19 epidemic has disrupted the pace of work and study for each of us.

No matter who you are, no matter what you are doing, you are always paying attention to the epidemic situation and being closely touched by this arduous epidemic prevention war.

Real-time data of epidemic situation disclosed by official media, rumors and rumors spread rapidly by social media, and whether there are infection cases in surrounding communities are all coming. The complexity of epidemic situation, the overload of information and the imbalance of mentality all make Chinese people anxious under the haze.

For our graduate students, this state of anxiety is especially serious in the face of the degree thesis to be submitted soon, the long-unfinished scientific research project or the sharp decline in learning efficiency.

What I want to say is that in a special period, forge a special you. Let’s "blame and upgrade" together on a special day. Here are a few Tips waiting for your Pick!

01. Temper your strong will and shape your sunshine mentality.

At present, people all over the country are forced to press the pause button. As time goes by, the incident has had a more or less impact on every student, and the students who are unfortunately in the areas with serious epidemic or whose family and friends are affected by the epidemic, as well as the graduating students who are in the critical period of their dissertations and employment.

However, everything has two sides. We have lost a lot from the "home life", but we can also get a lot. The biggest benefit is that we have a lot of rare time that can be controlled by ourselves. Guo Guangchang, the founder of Fosun, mentioned in a speech at Chaos University: "Are we willing to slow down and do something slow? Sink down, do the right thing, do the difficult thing, invest in the future, and do things that take time to accumulate. "

The greatest wealth in life is to have free time. For everyone, now is a good opportunity to settle down and think, study, settle down and examine yourself in silence, make a good position for your future, and do some solid work for your upcoming academic studies. Give your time a little time and give your hope a little hope.

Recently, I have been rereading Wang Yangming, especially his experience of realizing Taoism in Longchang, and I have a lot of feelings. The more difficult it is, the more time it takes to cultivate my mind. Great things are difficult, look at the responsibility, adversity is prosperous, and look at the mind. Since external objective factors cannot be changed, we should face them optimistically and calmly, and at the same time take this as a good opportunity to temper our will and actively find ways to deal with it. At home, teachers are constantly struggling with their own inertia and trying to maintain a fiery passion in a poor scientific research environment. I hope that graduate students will sort out their mentality and devote themselves to scientific research. By the end of the epidemic, they will be able to go more steadily and lofty.

02. Effectively divide tasks and arrange the schedule reasonably.

When the deadline for dissertation or scientific research project is clear, my general method is to push forward from the "deadline" and make clear what should be done at each time point and step. In the process of applying the "push method before the deadline", you need to leave yourself a buffer time of 1-2 days and a buffer time of 3-5 days for your tutor. For example, the school requires to hand in the first draft of the dissertation on March 15th, so the tutor must be given a full version of the dissertation on March 5th (the tutor’s schedule is very tight, so it is necessary to reserve time for sending it to him immediately), while on March 1st, he must finish the first draft of the dissertation himself (so that he can have time to polish and modify it as a whole and avoid various problems). To achieve this timeline, it means that all research forms and institutional backgrounds must be perfected on February 25th …

There is a classic line in Looking Up, "Life is like archery, and dreams are like an arrow target. If there is no arrow target, your daily bow drawing is meaningless". The same is true for scientific research. If you want to make good use of this method, you must divide the scientific research tasks effectively and reasonably, and find your own arrow target at every time node, instead of "grabbing your beard and eyebrows" every day, so that you are always in an extremely anxious and inefficient state and fall into a vicious circle.

03. Plan the daily timeline and create a sense of scientific research ceremony.

Academic research needs state. I have summed up my "state change curve" in one day. Generally speaking, the scientific research ideas are most active from 4 pm to 6 pm and from 10 pm to 1 am, while the state in the morning is average.

Therefore, my schedule for the day is: doing some routine and trivial work in the morning, such as downloading documents, regularly sorting out data, sorting out some institutional backgrounds involved in academic papers, etc. In the afternoon and evening at the peak of scientific research, the mobile phone and computer are basically disconnected from the internet (or deliberately away from the mobile phone and computer, and less online), and then focus on overcoming the non-programmed things in academic research that take a long time to do. You can also try to find your own "state change curve", and then arrange the time of the day reasonably and do the right thing at the right time.

In addition, the research environment at home is not as good as that at school, so some "special means" are needed to cut off all kinds of "temptation sources". You can set up your own workspace in advance, preferably an isolated space, with only necessary items on the table and clear away things that are easy to distract you in the line of sight. Every morning, when you want to force yourself into scientific research, first make a pot of tea or a cup of coffee, then put on headphones, randomly play some light music or white noise that can make the environment seem quieter, and then say to yourself, "Hey, it’s time for you to start working!

Creating a "sense of ceremony" is actually giving yourself a strong psychological hint. You will find that when you are used to such a "sense of ceremony", whenever you want to start learning, you no longer need to look for an illusory state, but just enter the workspace, and you will follow your own rules in a reflexive way and naturally enter the best state.

04. Supervising and motivating together, internal and external constraints.

If your self-control is not so strong, you may need to establish a reasonable and effective supervision and incentive mechanism to restrain and motivate yourself to the maximum extent. There is a good saying: "There are two indispensable partners in completing important tasks: one is planning, and the other is not enough time."

You can list the scientific research plan that has been effectively divided on paper, clearly mark the deadline of each task, place it in an easy-to-see area in the work area, remind yourself of the urgency of time and the importance of the task at any time, and give yourself an active supervision psychologically.

At the same time, you can also rely on external forces. For example, there are many APPs that learn to punch in, such as Forest and tomato To Do. You can choose an app that suits you and set the corresponding time for yourself, or you can make an agreement with your friends to work at the same time every day, plant a tree with Forest and supervise each other. No matter which method is adopted, you need to set the corresponding conditions and measures of punishment and incentive in advance, and remember to punish yourself if it is not completed! If you have finished, give yourself a reward and affirm your efforts. This sense of celebration ceremony will produce positive feedback and make your self-discipline have a positive cycle. However, we should also pay attention to the form of rewards. For example, playing mobile phones should not be used as a reward after completing a short period of study, because it will make it difficult for you to quickly enter the next stage of work. In addition, you can also actively contact your tutor, report your phased research results to your tutor regularly, and inform your tutor of the next research arrangement, thus giving yourself an external pressure.

People’s self-control is limited. As described in "Great Failure", many talented entrepreneurs are finally defeated by the word "desire". Pythagoras also said, "He who cannot restrain himself cannot be called a free man". After all, external forces are only auxiliary. Overcoming one’s own inertia, reducing one’s colorful desires, and doing subtraction for oneself, Focus on Focus, are the keys to enhancing self-control.

05. Cultivate business sensitivity and enhance social empathy.

The suddenness, unpredictability and great uncertainty of the epidemic have great influence on enterprise management, capital market investment and macro-economy. During this period, the frequent introduction of various national policies, the analysis reports of media analysts, the self-help of enterprises and entrepreneurs, and the professional analysis of scholars and think tanks have provided us with a good scene to test various events.

As a financial background, we have learned a lot of business management, macroeconomics, capital market and other related professional knowledge, but we have been lacking in practical baptism, and we have no idea that this matter should be put into practice. Students can just use this scene of the epidemic to understand the actual impact of an exogenous shock on macroeconomic and microeconomic subjects’ behavior and ask themselves what we can see from the economy and people’s livelihood under the new crown epidemic when the "black swan" flies. This is a good opportunity to improve financial literacy and cultivate Business Sense in the capital market.

In the drastic changes, it is easiest to see people’s nature and self-cultivation. Students should observe the life under the impact of the epidemic, and at the same time, don’t forget to cultivate empathy and social responsibility. "Infinite distance, countless people, all related to me." In the face of this epidemic, we are not outsiders. You know, Adam Smith, the originator of modern economics, not only wrote The Wealth of Nations, which laid the foundation of economics, but also another book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which he paid more attention to. All economics and management theories will lose their due role without sociality.

Liang Xiaosheng once said: "Culture can be expressed in four sentences, rooted in inner cultivation, self-consciousness without reminding, freedom with constraints, and kindness for others." I hope that everyone will do their best to help others, do altruistic things without the smell of copper, root kindness in the depths of their souls and be a warm person.

06. Seize the opportunity to read the literature and check the data.

In such a "free period", please seize the opportunity to systematically accumulate a large number of academic documents.

Published Chinese papers can be downloaded from the National Academic Journal Database of Philosophy and Social Sciences (http://www.nssd.org), China HowNet, VIP Information and other websites (you can log in through the school VPN).

Published English papers can be downloaded from WileyonlineLibrary (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/), Science Direct (https://www.sciencedirect.com/) and other websites. The latest English working papers can focus on SSRN website (https://www.ssrn.com/index.cfm/en/) and various international and domestic academic conferences or university seminar.

For the specific data collection work, some useful database resources I have compiled are as follows:

1.** National Taian Database (CSMAR)

During the period from February 12, 2020 to February 29, 2020, any number of data products CSMAR be downloaded for free (as long as there are registered users).

Database address: www.gtarsc.com or cn.gtadata.com.

2.** Reiss database (RESSET)

Since January 30, 2020, RESSET database has provided free query and download services for data such as financial research database, macroeconomic database and industry database.

Database address: http://db.resset.com/.

3.** EPS database

Since February 2, 2020, EPS database has been open to all teachers and students free of charge. Database address: http://olap.epsnet.com.cn/.

4.** Wind database

Wonder Database has opened the epidemic database free of charge since February 19, 2020, and provided a variety of epidemic data processing and visualization templates. Address of epidemic database: http://wx.wind.com.cn/unitedweb/cmsapp/sites/sariinfo/message.html? from=timeline&isappinstalled=0

5.** Economic data

Before March 15th, Zhongjing Data will open all the economic statistical data resources in the database to registered users free of charge. Database address: ceidata.cei.cn.

In addition, there are many resources that have been sorted out on the Internet. However, I want to remind everyone that the network resources must be "implemented", instead of being shelved after WeChat "collected" or forwarded to "friends circle", without really clicking to collect them.

The above is my personal experience, for your reference only. Finally, in this special period, I hope you can protect yourself scientifically, and at the same time, systematically upgrade your cognitive level to the world, others and yourself, and don’t forget to write your dissertation and scientific research, so as to forge a special you on the basis of physical and mental health. The spring breeze is coming, let’s wait for the spring flowers to bloom together!

Swipe up and down to view the full text

2

The original paper can be written like this.

