People’s Daily Online, Beijing, November 16 (Reporter Yu Lu) According to the principle of "one adjustment in ten working days", a new round of refined oil price adjustment window will open at 24 o’clock today (16th). The National Development and Reform Commission has just issued a notice, according to the recent changes in oil prices in the international market and the current formation mechanism of refined oil prices, starting from 24: 00 on November 16, 2018, the domestic gasoline and diesel prices (standard products, the same below) will be reduced in 510 yuan and 490 yuan respectively.

　　After adjustment, the maximum retail prices of gasoline and diesel in provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and central cities are shown in the attached table. Relevant price linkage and subsidy policies shall be implemented in accordance with existing regulations.

　　Zhuo Chuang Information believes that since this cycle, European and American crude oil futures prices have shown a downward trend for 12 consecutive working days. U.S. crude oil fell to a minimum of $55/barrel, and the increase in this year has been completely smoothed out. The change rate of crude oil in this cycle is deeply negative, so the retail price limit of domestic refined oil products will be lowered again this round, and at the same time, the biggest decline in the past four years will be refreshed.

　　Zhuo Chuang Information estimates that after this round of price adjustment, a family car with a fuel tank capacity of 50L will save 20 yuan if it is filled with a tank of oil, and the travel cost of the majority of car owners will be greatly reduced. Take a small private car that runs 2000 kilometers a month and consumes 8L fuel per 100 kilometers as an example. By the time the next price adjustment window is opened, that is, before 24: 00 on November 30th, consumers will spend about 32 yuan less on fuel consumption. In the logistics industry, the fuel cost of a single vehicle will be reduced by about 800 yuan in the next half month, based on the Steyr heavy truck which runs 10,000 kilometers per month and consumes 38L fuel per 100 kilometers.

　　"After successive heavy losses, the current oil market is close to bottoming out, and it is unlikely that it will continue to fall sharply. It is expected that the international oil price may show a narrow fluctuation trend in the next cycle. As the initial crude oil change rate in the next cycle may still be within a negative value, it is estimated that the domestic retail price limit of refined oil products is expected to usher in the first ‘ Three consecutive losses ’ 。” Dai Tiandong, a refined oil analyst at Zhuo Chuang Information, said.

　　Li Yang, an analyst of Jinlianchuang refined oil products, said that the "two-day losing streak" in the retail price of gasoline and diesel in China was realized as scheduled, and it was the largest after the retail price was lowered on December 27th, 2014. During this cycle, the news has obviously exerted negative pressure on the domestic refined oil market, and the market is gloomy, and the downstream users have few operations in entering the market. In addition, the recent special rectification of the refined oil market in Shandong Province has blocked the shipment of refined oil in Shandong Province, and the inventory pressure of gasoline and diesel oil has increased significantly. Domestic main sales pressure is also generally large, gasoline and diesel prices frequently fall, at the same time, it also keeps lowering the price of foreign mining to ease its own cost pressure.

　　According to Jin Lianchuang’s statistics, up to now, the retail price of gasoline and diesel in China has gone through 13 upward adjustments, 9 downward adjustments (including the downward adjustment due to the reduction of value-added tax) and 1 stranding. The accumulated gasoline and diesel have increased by 545 and 530 yuan/ton respectively, equivalent to the price increase of about 92#0.42 yuan and 0#0.45 yuan.

　　From 24: 00 on November 2, 2018, the domestic gasoline and diesel prices decreased by 375 yuan and 365 yuan per ton respectively.

　　At 24: 00 on October 19, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased by 165 yuan per ton and 160 yuan respectively.

　　At 24: 00 on September 30, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased in 240 yuan and 230 yuan respectively per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on September 17, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased by 145 yuan per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on September 3, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased by 180 yuan and 170 yuan per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on August 20, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices decreased by 50 yuan per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on August 6, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased by 70 yuan per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on July 23, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices decreased by 125 yuan and 120 yuan respectively per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on July 9, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased in 270 yuan and 260 yuan respectively per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on June 25, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices decreased by 55 yuan per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on June 8, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices decreased by 130 yuan and 125 yuan per ton respectively.