Speaker: Shao Lei

Associate Professor, School of Finance and Taxation, graduated from the National University of Singapore, and is a member of the school-level youth scientific research and innovation team.

The original paper can be written like this.

Shao Lei

Dear graduate students, hello! I am Shao Lei, a teacher from the School of Finance and Taxation. In such a special holiday, I believe many students are studying various online courses at home, and for the graduating class, they (or you) have another task, that is, to write their graduation thesis at home. Therefore, I would like to take this opportunity to give some help to the students who are writing or are about to write their graduation thesis.

Frankly speaking, I don’t have much successful experience in scientific research, but I have accumulated a lot of failure lessons, which may not be a blessing for me personally, but it will be of special significance if I can share it with you as a valuable "pit-avoiding guide". In addition, in the process of instructing some students’ graduation thesis in recent years, I often have to answer their questions, such as "Mr. Shao, how to decide my topic", "Mr. Shao, there are too many documents to read" and "Mr. Shao, what should I do if Stata runs out with bad results". In the process of helping them overcome these difficulties, I gradually learned to look at the difficulties in writing papers from the perspective of my classmates, and found some feasible solutions. Therefore, I will share some experiences from these three most common problems: first, the topic selection, second, the literature, and third, the results for your reference.

01. The "big" and "small" of the thesis topic.

Regarding the topic selection of the thesis, my personal suggestion is to be both "big" and "small". What does this mean? First of all, the starting point of the thesis topic should be "small". In this way, we can better grasp this topic and explain a problem clearly within our own ability and the length of the paper.

Let’s give an example to illustrate it better. A classmate once told me that the topic of the paper he wanted to write was "Research on fiscal and taxation policies to promote innovation". I said, "This topic is too big. Can you be more specific?" So, he changed the topic to "the impact of preferential tax policies on enterprise innovation". I said it was still too big, so he further narrowed the topic to "the impact of preferential tax policies on enterprise R&D investment". But I’m still not satisfied, so it’s enough to suggest him to talk about a kind of preferential tax policy, so the topic of the paper has been changed to "the influence of income tax plus deduction on R&D investment of enterprises", so the topic of the paper is more specific. In fact, this story is not over yet. In order to make this student more confident in grasping this topic, I finally suggested that he add an industry restriction to the topic of his thesis. In fact, if necessary, no matter how small the topic is, it can continue to be refined. As I joked with the students, the topic of the paper is "not the smallest, only smaller".

Then, is the topic of the paper just pursuing "small"? No, let’s talk about "big" below. The significance of the paper should be "big", and we should see the big from the small to explore the extensibility and deep meaning of the research conclusion.

It’s just that example. After doing some empirical analysis, the classmate got that the income tax plus deduction has increased the R&D investment of enterprises in this industry by a certain percentage, but he felt that the research conclusion was a bit monotonous and there seemed to be little to discuss. So I reminded him whether it was possible to see whether large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises were affected differently, what impact did the increase in R&D investment of enterprises have on the upstream and downstream, what changes have taken place in the salaries of scientific researchers, and what enlightenment these research conclusions can bring to the fiscal and taxation policies that promote enterprise innovation. In fact, these problems are often referred to as heterogeneity analysis, spillover effect, general equilibrium effect and policy suggestions, so that the conclusions of empirical analysis are richer and more meaningful.

I found that a typical work of "seeing the big from the small" is "Fifteen Years of Wanli" that many students have read. Starting from the "plain year" of 1587 (the original text of the book), Mr. Huang Renyu only focused on the experiences of six figures, such as Zhang Juzheng and Hai Rui, around this year, but revealed the "crux of the great events that happened before" and "the opportunity to make waves in the future", showing his thinking on such a big problem as the deep-seated reasons for the decline of the Ming Dynasty.

02. How to "find" and "read" documents

Many students use this method when looking for documents: search the keywords of papers on HowNet, and read them one by one after downloading. However, unless the keyword selection is particularly accurate, we often get hundreds or even thousands of papers, which makes it difficult for us to choose the ones that are most relevant to our topic. Of course, we can narrow the search scope by constantly adjusting keywords. But is there any other way?

I summed up a method of "following the trail" from my personal experience and recommended it to all students. First, find a latest paper or classic paper in this field. If it is the latest paper, we will read its references after reading it, select some of the most relevant and influential articles cited by it, and then "follow the vine" from the references of these articles after reading it, and soon we can sort out the important documents in this field. Its significance lies in that the authors of each paper have spent their energy in sorting out the literature and carefully selected the important literature to quote, so this traceability method connects the thinking achievements of these authors into an interlocking chain, which is both complete and clear. If it is a classic paper, how can we find the follow-up research? There are ways. Careful classmates will find that many literature databases (including HowNet) list all the documents that cited the paper at the bottom of each paper, so we can use this function to "follow the vine".

In addition, there is an experience about how to read literature to share with you: reading literature with questions. When reading a paper, we can take a moment to read the summary and conclusion first, and get a general idea of what the paper is saying. Then, we have to ask ourselves, is this paper worth intensive reading? If so, which part is most worth reading carefully? Did the paper sort out the existing literature well? If so, go directly to the literature review section. Do you want to explain the system background clearly, learn the theoretical model or empirical method used, or just quote the research conclusions of the paper? By asking ourselves these questions, we can read the literature more pertinently and try to grasp the essence of each article in a limited time. Moreover, it is best to summarize these essence parts in one or two sentences immediately after reading, and make a note at the title of the paper (paper or electronic version is ok), so that when we look back at this article later, we can immediately grasp the most valuable part.

03. "Good" and "Bad" Results

Finally, let’s talk about a frustrating thing that often happens in the process of research, that is, we find that the results are different from what we expected. According to my own experience and the experience of guiding students, it may be that in 95% cases, it is all because of mistakes in our calculation, derivation or programming. Therefore, the first step is always to go back and carefully check every step in the research process. Many times, these mistakes are deeply hidden but very fatal. Therefore, this requires us to develop the good habit of recording at any time in the process of carrying out research. For example, when deriving the formula, write the process as clearly as possible, and it is best to take a photo of each page of draft paper; When programming, make comments in the code to explain what each line is doing. Detailed and clear records can be convenient for you or your instructor to go back and check at any time and find possible problems in the process.

If after repeated inspections, no problem is found, then the second step is to find a reasonable reason for this result. For example, we expect the effect of X on Y to be positive, but the result obtained by deduction or regression analysis is negative. What may be the reasons? Perhaps we only thought about the substitution effect but ignored the income effect, so the direction of the total effect should have been positive or negative; Perhaps it is the interference of a few deviation values on the results; Or maybe the positive effect of X on Y can only be exerted when a certain condition is met, that is, interactive items must be added, and so on. In this process, we can also talk to the instructor or classmates around us to see if they are surprised by this result, and maybe they can provide a reasonable explanation. In short, when we rule out the possibility that doing something wrong will lead to abnormal results, we should broaden our thinking and try our best to explore a reasonable explanation for this result.

The last step may be the sublimation of the second step: from our speculation and verification of the reasons for the "abnormal" results, we can condense innovative viewpoints, perspectives or discoveries, show the breadth and depth of thinking, and reflect the unique value of a research. In fact, if the results of a study are completely consistent with the expectations before the study, does our study seem too dull? Interesting and valuable results or thoughts are often hidden in places that are a little unexpected, and the exploration process of these "accidents" may just give birth to the unique highlights of the article, just as some literary critics will require a good novel to be both reasonable and unexpected.

The above is the experience of thesis writing shared with all students. Finally, I recommend students to search for an interesting set of schematic diagrams entitled "What is a doctor" on the Internet, which I think can also be understood as "What is scientific research", written by Professor Matt Might. I wish all students peace, health, happiness and enrichment!

Swipe up and down to view the full text

three

Try harder

Speaker: Lin Song

Dean, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of Business School, Ph.D. in Management, Tsinghua University. His main research interests are entrepreneurship and SME management.

Try harder

Lin Song

Time is the most precious resource, and it is fair to everyone. I quite agree with this sentence: at the level of most people’s efforts, it is simply not enough to fight for talent. The same is true in academic research. The talent of many academic cows may not be surprising, but their diligence is hard for ordinary people to match.

Many students can’t go out during the epidemic, which is the best time to study and write. Many students may complain that there is not enough information to write.

In the information age, these are no longer difficult problems. In fact, the resources we can use now are very rich. Many websites can find documents to download, and many websites provide a large number of open databases. If you need survey data, there are many platforms to provide survey means. Books on research methods can also be found online, and there are many forums to answer statistical problems encountered at the operational level.

All these resources should be used, and we will improve our research ability after the epidemic.

Many students already have a clear research plan, and even have begun to write formal papers for submission. While you are closed at home, carefully revise the recently completed article several times. The article is not afraid to change. The more you change, the more you can grasp the submission. If you don’t understand, hurry to find teachers and classmates online and solve the problem in time. In this respect, I would rather invest more time than call it a day. Have the ambition and preparation of "two sentences for three years".

In addition, management research should always be combined with management practice. This period of time can just observe the impact of the epidemic on individuals, organizations, industries and regions, and write a research design. When the epidemic is over, discuss with the tutors and students to see how to really carry on the research.

Many students may still be at the beginning stage, and it is rare to be quiet during this time, so it is just right to seriously look at the literature, especially the classic literature in the field of organization and management. Looking through the homework assigned in the research courses I have attended in the past, I can see which ones are skipped, and which ones only understand roughly, but I don’t know why. Find another classic model essay in this field and carefully interpret the structure and sentences of the article.

To these classics, we should have the persistent spirit of Wei Bian San Jue. These are all preparations for your career, and the accumulation now determines how far you can go in the academic circle in the future.

Students who still have time may wish to look at the classics in history, literature and philosophy. I am full of poetry and books. After all, the inside information and thoughts of the research come from personal cultivation, not just management literature.

We should also strengthen physical exercise every day. Doing research also depends on the body. Without good health, it is difficult to support the research life in the next few decades.

Reading behind closed doors on a snowy night, trying horses to find flowers in the Ming Dynasty. When winter goes and spring comes, when the grass grows and the warbler flies, we will discuss the research methods on campus and continue our past topics.

Swipe up and down to view the full text

four

Put your mobile phone where you can’t reach it

Speaker: Ouyang Yuanfen

Professor and doctoral supervisor of China Institute of Public Finance and Policy. Doctor of Economics and Master of Mathematics, Claremont Research University, USA.

Put your mobile phone where you can’t reach it

Ouyang yuanfen

The first greeting to graduates in 2020 may be this unprecedented enhanced long standby winter vacation. The sudden freedom may make you miss the warmth of bathing knowledge in school. Don’t panic!