　　At 24: 00 on May 25, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased in 260 yuan and 250 yuan respectively per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on May 11, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased by 170 yuan and 165 yuan per ton respectively.

　　At 24: 00 on April 30, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices decreased in 75 yuan and 65 yuan respectively per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on April 26, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased by 255 yuan and 245 yuan per ton respectively.

　　At 24: 00 on April 12, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased in 55 yuan and 50 yuan respectively per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on March 28, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased by 170 yuan and 165 yuan per ton respectively.

　　At 24: 00 on March 14, 2018, the price of gasoline and diesel will not be adjusted.

　　At 24 o’clock on February 28, 2018, the domestic gasoline and diesel prices decreased by 190 yuan and 185 yuan per ton respectively.

　　At 24: 00 on February 9, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices decreased in 170 yuan and 160 yuan respectively per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on January 26, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased in 65 yuan and 60 yuan respectively per ton.

　　At 24: 00 on January 12, 2018, domestic gasoline and diesel prices increased by 180 yuan and 175 yuan per ton respectively.

From January to June this year, enterprises in the home appliance industry achieved revenue of 914.5 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 7.1%; The profit was 67.49 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 20.2%. Facing the future, with the accelerating pace of promoting stock renewal, expanding quality supply and guiding home appliances to the countryside, the development potential of home appliance industry will be further stimulated.

Precise planning path superposition mop self-cleaning, upgraded sweeping robot makes daily cleaning easier; The air purifier equipped with brand-new sensors not only has low noise and low energy consumption, but also can remove aldehyde and supply air remotely with one button; Real-time video guidance, automatic steam cleaning, and the new steaming, roasting and frying machine make the kitchen novice fall in love with cooking … Walking around the appliance store, different categories are dazzling, and new ideas are coming.

The continuous innovation of major home appliance brands reflects the surging vitality of the home appliance industry. As a traditional dominant industry in China, the home appliance industry is also an important engine for steady industrial growth and consumption promotion. What are the new features of the home appliance industry this year? Where should we start to better stimulate the role of the home appliance market in promoting consumption and expanding domestic demand? The reporter interviewed industry experts and some home appliance companies.

Enhance innovation ability

Develop whole-house intelligence

The data shows that from January to June this year, enterprises in the home appliance industry achieved revenue of 914.5 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 7.1%; The profit was 67.49 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 20.2%.

Where does the growth resilience of home appliance industry come from? From continuous innovation towards the middle and high end.

"Since the beginning of this year, the demand for high-end products has been strong. In the second quarter, online sales of smart air purifiers increased by 8.6% year-on-year, and the growth was mainly contributed by mid-to high-end models with a price of more than 3,000 yuan. " Lu Yi, product manager of Xiaomi Environmental Electrical Appliances, introduced.

"At present, China’s home appliance market has entered a stage of upgrading characterized by high-end." The relevant person in charge of Hisense Video Technology Co., Ltd. said.

According to Xu Dongsheng, vice chairman of China Household Electrical Appliances Association, this year, the structural transformation and upgrading trend of China’s household electrical appliances industry is more obvious, and the supply of high-end products characterized by green intelligence is sufficient and effective, driving the industry to run steadily.

Walking into the intelligent open laboratory of Huawei Ark No.1 space, with a handheld intelligent central control panel, the whole house appliances are interconnected: when watching TV, you can turn on the viewing mode with one button and enjoy the immersive audio and video; When sleeping, voice awakens AI assistant, and remotely controls lighting and air conditioning …

"From smart home appliances to whole-house intelligence, the growth space of the home appliance industry is constantly expanding." Shao Yang, president of the whole house intelligent product line of Huawei Terminal Co., Ltd., said that relying on the ecology of HarmonyOS, all intelligent devices in the living space are organically connected, which better meets people’s demand for intelligent life. By the end of June this year, there were more than 200 nationwide stores of Huawei’s whole house intelligence, and more than 5,800 smart items could be connected to the whole house intelligence.

Haier founded the whole house intelligent scene brand "Three-winged Bird", and Midea released the whole house intelligent product system of "Midea Meijia" … "A variety of intelligent products cooperate, and more powerful intelligence capabilities are integrated, which is making smart home appliances more user-friendly." Xu Dongsheng said that the transformation of the whole house intelligence has not only brought personalized and customized experience to users, but also become a new engine to stimulate the growth of the home appliance industry.

Promote stock renewal

Perfect applied ecology

The data shows that from January to June, the sales of household appliances and audio-visual equipment were 427 billion yuan, and the year-on-year growth rate changed from a decrease of 3.9% last year to an increase of 1.0%. "The efficiency level of major home appliance enterprises has improved significantly, but there is still room for further expanding home appliance consumption." Xu Dongsheng said.

"China’s mature household appliances have a high penetration rate, and industry demand is more from stock renewal." Xu Jianwei, a researcher at the Industrial Research Institute of China Macroeconomic Research Institute, said that with the continuous improvement of the durability of household products, the product renewal cycle is long, and if the new features of products cannot effectively improve the pain points of consumption, the demand for renewal will shrink.

Take the air purifier as an example. "With the continuous improvement of air quality and stricter control of formaldehyde emission from building materials, the demand for formaldehyde removal from products is gradually weakening." Lu Yi said that at present, the company is developing more kinds of gas sensors and filtration technologies, and at the same time adding intelligent standby function to reduce the frequency of filter element replacement, thus reducing the use cost.

More brands are rejuvenating traditional household appliances with integration. Casarte Xingyun air conditioner integrates the functions of air conditioner, humidifier, purifier, sterilizer, air fan, etc., so that one machine can be used all the year round; Hisense integrated the ultrasonic eyewear washing device on the basis of the original product, which can wash clothes as well as glasses and jewelry … "The integration of functions is not a random combination of household appliances, but according to the user’s operating habits in a specific scene, to meet the user’s needs to the maximum extent." Xu Dongsheng said that integration is allowing traditional household appliances to release more room for growth.

"The new categories, new scenes and new applications that continue to expand are the potential for the growth of the home appliance industry." Xu Jianwei said that at present, intelligent innovation is active in the field of home appliances, but the application ecology of different brands of home appliances is not connected or even compatible enough, which has become a shortcoming that hinders the consumption of home appliances.

There are more and more intelligent devices, and it is inevitable to connect ecological islands and realize cross-brand interconnection. "The construction of whole house intelligence is inseparable from the participation of many parties such as home appliances, home, communications, the Internet, and content service providers." Xu Dongsheng introduced that in June this year, China Household Electrical Appliances Association and china communications standards association jointly issued the White Paper on Smart Home Interconnection in China (2023), which further promoted the interconnection standard of smart homes from "yes" to "good".

Expand quality supply

Expand the rural market

As the main field of traditional consumption, household appliances consumption is also an important force to restore and expand consumption. How to treat its growth prospects?

"From the perspective of industry trends, the market penetration rate of major household appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines is increasing year by year." Xu Dongsheng said. Relevant data show that the scale of China’s smart home appliance market exceeded 550 billion yuan in 2021, exceeded 650 billion yuan in 2022 and is expected to exceed 730 billion yuan in 2023.

"Compared with some developed countries, there is still a gap in the ownership level of every 100 smart home appliances in China, and there is a lot of room to improve its penetration rate. Home appliance consumption has great growth potential and strong motivation." Xu Jianwei said.

Stepping into the stock market, how can the home appliance industry move from high-speed growth to high-quality development to better stimulate the consumption potential of home appliances?

On the one hand, we will continue to expand high-quality supply and promote the upgrading and added value of smart home appliances.

"With the continuous optimization of the competition pattern in the home appliance industry, the industry concentration has been further improved. Driven by leading enterprises and innovative enterprises, the proportion of green smart home appliances has increased significantly, providing solid support for expanding home appliance consumption." Xu Jianwei pointed out that in order to adapt to the upgrading of household appliances consumption, it is necessary to make precise policies in the aspects of exchanging old appliances for new ones, promoting intelligent integrated household appliances, and recycling used household appliances.