While the whole country is fighting the virus with one heart and one mind, we can write papers efficiently without leaving home! Just put your mobile phone out of your reach and close the bedroom door, and you can sit in front of the computer all day.

A quieter atmosphere than the library, a research experience that you can concentrate on without any interference, you can think and read as much as you want, and when the epidemic clears and spring blossoms, it’s not fast to go back to school with a satisfactory paper!

01. About the topic selection

At this time, I believe everyone has decided their own topics, and a clear and definite topic selection is the premise of writing a good paper. If you are not clear about your topic or research direction, you should first pay attention to the research results published in the top journals in this field, so that your topic can keep up with the forefront. At the same time, you can also find your own research fields in combination with today’s economic hotspots. If necessary, you can also communicate with your tutor. Your tutor’s advice may be of great help to your topic selection. If you write a paper just for the sake of writing a paper, it will not only make the structure of the article messy, but also make the research results lack of contribution. It is best to choose meaningful research topics in combination with your own and your tutor’s majors and research interests.

Tips: I recommend a very useful gadget for everyone. If you want to get the latest information of all the journals in ScienceDirect at the first time, you can set up ScienceDirect Alert and check the journals you are interested in, so that you can receive the latest information on included papers and publications from the mail and keep up with the forefront.

02. About searching literature

Extensive reading of literature is an important part of scientific research, and more importantly, we can have a deeper understanding of the research status of selected topics by reading domestic and foreign literature. When searching for documents, we usually connect directly to the campus network at school and search for documents through the electronic resource library in the official website of the library. Now at home, we can still connect to the campus network through VPN, and then access to various periodical databases. At the same time, there are also some free websites to search for literature. Below, give you a summary of the common ways to search for literature at home:

1. Campus network: Students can log on to their own campus network through VPN, and use HowNet and the periodical literature database purchased by the school as in the library. The specific method is as follows:

http://vpn.cufe.edu.cn/info/1012/1054.htm? from=singlemessage&isappinstalled;

2. Baidu Academic: After logging into the campus network, you can use Baidu Academic to directly search for documents and download papers, which is very convenient. Another advantage of Baidu Academic is that by using its citation function, you can directly get a variety of topic formats summarized in references, so that you don’t have to modify the formats together at last. The website address is as follows:

http://xueshu.baidu.com/

3. SCI-HUB: The foreign language literature of this website is relatively complete, but you need to know the exact title of the literature, and all the literature you can find can be downloaded for free. The website address is as follows:

https://sci-hub.shop/

03. About the writing of introduction and literature review

Every student should strive to be a best-selling "thesis" writer (not an imaginative novelist! ), try to find out the bright spots in the works and sell them to readers. From the perspective of writing, the topic of the paper is very important. If your paper catches the teacher’s heart at the beginning, it will be half the battle! Therefore, several questions should be emphasized in the introduction: What is the research question of this paper? Why is it important? The important research progress of existing literature and the innovation and contribution of this paper.

Secondly, the literature review is not a simple list of several conclusions, but your thinking process when reading the literature, and it is also a summary of your inspiration by connecting these documents in series. Literature review needs logic and content. If we just copy the abstracts and conclusions of the literature, it will not only affect the duplicate checking rate, but also make the article look logical and chaotic. Literature review is mainly aimed at your research direction to introduce the current research status. By systematically describing the research methods, data and conclusions of the existing literature, you can better grasp the basic theoretical assumptions of the research problem, and dig out the contribution of the paper through comparison. A good literature review requires us to pay more attention to English literature and make a summary in time. By reading a large number of documents in related fields, learn to screen the documents that need to be written into the literature review. Generally, we will give priority to the literature of top journals at home and abroad, and then we will be more willing to choose the recently published literature, and we will also screen some classic literature with more references. The screening method of these documents is mainly to make our literature review more quality and more in line with economic hotspots.

Tips: Many students will accidentally involve plagiarism when writing literature review. There are two main reasons: First, they have not cited the literature well. Please find a few regular top Chinese and English journals and refer to how Daniel cited the literature. It is best not to find other students’ papers for reference, and the high probability will be wrong; The second is to pile up papers. Many students like to pile up the abstracts of English papers like bricks after translation, which is definitely not the correct way to write literature review, and it is also prone to duplicate checking. I suggest that you make a draft before writing, think clearly about the theme of each paragraph, and then sort out the literature related to the theme, and sum it up in your heart. Then cover the literature and write it according to your own understanding and words. It is best not to write while reading, so as to avoid piling up and translation plagiarism.

04. About database

Data processing and model design are important tools to verify the story you want to tell. The above has introduced how to use the campus network at home, and you can download all kinds of data you want from the school’s electronic resource library.

Below we simply summarize several commonly used databases in the electronic resource library:

1. China Knowledge Network-China Economic and Social Big Data Research Platform

The website is as follows: http://data.cnki.net/.

2. China Economic Net Statistical Database

http://db.cei.cn/page/Login.aspx

3.RESSET financial research database

The website is as follows: http://db.resset.com/.

4. National Taian Database

The website is as follows: http://www.gtarsc.com/.

There are also some databases available for free download at home and abroad on the Internet:

1. National Bureau of Statistics

The website is as follows: http://data.stats.gov.cn/.

2. China family tracking survey data CFPS

http://www.isss.pku.edu.cn/cfps/

3. China Health and Pension Follow-up Survey (CHARLS)

http://charls.pku.edu.cn/index.html

4. China’s household finance survey data CHFS

https://chfs.swufe.edu.cn/

5. World Bank database

https://data.worldbank.org/

6.IMF International Monetary Fund Database

https://data.imf.org/? sk=388DFA60-1D26-4ADE-B505-A05A558D9A42

7.BIS database

https://www.bis.org/statistics/index.htm

8. United Nations database

http://data.un.org/

05. About empirical analysis and software learning

I believe that most students may also need empirical research related to data analysis, so they may as well calm down and learn some commonly used statistical analysis software at home, such as Stata, Eviews, SAS, R and so on. Every teacher’s commonly used software is different, so it’s best to ask the tutor whether he should learn relevant software knowledge in advance.

For example, in the software learning of Stata, we can combine an introduction to modern economics using Stata (by Christopher F. Baum), Advanced Econometrics and Stata Application (edited by Chen Qiang), Econometrics with Stata (edited by Christopher F. Baum), Introduction to Econometrics (edited by Jeffrey woodridge) and other related econometric books. Through some examples and econometric analysis, we can quickly grasp the common operation steps of Stata analysis.

06. About duplicate checking and format

The repetition rate of the paper = (the number of repeated words/the total number of words) *100%. According to my writing experience, under normal circumstances, if the content of the paper is repeated with the published paper for 13 consecutive words, then this paragraph will be judged as repeated content.

The part with high repetition rate is mostly in literature review. Students should pay attention to the repetition rate of their own articles when completing their papers, and must not copy them. When handing in a paper, you should pay attention to the format of the article and make your article look more rigorous.

These tips are just some small tips. The quality and completion of the paper still depend on strict self-discipline and deep thinking. Do not cheat or disappear. Be sure to keep close contact with the tutor. Everyone should plan their time well at home in this special period, and the first draft of graduation thesis will be handed in in the near future. Students should take the time to improve their graduation thesis. I also hope that everyone can protect themselves in this special period and gain something at the same time!

Swipe up and down to view the full text

five

Graduate students living at home with humble abode

Talk about scientific research "

Speaker: Dai Hongwei

Professor and doctoral supervisor of School of Economics. Doctor of Economics, Renmin University of China; Fulbright Project Visiting Scholar in wharton school, USA; Selected by the Ministry of Education’s "New Century Excellent Talents Support Program".

Talking about scientific research with graduate students who live at home.

Dai Hongwei

My colleagues in the graduate school invited me to write something and talk to my classmates about how to do a good job in scientific research at home during the epidemic. Actually, I didn’t want to take this job, because it’s not easy to do, and it basically belongs to the thankless type. It’s like giving birth to a baby, whether it’s a pregnant woman with a big belly to give birth or a mother with a baby in her arms. If you nag others all day to teach you how to get pregnant, how to protect the baby, how to raise children … and so on, nine times out of ten, it will be annoying to be looked down upon, even if you give birth to a fat boy who is white and fat, it’s fine-what’s more, my "children" are neither so many nor so white nor so fat! However, it’s not easy to arouse the enthusiasm of colleagues in the degree office, and the second is the occupational disease of being a good teacher, so I have the cheek to talk to you. Anyway, I can’t see if you give me the dirty look.

On second thought, let’s talk about having a baby.

01 "pregnancy preparation"

If you want to have a baby when you become a family, of course, you have to communicate with your family. Writing a thesis, the object of intimate communication is of course-literature.

The first important thing is to choose a topic. The so-called "having a good topic is half the battle". So, where did the good questions come from? It didn’t fall from the sky, nor was it smashed by an apple on Newton’s head, but it was thought out. And where does thinking come from? It comes from reading. There are often students who are so anxious that they pull their hair out when they start a topic, and they don’t come up with a good topic. The key reason is that you don’t read enough (I’m not lying to you) or don’t read it thoroughly.

Read more literature that interests you-and the key is to really read it! Read more, and read it in. Seeing those good ideas of predecessors will make you wake up and get a better idea; A bad article will make you feel like a fishbone in your throat, so you must write something to argue with the author; This feeling is coming, and you will feel this kind of feel! Because, the fun of learning is that when you find a question that puzzles you or makes you feel interesting in reading, you will try to find the answer in the book and in previous studies. The so-called "There is a golden house in the book, there is a Yan Ruyu in the book, and there is a thousand bells in the book", which is also called.

The results of your hard work are nothing more than two. One is that you have found the answer, which has enriched your knowledge, and at the same time, you have gained the confidence of "being full of poetry and books" and "I also read several books in that year"; The other is that you haven’t found a good answer, so congratulations, your chance to make a name for yourself in the Jianghu has come, because the feeling of scratching your head and staying awake at night will force you to read the literature again until you find a solution to the problem. And this process is the fun of academic research.

So if you don’t find a good topic, or make do with a topic at the suggestion of the tutor and barely finish it, but you don’t dare to highlight the innovation point in the paper, don’t look for reasons elsewhere, most of them are not read enough and can’t read through.

Another possible source of the topic is the great demand in reality, such as the current epidemic situation and its impact on economy and society, which will definitely be a hot topic now and in the future.

02 "pregnant"

With a good topic, it is equivalent to a baby being conceived, and the next step is how to cultivate this "seed". If you grow vegetables, you have to water them frequently and apply more fertilizer after sowing; If you want to raise your child well in the womb, you must strengthen nutrition; If you want to write a good paper, you have to read more, think more and further demonstrate.

This step involves two important points:

The first is the further determination of the topic. With the general direction of topic selection, the next step is to limit the scope of the topic. Generally speaking, we don’t encourage such big and empty topics as "On China’s economic development" or "Research on China’s automobile industry development", which are difficult to make in-depth and innovative, but it doesn’t mean that this research direction is meaningless. We should read more carefully and dig deeper along this direction, and gradually move closer to "making a mountain out of a molehill", such as "Research on technological innovation and industrial upgrading of China’s automobile industry" or "Research on China’s automobile industry monopoly and government regulation".

Second, we can’t ignore the theoretical review. This link is important because it involves the foothold or innovation of your article. If your topic has been perfectly solved by previous research, or has been overused by many people, then the probability of your paper being "shot" is very high, and your research is meaningless. How do you establish the importance or significance of your article? We still have to look for it in the previous literature, so we should pay attention to the fact that literature review is not a general review of the central ideas of previous articles, but a must (knock on the blackboard! ) Find out the problems that have not been completely solved by predecessors, which is the significance and novelty of your own paper. The common mistake everyone makes in this part is to describe without commenting, but to list in general, without really "describing-commenting". Only by evaluating (finding) the unique contributions of previous studies on the basis of the above, that is, what problems have been solved and what problems have not been solved, can you find out how to fill the gaps and highlight your originality in your article.

03 "miscarriage protection"

Parents, of course, want their children to be beautiful and healthy, loved by everyone and blossoming. If you want your article to be well received, you have to make good corrections on the basis of good writing. Because of this, many "big cows" have said that good articles are all changed.

In addition to writing according to the fixed pattern of "putting forward questions, models and indicators, empirical analysis, conclusions and suggestions", the most important thing in this step is to extract your unique discovery, that is, innovation. Otherwise, even if the idea you came up with at first is very good and original, it has not been implemented in the specific analysis process, and it is of little significance to write the article.

Let’s talk a little more about innovation. After the paper is written, everyone is always afraid to write or can’t write innovation like a little daughter-in-law who is afraid to meet her in-laws. The reason is that the article has no unique findings or new conclusions, except for the lack of reading literature and lack of confidence. It is generally impossible for us to construct any new theories or create any new methods, but we can still integrate our interests and expertise, find new research perspectives, apply new data in analysis, find new findings, draw new conclusions and put forward new viewpoints, which is also the proper meaning of our research topic.

If you don’t do this, you have to go back and step by step according to the above links until you get satisfactory results. This link is very necessary for "protecting the fetus".

04 "production"

Be pregnant in October and give birth once. It is said that "children are their own good" because you have paid too much hard work and affection for them, and it must be pleasing to the eye. But you can’t just like it yourself, and you certainly want others to like it. Therefore, when a child is born, it has to be washed up before it can be held out for people to see.

To achieve this goal, there are finally two links to pay attention to:

First, make a good name, that is, go back and re-examine the topic. Because after your thesis is actually written, you often have to readjust the research time limit or adjust the research angle because of the availability of data and whether the conclusion has passed the test, and the original topic will inevitably need to be revised. At the same time, refining and polishing the title is as important as giving a loud and pleasant name to the newborn child. The title should accurately cover the theme, be straightforward and concise, and attract attention, so the name is a university question. For example, Mo Yan’s "Big Breasts and Fat Buttocks" is eye-catching and exciting enough. At first glance, it seems a bit vulgar and a bit hyped, but after reading this novel, you really feel that only this topic is suitable. This is where the kung fu lies.

The second is to freshen up, that is, make the final changes. Personally, I suggest that you don’t send it to the tutor or editor in a hurry, or you should leave it for a while for "cold treatment". After reading it through again in a few days, you will find many problems and make further revisions. After that, it is strongly recommended to print out a paper manuscript and read it twice. Because the effect of reading on the computer is different from that of reading on the paper version, there will be many problems in the paper version, such as typos, unreasonable sentences and even frame structure and article logic. Revise it again on this basis, and the quality of the article will definitely improve a lot.

After the change, you can submit it to the tutor or editor, and then make further changes after the feedback comes back. In particular, in the process of revision, we must seriously reflect on why the other party will make these suggestions, so as to really improve step by step.

In short, along this path, the academic road will be wider and wider, and I believe you will definitely give birth to a good "child". In the future, it will be said in the Jianghu that you are the father of a certain model or the mother of a certain theory. I believe you still have a great sense of accomplishment!

Swipe up and down to view the full text

six

Preparation before writing economic and financial papers

Speaker: Fang Yi

Associate Professor, School of Finance. Research fields: financial risk and supervision, financial technology.

Preparation before writing economic and financial papers

Fangyi

The writing of economic and financial academic papers is a combination of science and art. Everyone has different writing styles, but there are still some common elements. Here, I would like to write an article about thesis writing for your reference. In fact, the writing of the paper is only the last step of the whole paper creation. Before writing a formal paper, we need to have steps such as topic selection, literature and data.

This article is part of the "Academic Paper Writing" given to the students of the School of Finance. You can go to the superstar platform to learn about how to write papers (there are more dry goods).

About the preparation before writing the thesis. This paper mainly introduces you from five parts: topic selection, literature search, literature reading, data collection and data processing.

01 topic selection

You can consult your tutor on the topic selection. Under the guidance of the tutor, choose a meaningful and operable topic according to your own research interests.

In addition, here are some ideas for you to choose a topic.

(A) search authoritative journals published in recent years to find the topic.

For Chinese papers, please search for financial articles published in recent 3 years, such as Economic Research, Managing the World, Economics (Quarterly), World Economy, Financial Research, China Industrial Economy, Finance and Trade Economy and International Financial Research.

For English papers, please search for articles in international top journals of economics, and please try to choose articles in recent 10 years, as shown in the following table:

Table 1 List of Economic Authoritative Journals (Part)

(2) Search the website of authoritative journals and the conference information held or advertised by WeChat WeChat official account to find the direction of topic selection.

At present, the WeChat official account of Chinese economic periodicals such as Economic Research, Managing the World, Finance and Trade Economy and China Industrial Economy are all active, and will push various articles and conference information.

(3) Search and pay attention to the following meetings and articles.

1. Search the topics and research directions of famous societies such as the annual meeting of economics and the annual meeting of finance. Pay attention to the conference papers of top conferences such as AEA and AFA in the United States. This is also a good place to download papers.

2. Pay attention to some academic papers and push relevant academic information of WeChat WeChat official account. For example, express delivery of frontier papers in finance, Cinnamomum camphora Economic Academic Circle, Paper Stuffy Pot, Haw Hall, Great Financial Thought, etc.

3. Participate in various academic forums and other academic conferences organized by the school to find the direction of topic selection.

4. You can also find topics from financial news and research reports. Economic Observer, Caixin.com, FT Chinese Network, CBN, "Chief Economist Forum" WeChat official account, etc.

5. You can pay attention to Vox(https://voxeu.org/) and voxchina (http://www.voxchina.org/). These websites are the websites where economists write academic Weibo for their academic papers.

So, what kind of topic is an easy topic to do? The following is an idea that is easy to write a paper (but not necessarily very meaningful).

(1) Choose a small topic. Make a mountain out of a molehill. For example, "From the Perspective of Behavioral Finance * * *" and "Research on the Impact of Internet Finance" are not particularly good topics because they are too big.

(2) Select the topic for which data can be obtained. Financial Technology * * *. Whether data can be obtained on this topic needs to be determined first. You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.

(3) Select the research topic of the influence of X on Y.. Here, both x and y need to be measurable. For example, "Research on the Impact of Interest Rate Marketization on Commercial Banks" may not be a very good topic. Here, there may be a problem with the measurability of x and y.

The topic can come from financial news or academic papers. So, what’s the difference between the two?

Generally speaking, the topic selection of financial news is often closer to reality and grounded, and the significance of topic selection is often greater. The topic selection of academic papers is more academic, but it is not necessarily happening in reality, and everyone is most concerned about it.

It is very difficult for beginners to choose topics from financial news, and it is difficult to find an accurate academic breakthrough point and choose a suitable academic method. Selecting topics from academic papers is suitable for beginners, and it is easy to produce "results" by simple combination, but it is hard to say how much the meaning of the articles is.

02 find literature

Searching for literature mainly includes the following points.

(A) English papers are suitable for academic search engines-searching for keywords.

You can search by keywords through Baidu Academic, Google Academic, Google Academic (https://gfsoso.99lb.net/) and Bing International Edition.

When searching, you can choose the year and the articles cited from these articles.

Figure 1 Search engines search for documents

You can consult your tutor on the topic selection. Under the guidance of the tutor, choose a meaningful and operable topic according to your own research interests.

(B) Chinese papers from the China Knowledge Network (CNKI) search (http://www.cnki.net/)

Chinese economic journals: Economic Research, World Economy, Economics (Quarterly), Managing the World, etc.

Chinese financial journals: Financial Research, International Financial Research, Financial Supervision Research, etc.

Other Chinese periodicals: journal of management sciences in china, China Industrial Economy, Finance and Trade Economy, Economics Trends, Finance and Economics Research, Nankai Economic Research, etc.

Other periodical papers in the CSSCI periodical catalogue.

You can download papers according to the number of downloads and citations, or download papers in authoritative journals.

(C) English unpublished academic papers website (Working Paper: unpublished frontier papers, generally downloadable)

(1) Social Science Research Network (SSRN) http://www.ssrn.com/en/

(2) Economic Papers: http://econpapers.repec.org/

（3）IDEAS: https://ideas.repec.org/

(4) NBER http://www.nber.org/.

(5) Federal Reserve: http://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/default.htm

(6) International Monetary Fund (IMF Working Paper): http://www.imf.org

(7) Bank for International Settlements: http://www.bis.org/list/wpapers/

(8) European Central Bank (ECB working paper)

(4) Just track the homepage of the domain cattle people regularly.

If you stay in a field for a long time, you can know some awesome people. You can track the research of cattle people.

Take Systemic Risk as an example, V.V.Acharya of NYU stern, Tobias Adrian of NYU Vlab Experiment (https://vlab.stern.nyu.edu/). S.S.Shin of BIS and Markus K. Brunnermeier of Claudio Borioprinceton University. Jon Danielsson of LSE and LSE Systemic Risk Centre. Rama Cont of Imperial College London and others can be concerned.

03 reading literature

In such a "free period", please seize the opportunity to systematically accumulate a large number of academic documents.

Literature reading is also skillful. Generally speaking, only those who have written papers can read them better.

(A) the way to read literature depends on the purpose of reading literature.

For the purpose of learning to write, you can read only the international top 5 and the top papers of domestic economics. This research topic has nothing to do with the thesis, because the writing of authoritative journals is often first-class.

For Chinese, you can read the papers of Economic Research, Managing the World, World Economy, Economics (Quarterly) and Financial Research. Don’t focus on the method and theme, see how others express it. At this point, you must be careful when reading the paper. Look at people’s words and sentences, how to organize logical relationships, etc.

For literature reading aimed at finding research topics and methods, don’t just read the top papers. It is necessary to give priority to keyword search and give consideration to periodical grades. To learn how to make a paper and find a research topic, you need to find a paper that suits you. Find the dish that suits you. Here is to introduce the "three-step" reading literature.

(B) "three-step" reading literature to find research ideas

The first step (initial stage): "Hungry for food" (extensive literature search)

Literature review and keyword search are the main methods.

On literature review and search. You can find it in journals that can publish authoritative literature reviews. For example, chinese magazine has Economics Trends and International Financial Studies. English magazines include Journal of Economic Perspective and Journal of Economic Literature.

You can also find the literature by searching for "keyword+Survey(Literature Review)".

The second step (mid-stage): "Looking for him in the crowd" (extensive reading of literature)

Browse literature review, reference list and other related documents and other related documents searched by keywords.

Focus on the introduction and conclusion of these documents. Need to take notes.

Browse the basic model and data table of the article, find out whether you can hold this article, and mark the articles that you can hold. Don’t eat it if it’s not your dish! Focus on the following questions

Theoretical model, can you understand it? Can you change it?

Measurement method, can you program it?

Data, can you find it?

Find articles that often appear in various articles and mark them.

The third step (closing stage): "looking back suddenly" and "stalking and beating" (intensive reading of literature)

Print the marked articles into books and read them repeatedly-read them well.

Find a few closest articles, carefully compare their advantages and disadvantages, and don’t give up every detail-intensive reading.

At this point, either give up the footnote or the Appendix.

Focus on solving the model, where to find the data, and how to deal with the data.

How to realize the measurement method by software? How to generate tables? How to draw graphics?

Take one of these closest articles as a template and ponder it over and over again, so as to replicate the results.

Based on the copied template, relying on the related literature, and according to your own association, these articles are spliced and combined, so as to get your own article template. (the prototype of the self-created article has been made! )

"Three-step method" is not omnipotent, but also has its own advantages and disadvantages.

"Three-step method" is a quick method of writing, which is only suitable for beginners. Beginners need small incentives, especially the first article they have made, which is very motivating. If the motivation is done well, the interest will be there. It is possible to make a big article later.

However, the innovation of articles obtained by "three-step method" is generally not too high. Because the articles found are similar, simple splicing is just a physical reaction. Small marginal contribution in literature research.

In addition, if you have a very deep knowledge of literature in the early stage, chemical reactions will occur for articles in completely different fields after their own deep processing and complex splicing. This is a great marginal contribution in literature.

It should be pointed out that these are all researches from literature to literature. Not necessarily from real problems, not necessarily grounded.

04 collect data

Regarding how to collect data, there are several places to go.

(A) the professional database purchased by the school

Go to the school library to find the database, which is the most effective. Our financial colleges and universities have comparative advantages in this respect, and there are many databases about finance and economics.

The search path is as follows: http://lib.cufe.edu.cn/ → Resources → Chinese database, foreign language database and trial database.

(1) Statistics of China Economic Net

The macro and industry data of this database are complete.

(2)RESSET financial research database

This database contains all the financial market and company financial data.

(3)Wind database

This is the best database for China finance. You can go to the teaching technical service center of the school website to find Caiyun platform and apply for the use time of Wind. Or go to the electronic reading room on the east side of the first floor of the library and use the computer’s Wind terminal to download data.

(4) Guo Taian

This database is suitable for downloading financial statements of listed companies, and it is advantageous to do related research on corporate finance and financial markets.

(5)EIU CountryData Database

This is a global macro database. It is better to be macro.

(6)CEIC database

Make a better database of global macro and international finance.

(7) Global Bank and Financial Institution Analysis Library

This database is a good database for banks and a concentration camp for financial statements of banks and securities companies.

(8) Analysis Database of Global Listed Companies

This database is the place to download the financial statements of listed companies.

(2) Publicly available databases

(1) Juchao Information http://www.cninfo.com.cn/

Where to download the annual reports of listed companies in China.

(2) National Bureau of Statistics

(3) China People’s Bank (Financial Statistics)

(4) Federal Reserve

(5) European Central Bank

(6)CEPII database

(7) China Free Trade Service Network

（8）World Economic Outlook Database

(9)WDI database

（10）UNDATA

（11）UN COMTRADE

I hope that when you do research, you can be a conscientious person and pay more attention to the data sources in some articles.

(C) NBER database of open scholars

Link: https://data.nber.org/data/

Contains the following word banks:

Macro Data

Industry, Productivity, and Digitization Data

International Finance and Trade Data

Individual Data

Healthcare Data — Hospitals, Providers, Drugs, and Devices

Demographic and Vital Statistics

Patent and Scientific Papers Data

Other Data

Figure 2 where NBER downloads data

Figure 3 Macro Database

Figure 4 International Finance and Trade Database

The database of international finance and macroeconomics catalogs of data sources contains the following sub-libraries:

（1）Capital controls and macro-prudential

（2） Exchange rate regimes

（3） Financial crises

（4）Fiscal data

（5）Bank ownership

（6）International price data

（7）International capital flows and interest parity

（8）Financial Development and Central Banking

(four) survey and statistics database, etc.

These are all microscopic databases of China.

(1) Southwestern University of Finance and Economics China Financial Survey Database.

(2) National Balance Sheet Database of National Finance and Development Laboratory.

(3) China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in China, Peking University.

(4) China Household Income Survey of Beijing Normal University (CHIP).

(5) China industrial enterprise database.

(5) Private data

This mainly refers to the private data obtained through their own private channels or partners. Pay attention to data desensitization and avoid breaking the law.

You can use a big data crawler (pay attention to the anti-scraping mechanism and pay attention to breaking the law), or you can manually organize the database.

05 processing data

(A) data cleaning

Data cleaning is the first step to do a good job of research. It is also a very crucial step.

Data cleaning is to sort out the collected data into the data needed for measurement or model simulation.

The data type can be cross section, time series and panel type.

When cleaning the data, try not to eliminate the observed values, and try to save the original data.

When doing data cleaning, it is recommended to use STATA software to do data cleaning. This is the most commonly used command of STATA and its purpose:

Drop (keep)-eliminate (keep) variables or observations.

Gen/replace-generate/modify variables

Rename-Modify the variable name.

Label-Assign a label value to the variable.

Sort/gsort-sort the observed values of variables.

Order-Sort the order of variables in memory.

Merge-Merge different data sources (horizontal integration)

Append-Merge different sub-samples from the same data source (vertical merge).

(2) Statistics

It is very important to know your data. If the data is wrong, the paper must be wrong.

Before doing research, you need to ask yourself a few questions.

What is the data frequency? Is there any missing value? Are there any abnormal values? Where is the range of variables? How big is the data sample size? What is the data unit?

It is suggested to use STATA software for data statistics:

Sum-the most commonly used descriptive statistical table

Tabstat-You can get the quantile of each variable.

Describe-get the information of each variable

Codebook-Check the internal information of variables in detail.

Table-get the frequency table

Two way scatter/two way line-get the scatter plot.

Winsor-remove outliers

Nmissing-Find the number of missing values.

Ipolate-interpolation

Figure 5 sum and tabstat

Figure 6 describe

Figure 7 codebook

Figure 8 table

Sharpening a knife is the first and most important step to write a good paper, so it is necessary to choose a topic, arrange documents and data in the early stage. I hope you will pay attention to the key step before writing your thesis, and wish you all a smooth research.

Swipe up and down to view the full text

seven

"When winter goes and spring comes, it is a good time to accumulate wealth."

Speaker: Travel around

Associate Professor of Law School, Master Supervisor, Executive Director of Asset Management Rule of Law Research Center, and Deputy Director of Commercial Law Teaching and Research Section of Law School; Peking University, doctor of law, visiting scholar at Taiwan Province University and Tohoku University. He is also a director of the China Commercial Law Research Association and an external expert of the Postal Industry Security Center of the State Post Bureau.

"When winter goes and spring comes, it is a good time to accumulate wealth."

travel around

Thanks to the trust of the graduate school, allow me to write some words to encourage my classmates to continue their study and research at home. I have always felt the need to write some words. Two nights ago, the graduate students who received their own guidance sent nearly ten papers to me for approval, and told me that they would submit them to the college at 22 o’clock that night, which made me feel more necessary to write some words.

At the beginning of the Spring Festival in 2020, the sudden COVID-19 outbreak touched everyone’s heart, and also affected our original step-by-step study and life. During this postponed school term, the routine operation may be eating and sleeping, sleeping and eating, and "Ge You Lie" in thousands of postures. However, in fact, there may be another correct "opening way"-if you consciously "charge" and "burn your brain", now may become a critical period for you to stand out and be different.

Delaying the start of school is not a holiday, it is a "holiday ([ji m]) period" … I hope that after reading this tweet, this sentence will always reverberate in your mind. ^_^

Everyone can be the most beautiful retrograde person on the road to knowledge.

During the epidemic, how many people went to the front line to fight the epidemic, they were all the most beautiful retrograde people. As teachers and students, there are actually positions that you and I need to hold on to. When many people are bored at home, if you can study quietly, you are also the most beautiful retrograde person.

Looking back at history, all successful people have some characteristics of "survival in adversity" more or less. I tend to understand "survival in adversity" from another perspective: this does not mean bravely facing setbacks, but you have to do the opposite when everyone does that. For example, when others are rushing to the frontier issues and have published many articles, we can make some cold thoughts on them based on related traditional propositions. Take my own research as an example. Although commercial law is considered to be one of the disciplines that are most closely related to business practice, in recent years I have also made a hard attempt to do some research on traditional propositions, such as reflecting on the separation of two powers, the enterprise unit system, the nature of equity and the function of company law, etc. Thanks to the periodical editors, I have published some papers one after another. The reason why I made such an attempt is that I gradually discovered that traditional proposition research has three characteristics: constant innovation, alienation and cross-border. The so-called constant novelty refers to the fact that the traditional proposition can be called a traditional proposition and has attracted the attention of academic circles in different periods. It must be because it has the vitality of keeping pace with the times, and even if the situation changes, it will never leave its Sect. The so-called alienation refers to the fact that traditional propositions have a long history and are often misinterpreted by contemporary people, which makes them unable to effectively guide contemporary practice, so it is necessary to dispel the fog and root out the source. The so-called cross-border means that the research of traditional propositions (especially in the field of law) often needs the help of excellent achievements in other disciplines, so that it may achieve more remarkable results in research methods.

However, this is by no means advocating that you should do some abstract theoretical research. The study of basic theory can not only be from theory to theory, but also try to examine the current practical problems from a longer-term perspective and pattern. Therefore, cold thinking requires not only courage, but also confidence-reading more, writing more, diving more, accumulating more, and consciously practicing highly recognizable research methods, etc., all of which are the sources of confidence.

02 reading pleasure: different aspects of reading.

Su Shi said, read widely and take about it, and accumulate it with little hair. I often joke that "thick accumulation and thin hair" is a true portrayal of academic work: a lot of papers have been written, but a few papers have been published. However, this does not go against the truth-more and more articles have been rejected, and in fact, the closer they are to successful publication. The starting point of all good papers, without exception, is the massive reading from the heart with a passion.

Reading from the heart is for pleasure. Generally speaking, there are three kinds of understandings about reading: technical reading, intensive reading and enjoyable reading-those who have achieved academic success are technical reading, mainly textbooks for exams; There are specialized books for study, mainly for getting a degree; Those who are interested in everything are happy to read, casual and free. Of course, studying with the curiosity of not solving puzzles is undoubtedly enjoyable. The main problem of many students is that they feel sleepy when they open books, and they are not happy. The phrase "learning from the sea is endless and making a boat" has delayed many young people’s journey of reading. The root of the pain may lie in utilitarian reading-what this book can give itself.

Why study? Nietzsche said that the study of utilitarian purpose is bound to have no real interest. Havel said, we insist on one thing, not because it will have results, but because we firmly believe that it is right. In fact, it can be said that it is simpler, that is, not why. Reading is nothing more than a pleasure. Hu Shi said it well, fearing that the truth is endless, and there is an inch of joy in every inch.

You may say that you have no time to read because of the short school period and various chores. Excuses are excuses. No matter how busy we are, we still eat, sleep and fall in love. As long as you get used to it, you will like it. How to form a habit? Here are some immature suggestions:

(1) Use events instead of time as reading trigger. Many students are used to making reading plans like this: reading for 1 hour at 9 pm; The reality is: the community dinner is at 10 o’clock; Result: Reading is ruined. You know, time is uncontrollable, but some events are inevitable. Try to change the way you plan: read for 20 minutes after lunch or before going to bed. Look, you can’t escape unless you fast all night.

(2) Make full use of corner time. Many students are used to spending a whole block of prime time reading. In fact, this practice is not recommended unless they are reviewing exams or professional books that they have to read. Following the previous point, we can try to read after meals, before going to bed or in our leisure time, and each reading time does not need to be too long unless we have the will to continue reading.

(3) Don’t set the reading task too heavy. Many students are used to setting up some impossible flag on impulse, such as reading a book in two days, or forcing themselves to challenge an extremely difficult book, which will reduce their interest in reading. Especially in the early stage of cultivating habits, it is best to start with simple tasks, such as reading 5 pages a day; Then, every day you may be overwhelmed by overfulfilling your tasks, and then slowly increase your reading tasks.

(4) Take notes, especially electronic notes that can be "reproduced". Many students are used to taking notes by hand, which may make you spend a whole day rummaging through everything in order to find a record. Taking notes by mobile phone or computer, you can quickly find the notes you need through the search function, take notes in crowded places such as subway, and synchronize your notes.

All right, stop dawdling and start. To paraphrase: The best time to start reading is ten years ago, followed by now.

Writing: There are countless rules and regulations, and the Tao is natural.

Of course, even if you love reading, writing is still a painful job for most people. A few years ago, I wrote in the postscript of my doctoral thesis: "Those so-called big things are often small. When we choose to love a small thing, we are doomed to enjoy envy in a small part of the time and have to endure loneliness in most of the time." It takes a lot of determination to make steel. Every time you write an article that satisfies you, you will definitely feel that all the hard work before is worth it.

It is true that writing needs to pay attention to methods. But it may be more accurate to say that every article written by everyone may need to use the corresponding methods. At the beginning of writing a thesis, try as many different methods as possible to explore one or more of them that you are best at. In the same article, it is suggested to use one method to run through the whole article, which can be supplemented by other methods to analyze some details. In the final analysis, the use of writing methods is closely related to everyone’s reading surface and reading volume-many awe-inspiring scholars have distinctive personal characteristics in their articles and writings, and such recognition is often the perfect fit between reading and writing. At this point, it doesn’t matter what method is used.

In the process of writing, you must communicate with your tutor more. According to my own experience, even a cold teacher will be softened when he meets persistent students. After all, it is the right way to contact teachers frequently because of academics. Of course, according to my own lessons, it is best to pay attention to the following points when discussing paper writing with my tutor:

(1) The "deadline" is for you, not for your mentor. If today is the deadline, you must send the paper to the tutor more than one week in advance. After all, you only have one tutor or doctoral tutor, but you are not the only tutor.

(2) With the framework, the tutor can communicate with you peacefully. Every time I meet a student asking what topic to write in a paper, or how to write a certain topic, I feel a little angry. There is no topic you can’t write, whether it is cutting-edge or traditional. The key lies in your preliminary opinion on the topic itself. Therefore, it is best to discuss the paper with the tutor by reading the corresponding literature, drafting the general framework of the article (it is suggested to make full use of mindmanager, as shown below), and attaching the corresponding materials, so that the tutor can give constructive suggestions.

(3) Pay attention to the formality, and check the format, words and punctuation more so that there is no dead angle in 360 degrees.

Teachers read a lot of literature, and even if the line spacing of different paragraphs in the article is only 0.01 times different, it will be dazzling, so don’t take any chances. Before submitting any article (even the first draft) to the tutor, it is best to stylize it, which is actually an important stage to improve your own paper.

In this special period, in fact, tutors are really idle at home except for being tortured by online classes for a while. Take this opportunity to contact them by email and other means to talk about their papers and future.

Finally, return to the original.

Whether reading or writing, the purest is often the most valuable and attractive. So, how to improve the "purity" of your own research? Limited by space, here are a few words.

First of all, pay attention to the native land and don’t love the other side. Whether it is a theoretical or practical problem, since it is China’s problem, we need to pay more attention to the local elements to solve the problem. Extraterritorial resources should be fully used for reference, but it is a means rather than an end. What exactly is China’s contribution-both we and you need to reflect on it.

Secondly, reading and writing can try to pay more attention to the historical perspective. This is closely related to the previous point, and all current problems are nothing more than the repetition of history. A civilization with a long history is sometimes an advantage and sometimes a fetter, but it will never be able to get rid of it. Resource endowment is contained in the long river of history and is an important treasure for our study and research.

Once again, present the truest self. Don’t follow suit, don’t follow the fashion, whether reading or writing, always confirm what topics you are interested in. Especially when writing a thesis, try to show your strengths as much as possible. For example, students who are illegal in this field should combine their undergraduate studies as much as possible, and strive to study the breadth; It is best for a master of French or a master of learning to determine his own research direction as soon as possible, and constantly dig deep into some details to strive for the depth of research.

In a word, it is to return to the original.

It’s February in the lunar calendar. Winter goes and spring comes, which makes us all better ourselves. The so-called "good" must not have a unique paradigm. We just need to improve our recognition as much as possible and reduce our substitutability. Whether it’s "the mountains and rivers are different, the moon and the sky are the same" or a simple "come on", it’s good to have a heart.

Swipe up and down to view the full text

eight

Scientific research is a lifelong event

Speaker: Li Xiaorong

Professor, Doctoral Supervisor, Vice President of School of Finance and Taxation, Head of Asset Appraisal Institute, winner of Fok Ying Tung Fund of Ministry of Education, the first batch of "Dragon Horse Scholars" young scholars of Central University of Finance and Economics, Ph.D. in Management (Finance) of Business School of Renmin University of China, visiting scholar of Columbia University in the United States, concurrently serving as Deputy Secretary-General of Graduate Education Steering Committee of National Asset Appraisal Professional Degree, member of National Asset Management Standardization Technical Committee, member of Education and Training Committee of Beijing Asset Appraisal Association, etc. He once worked as a research assistant at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Scientific research is a lifelong event

Li xiaorong

At this time in previous years, graduate students should be busy with classes, internships, academic activities, writing papers or looking for jobs at school, and proceed in an orderly manner under the arrangement of the school. However, the sudden epidemic has forced students to stay at home. In order not to affect the development of students, the school has made various thoughtful arrangements to make the disorderly life orderly. Nevertheless, the changes in space and mentality brought about by the epidemic will inevitably have adverse effects. In the previous issues, teachers put forward many effective suggestions on how to write papers at home, which are very comprehensive and specific. Therefore, I will not talk about how to write papers any more, but just want to put forward a point of view: scientific research is a lifelong event, hoping to change some students’ views. If more students can pay attention to scientific research, it will be considered as the contribution of writing this essay. Around the viewpoint that "scientific research is a lifelong event", I mainly talk about three aspects: the common problems existing in postgraduate stage, the value of scientific research and the methodology of scientific research.

01 Frequently Asked Questions

According to many years of experience in teaching and guiding graduate students, I personally find that some graduate students have the following common misunderstandings or problems:

(A) learning knowledge is a bounden duty.

Before the first class for graduate students, I often ask my classmates what they want from the class. Most of the answers are to learn more knowledge. Learning knowledge is important, but the main task of graduate students is not to learn knowledge, but to create knowledge. If the postgraduate stage still focuses on learning, it will enter the post-undergraduate stage, not a real postgraduate. In order to create knowledge better, we should not neglect the cultivation of critical thinking and innovative thinking. In the undergraduate stage, we may accept all the knowledge taught, but in the postgraduate stage, we should learn to question, criticize and innovate. Even if the documents posted in Top Journal are re-anonymously reviewed, there are still 10,000 reasons to refuse, and Mr. Daniel will make mistakes sometimes. Therefore, we should learn to think independently, to question and criticize. Failure to find a problem actually reflects the limitations of your thinking. Criticism is the way to find a problem, and in fact, criticism is also the beginning of innovation. Regarding the cultivation of innovative thinking, I encourage students to think more, even if it is irrelevant, it is better than repeating other people’s views.

(2) Internship and textual research are king.

At present, a serious problem for graduate students is that they attach too much importance to internship and textual research. They start internship and textual research as soon as they enter school. Even if people are in class, they are absent-minded, and their soul and body are separated, let alone scientific research, and they even sneer at academics. In this case, I think they are not graduate students, but at most they are "on-the-job graduate students" (work is the main business, and classes and scientific research are sideline businesses). One of the problems caused by this phenomenon is to deal with the course papers and graduation papers, and the quality of the papers is getting worse. Personal experience in guiding graduate students for many years shows that the internship time is negatively correlated with the quality of papers. The more internship time, the more time you occupy for scientific research and the less energy you spend on papers. I’m not against internship and textual research. Internship and textual research are really beneficial to finding a job, but we can’t ignore the cultivation of research ability in graduate stage. The certificate can be tested after work, but it’s hard to cultivate research ability without the platform of the school. How can there be such a strong scientific research atmosphere and high-quality resources in the future? This epidemic deprives students of internship opportunities, but it is a good opportunity to improve the quality of scientific research. I hope that students can use their time at home to read more documents, do more scientific research and write high-quality papers. When you are old, will it be a good memory to recall that you have published papers in a well-known journal? Or there is a high-quality paper published on your resume, no matter what career you are engaged in in in the future, people will look up to you.

(C) the paper lacks innovation

Whether it is a course thesis or a graduation thesis, it is difficult to find any papers that shine at the moment. Most of them are repeating other people’s stories, or adding a situational variable, or changing the sample period, or simply copying foreign papers, which reflects the lack of innovative thinking and does not know how to find research problems. Professor Chen Xiaoping of Washington University put forward four methods to find research problems: phenomenon-driven method, method-driven method, inspiration-driven method and literature-driven method. I quite agree with him. Phenomenon-driven method refers to finding research problems according to the phenomena that appear in reality; Method-driven method is to use new research methods to study problems; Inspiration-driven method refers to the research problem of inspiration selection based on sudden; Literature-driven method refers to finding missing variables from previous literature, thus raising research questions. Personally, I think that no matter what kind of research problem you choose, it can give people new knowledge and change readers’ view of the world, which is considered innovative.

(D) Chose the wrong "giant’s shoulder"

Standing on the shoulders of giants is particularly important for academic research. However, some graduate students have the problem of choosing the wrong "shoulders of giants" and treating their graduated seniors and sisters as "giants". I often wonder why students often make the same mistakes in their graduation thesis every year, and even I repeatedly emphasize the problems that can’t appear in class, and I still make the same mistakes when writing my graduation thesis. I think about it carefully, and perhaps the main reason is that the common way for students to write their graduation thesis is to look at how their seniors write their graduation thesis, thinking that they can pass the defense if they write it according to their thesis paradigm, but I don’t know that your seniors’ graduation thesis has many problems, and some of them even pass by luck. So what is a "giant"? Papers published in top journals are "giants", and they have undergone strict peer anonymous review. The better the journal, the more demanding the reviewers are, and the quality of the papers is guaranteed after anonymous review. The anonymous reviewers of top journals are also top, and the papers that can be published represent the research taste of top scholars. Therefore, we should read more, learn more and quote more papers from top journals.

The value of scientific research

Personally, I think that scientific research is not only for obtaining graduate degrees or publishing papers, but also for thinking training. The skills or thinking training obtained in scientific research can help you take every step of life and help you succeed. It is the methodology of any career, so it should be treated as a lifelong event.

(A) the source of ideas

The slogan of Guanghua School of Management, Peking University is "Brilliant because of thoughts". On the basis of this expression, President Liu Qiao added six words "Thinking because of academics". My feelings are the same. Academics produce thoughts, and scientific research is an important source of thoughts. Looking at many successful people, they are very thoughtful. They change the world because of their thoughts and get respect because of their thoughts. Scientific research teaches us to be different (innovative). This difference allows us to find more ways to solve problems or more efficient ways to do things. Therefore, it is suggested that students take scientific research seriously and temper their thoughts with scientific research methods, which will benefit you for life. The scientific research here does not mean writing papers chivalrously, but looking at and thinking about problems with scientific research methods.

(B) affect life and work.

As a man, your attitude towards scientific research can reflect your attitude towards being a man. Those who are meticulous in academic research will also be meticulous in what others have told them, and they will be strict with their research and their own lives. They will be eager for quick success in scientific research and eager for quick success in life. Scientific research affects life and work in at least three aspects: First, the rigor of scientific research makes people more rigorous. Xu Shuying, a famous professor of management, thinks that the key to the success of paper publication lies in the rigor of the scientific research process itself. If you go through systematic scientific research and training, it can help you to be more rigorous, and rigor is a good quality, which can help you gain trust and improve the quality of work. Academician Zhong Nanshan mentioned in an interview that "when you look at a thing or do a research, you should have a factual basis and don’t jump to conclusions easily", indicating that scientific research and doing things are the same. Second, scientific research attaches importance to logic to help you speak, write or do things more logically. Whether it is logical or not is an important aspect to judge the quality of a thesis, especially for graduation thesis. In the process of instructing students to graduate thesis or giving students a defense, logic is mentioned the most. Many students have the problem that they don’t know how to lay out their essays. The whole thesis seems to be logically chaotic and doesn’t revolve around the center of the article. I think after the guidance of teachers and the training of scientific research, it will be more logical to speak and do things in the future. Third, scientific research helps to improve the level of writing and expression. There are a large number of course papers in the postgraduate stage. If you take each one seriously, the level of writing and expression will be greatly improved.A practical expert once mentioned why they want graduate students, because graduate students have at least tens of thousands of words of writing training. In fact, employers recruit graduate students instead of undergraduates. What they value is the research ability of graduate students. Graduate students have high human capital, and their future goal is to move towards management positions. Writing and expression skills are essential. If you want to start a business after graduation, scientific research will also help you. Scientific research needs to choose a good project. In order to land this good project, it is necessary to manage this project, invite like-minded collaborators, do a good job in research, and then market it. This is the same as the logic of starting a business.

(C) improve emotional intelligence

There are ups and downs in scientific research. The experience of each paper creation is actually a life story. Most of the time, it is boring and lonely. If you can stand the loneliness of scientific research, you can also achieve great things. We have written many papers, of which only a few can be published in well-known journals. Even Daniel has rejected many papers. In life, we rarely hear others accuse you of your shortcomings, unless you are very close, which makes you lose many opportunities to correct your shortcomings. When you encounter setbacks, you may be at a loss. However, scientific research is different. Many people find fault with you, especially in anonymous evaluation, and the reviewers don’t know your identity, so you don’t have to worry about your face. You may criticize the shortcomings of your paper without reservation or even "pick bones with eggs". You may not be able to stand this kind of "spite" when you first do scientific research, but after many submissions, you will develop the ability to resist setbacks. This kind of belittling criticism and facing negative opinions.

03 scientific research methodology

Since scientific research is a lifelong event, how to better handle and complete the lifelong event? When writing this article, I thought of a few points, but it is definitely not comprehensive. I hope it will help.

(A) to master the method

First of all, we need to master the technical methods of scientific research. For example, doing empirical research requires econometric knowledge and skilled statistical software operation, so we need to spend a lot of energy learning measurement and statistical software in the early stage of research; Secondly, the experience and methods of predecessors’ research. Many websites or WeChat WeChat official account will publish the research methods of well-known scholars, and the school will also invite well-known scholars or periodical editors to talk about their research methods or contribution experiences. The series "Teach you to write papers at home" invited by the graduate school is good learning materials. These materials are valuable experience accumulated by them all the year round, which can save you a lot of detours. It is recommended that students use a folder to collect the introduction of successful experiences of some well-known scholars and study hard.

(2) Find topics of interest

A classmate once asked me how to keep my enthusiasm for scientific research. My opinion is to find a topic of interest. Some students will say that I fall asleep when I look at the literature. I think the literature is vast, and there is always a field that you are interested in. When you read a literature that you are very excited and want to continue reading, delimit the topic or field of this article. This field is the topic that you can study. One of my motivations for engaging in academic research is that I can choose any topic I am interested in to study, get happiness in my research, and get some recognition at the same time. Einstein believed that the ultimate goal of science was to "improve the lives of ordinary people". I think scientific research should first make myself happy, and then take into account the pursuit of this ultimate goal.

(3) Diligence

"One minute on the stage, ten years off the stage", to become an expert in a field, it is bound to take several years of hard work, especially academic research. Many well-known scholars have paid a lot of hardships behind their brilliant publications. In fact, scientific research does not need too high IQ. As long as you are diligent enough, you can finally get a place in academic circles. In the future, academic competition will be more intense. In the early days, there were only a handful of papers published by China in top international journals, and it was great to be able to publish articles in international journals. However, with the academic development, if you don’t publish a top international journal in the future, it is estimated that it will be difficult to get recognition in the academic market.

(4) Cooperation

In scientific research, students often "fight alone", which is not conducive to academic progress. Looking up the papers published in top international journals, you will find that most of them are co-published, and there are very few articles by independent authors. Cooperation has many advantages: cooperation is an opportunity for learning, especially for students who have just started scientific research. They should look for opportunities for cooperation, cooperate with teachers or classmates, or cooperate with other well-known scholars. After cooperation, their academic level will improve; Cooperation can improve efficiency, and an empirical article takes a long time. If several people can work together, it will greatly improve the efficiency and output of scientific research. Cooperation can inspire generate, the research perspective is more unique, the research is more rigorous, everyone’s experience is different, and the way of looking at problems is different. Through discussion, new inspiration can often be inspired; Cooperation can also encourage each other and maintain enthusiasm for scientific research. It often takes several years to publish papers in international journals, and revising opinions will often make you "peel off a layer of skin". If a person is quite depressed, you can encourage each other when you have collaborators, stick to the topic of "fun" until the end, and you may be tired of it after several years of revision. At this time, it is necessary to encourage and urge the collaborators. Many students may ask, how can we cooperate when we can only stay at home during the epidemic? In fact, cooperation doesn’t have to be met. Modern technology is so developed that we can communicate by email, WeChat, etc. Several of my collaborators have never met.

That’s the end of it. I hope students will take scientific research as a lifelong event and pay attention to it. Don’t be affected by the epidemic, and their efforts will eventually pay off!

Swipe up and down to view the full text

nine

The initial intention and problem consciousness of academic research

Speaker: Cao Tangzhe

Associate Professor, School of Government Administration, Deputy Director, Department of Administration. Visiting scholar at the University of Texas at Austin (2015-2016), whose main research areas are government budget performance management and public management theory and method.

The initial intention and problem consciousness of academic research

Cao tangzhe

In the 14th century, the Black Death swept through Europe, when Newton was studying at Trinity College, Cambridge University, and spent 18 months in isolation in Woolsop’s country estate. This period became the starting point of his later research and innovation in calculus, gravity and optics.

01 the initial intention and internal skill of academic research

How can we make our academic research innovative, make contributions and move towards Excellence? Just as the road to success is only "diligence"; There is only one road to outstanding academic achievements, and that is "innovation". As Schumpeter said, "innovation" of "establishing a new production function" is the soul of market economy. Then the academic "innovation" that contributes to the marginal improvement of human knowledge is the soul of academic research and the "initial heart" of academic research.

If we say that there are eighteen internal mental methods for the eighteen palms of the dragon, there are not so many internal mental methods for academic research, and there are three types: one is to ask questions; The second is to use scientific methods to solve problems. The third is to condense knowledge into theory; Today, we will talk about one of the internal psychological methods of academic research and ask questions.

02 the starting point of ronald coase’s "deification"

Let’s first look at how a sophomore can use this "three styles". This sophomore was born in 1910 in Willesden, a suburb of London, England, with ronald coase. When he was a sophomore, he raised an interesting question. The exploration and solution of this question became the "initial heart" and starting point for him to win the Nobel Prize in his later years and "worship the gods" as the father of new institutional economics.

Ronald coase’s The Nature of Enterprises, written when he was 27 years old (1937), is recognized as the foundation work of new institutional economics. So how did Coase form the analytical paradigm of new institutional economics in this paper, thus expanding the scope of traditional economics on the basis of inheriting the analytical methods of traditional economics?

1. the question is raised. Coase was a sophomore at the London School of Economics in 1931. At the age of 21, he attended a seminar in Pratt, from which Coase learned some basic contents of price theory. His core view is that the "invisible hand", that is, the market price mechanism organizes and regulates production, is the only and most efficient way to allocate resources. However, in reality, Coase found that there is also a way of organizing resources to produce in the market. Although enterprises are active in the market, their internal organization, management and production activities do not need market price mechanism. In addition, economists in the Soviet Union at that time thought that the Soviet Union could run like a huge factory. The contradiction between the theoretical background and the actual phenomenon urges Coase to think about such a question: since the traditional view holds that the market price mechanism is the most effective and only way to allocate resources, why do enterprises exist? Why do enterprises replace the price mechanism? How to determine the scope of enterprise alternative price mechanism?

So how did Coase demonstrate it concretely? ……

The new institutional economics is widely used in public management. Interested students can read The Nature of Enterprises, which will certainly inspire them.

Scientific research begins with problems and ends with problems.

Everything is difficult at the beginning. What is the starting point of academic research? Einstein also pointed out: "It is often more important to ask a question than to solve it. Because solving problems may be just a mathematical or experimental skill, it requires creative imagination to put forward new problems, new possibilities and look at old problems from a new perspective, and it marks the real progress of science. "

In academic research, almost every academic theory is put forward and developed from a specific problem. For example, "Making Democracy Work" written by Italian political scientist Robert D. Putnam starts with the question of whether the regional system determines political practice, and goes further into why there are differences in system performance. Why are there differences in the public spirit of citizen communities? Why are the differences in historical decisions stable? And so on, completed this book on the theoretical origin of social capital.

Ways to doubt and ask questions in an orderly way

K. R. Merton, a famous historian and sociologist of science in the 20th century, thinks that "organized scepticism" is an important temperament of modern science. How to doubt in an organized way? I summed up a few things to communicate with you.

(A) ask questions from the gap between theory and experience.

The so-called "experience" is the phenomenon and fact that we can observe and test. When new experience conflicts with existing theories, and existing theories cannot explain the new reality, problems arise. After raising this kind of question, we need to revise the existing theory or give a new theoretical explanation to the new experience, so as to put forward a new theory. In natural science, there are many cases that ask questions because of the contradiction between new experience and old theory. For example, the discovery of photoelectric effect led to Einstein’s "light quantum" hypothesis in 1905. In social science research, including public management, it is also common to ask questions from the conflict between experience and theory. As mentioned earlier, Coase’s book The Nature of Enterprises is an example.

Asking questions from the gap between theory and reality is an important way to localize western theory. By finding out the contradiction between western theory and China’s reality and seeking a new explanation, it provides an opportunity to build a theoretical academic discourse system with China characteristics, China style and China style. Lin Yifu’s papers such as "Self-growth Ability, Economic Transformation and Reflection on Neoclassical Economics" are based on many western frontier theories. Why can’t he predict and explain the predicament brought by the implementation of "shock therapy", and why can’t he be optimistic about China’s economic transformation? Based on this problem, the theory of autogenous ability is constructed.

(B) ask questions from the gap between subjective needs and reality.

Subjective demand is the goal that individuals, organizations and society hope to achieve and achieve. When there is a gap between the subjective demand and the actual situation, problems arise. In the research of public management, the proposal of new public administration, new public management and the whole government can all be regarded as a system and tool design to meet specific management needs. The analytical method and development of Ostrom system is a typical example of this approach. In The Governance of Public Affairs: The Evolution of Collective Action System, she found through literature review that neither privatization nor government control can solve the problem of public pond resources well, and "the problem of how to best manage the natural resources shared by many individuals has not been well solved in the academic hall or in the political world". What is the collective action of the best governance of public pond resources? Ostrom used the system analysis method of real scene and the "second generation rational choice model" as the research framework to analyze more than 5,000 transnational public pond resources. The description and analysis found that "the framework of autonomous governance system with the best governance of natural resources shared by many individuals". That is to say, "essential elements or conditions are found, which help to explain the reasons for the success of these systems in maintaining public pond resources and ensuring that occupiers abide by the rules used from generation to generation."

(C) Problems arising from seeking the connection between empirical facts and making a unified explanation.

Seeking the relationship between empirical facts and making a unified explanation is the most basic way to ask scientific questions and construct theories. This approach requires scientific research to pursue the universality of theory and the simplicity of logic as much as possible. Examples of such questions abound in natural science, such as the discovery of the periodic law of elements. In the field of public management, it is also a way to ask questions in the development of public management to seek a unified explanation of phenomena in a certain range, then gradually expand the scope and seek a unified understanding and explanation in a wider range. For example, the discussion of the "big problem" of public management is an effort to seek a unified explanation of public management theory.

(D) to ask questions from the contradictions within the theoretical system.

A theory or concept, if logical contradiction can be deduced from it, shows that there are problems that need further discussion. Contradictions within the theoretical system have many manifestations, including: contradictions between the premises and assumptions of the theoretical system, contradictions between the theoretical contents of the theoretical system, contradictions between theoretical inferences and so on.

In the research of public management, Herbert Simon, who won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his background in management, put forward the management decision-making theory from the paradox of "management range and management span" in the traditional public administration motto in Administrative Motto.

(5) Asking questions from different theories and assumptions that compete with each other or even contradict each other.

In the process of scientific research, people often put forward different theories and assumptions for the same problem. If there are competing theoretical hypotheses about the same objective phenomenon, then this is an opportunity to ask questions and promote scientific development. For example, the contradiction between the laws of thermodynamics in the field of physics and the theory of biological evolution has promoted the development of system science and led to the establishment of Prigogine’s dissipative structure theory. In social science and public management research, this is also a frequently used way to ask questions. For example, in Capitalism and the 21st Century, Huang Renyu put forward his own view of "great history" and the theory of managing capitalism by numbers, starting with the theoretical debate between different schools of thought on what capitalism really is.

(six) from the concept, theory and method of a subject to other fields.

Learning from each other among discipline concepts, theories and methods forms new research fields and approaches, which is an important way to raise research questions and develop scientific theories. For example, an American columnist commented on Qian Xuesen’s "Engineering Cybernetics": "Engineers focus on practice and solve specific problems, and are not good at rising to the theoretical level; Mathematicians are good at theoretical analysis, but not at solving practical problems from general to individual. Qian Xuesen, on the other hand, concentrated on two advantages, skillfully loaded two wheels on a chariot, and rolled out a new way of engineering cybernetics research … "

Pass to ask questions: a literature review

If you want to make valuable research instead of "inventing the wheel a hundred times", you must read the professional frontier literature and make a literature review. Find out the top ten journals in this field, as basic magazines, and keep tracking for a period of time, and you will definitely find problems and corresponding research directions. For example, we can focus on the five core areas of public management for English periodicals of public management discipline. That is, public administration (PA), public policy (PP), public budget and finance (PB&F), public personnel administration (PPA) and public organization study (POS). Find out the top ten journals in these five core areas and carry out follow-up reading, such as: Administration & Society, American Review of Public Administration, Canadian Public Administration and Evaluation Review.(Evaluation Review), Financial Accountability and Management, Human Relations, International Journal of Public Administration, Journal of Management Studies, etc.

Let’s get back to the present:

When you are confused about code words, running data and modifying models, have you ever returned to the "initial heart" of academic research and asked yourself: What questions have you raised and what contribution have you made to the marginal improvement of knowledge?

When you are preparing the topic, does the relationship between the change of public opinion in COVID-19 and the setting of government agenda conform to the hypothesis of discontinuous equilibrium theory? Is it a problem that can be studied? …….

Problems are the beginning of research, and finding them often takes up more than 50% of our research time. As for how to solve the problem? How to condense the solved problems into propositions, assumptions and theories to form the expansion of knowledge? Those are the other two methods of academic research. That’s all for this time.

Swipe up and down to view the full text

WeChat official account, the graduate school of finance, launched it.

"Teach you how to stay at home and engage in academics" column

To be continued!

Welcome to continue to pay attention

"Central University of Finance and Economics Graduate School" WeChat WeChat official account

This unforgettable semester

Teachers put down the chalk.

Exerting "Eighteen Martial Arts" in Micro-course

Whether online or offline.

No matter how or where.

The classroom is always cufer’s DreamWorks.

Special period, forging special you.

Try harder.

Put your mobile phone where you can’t reach it.

Winter goes and spring comes, engaging in scientific research.

It’s a good time to accumulate wealth and thin hair.

Source: School of Economics, Graduate School

Planning: the National Day contains Run Lin.

Original title: "Dry goods! These online micro-courses can teach you to be academic at home! 》