Recently, the "Notice on Measures to Restore and Expand Consumption" clearly proposes to promote smart home appliances, integrated home appliances, functional furniture and other products to improve the level of intelligent greening of homes. He Yaqiong, director of the Consumer Products Industry Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that the next step will be to support the home appliance industry to promote customization and lean development with users as the center, realize real-time response to demand, real-time visualization of the whole process and seamless docking of resources, and continuously introduce more scene-oriented, intelligent and serialized home appliances.

On the other hand, we will continue to expand the rural market and accelerate the promotion of green smart home appliances to the countryside.

With the continuous improvement of farmers’ income and living standards, the rural market is becoming a new growth point to stimulate the demand for household appliances. The data shows that in the first five months of this year, the sales of home appliances for trade-in and green smart home appliances to the countryside increased by 83.7% and 12.6% respectively. Xu Jianwei proposed that we should speed up the construction of multi-level consumer centers, vigorously promote green smart home appliances to the countryside, and better improve the after-sales service system of rural home appliances.

[Global Network Comprehensive Report] According to US media reports on February 22, the new Volvo XC90 was released on the 22nd. The car’s exterior and interior have undergone minor changes, as well as power system and energy efficiency upgrades.

Russell Datz, a Volvo spokesperson, has confirmed that the new XC90 will go on sale later this year as a 2020 model year and that the new powertrain will not be available in the early US market. Other market models will be equipped with a new braking-by-wire system, which includes a kinetic energy recovery function. The mild hybrid system works with Volvo’s existing internal combustion engine to recover lost energy during braking. Volvo expects the system to improve fuel economy by 15 per cent and reduce emissions from the XC90 by 15 per cent.

Volvo will mark the new powertrains with a "B". Other market models outside the US will be available in gasoline or diesel versions of the XC90 B5, or B6 petrol models. Volvo says these powertrains will eventually become standard for the brand.

It is not clear when the new powertrain will be available on US models, but the existing T8 powertrain has increased its battery capacity from 10.4 to 11.6kwh. Worldwide, the T6 and T8 powertrains with 2.0-liter turbocharged and supercharged inline-4-cylinder engines also feature braking-by-wire technology similar to the B5 engine. Volvo says the new car’s range has also increased by 15%. The T8 powertrain can now deliver 420 horsepower, compared to 400 horsepower previously. But Datz says the only change on US models is the larger battery size, while the T6 and T8 powertrains have not yet changed.

In terms of appearance, the 2020 XC90 features a new grille design, new wheels, and new exterior color options. In terms of interior, the new car is equipped with a new luxury wool blend trim and new leather seats. The car is available in six- and seven-seat versions.

Active safety features include a blind spot monitor and automatic steering auxiliary features for the pedestrian detection system. In addition, the new car is equipped with a lane deflection reminder function to help relieve lane traffic pressure.

The 2020 XC90 will begin production at the Torslanda plant in Sweden this May.

(Internship Compiler: Li Yumin, Reviewer: Liu Yang)

　　Recently, Bai Yansong’s interview with Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, broadcast by the multi-language radio and television of the General Station and new media, has aroused great concern in the international media, including Russia, the United States, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Albania, Serbia, India, Turkey, Iran, Nigeria, Qatar, Pakistan, Indonesia, etc.

　　Among them, the relevant news materials compiled and distributed by the International Video News Agency of the reception desk were quoted by 29 TV stations in 17 countries and regions, including the news channel of all-Russian radio and television company, XHDTV TV station in the United States, Al Araby TV station in Britain, Club-RTL TV station in Belgium, RTL TV station in the Netherlands, RTL TV station in Luxembourg, SIC TV station in Portugal, independent TV station in Portugal, Spanish national TV station, SBS TV station in Australia, Al Jazeera TV station in Qatar and Astro Gorgeous TV station in Malaysia, with a total broadcast of 199 times. In addition, Hong Kong Wen Wei Po, Hong Kong Ta Kung Pao and other Chinese media have also been widely forwarded.

　　According to the report, the World Health Organization defined the epidemic as an international public health emergency on January 30, which was a warning to the world. Unfortunately, many countries did not pay attention to early warning, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths, which could have been avoided. Some people are accusing China of being the source of the epidemic, but the accusation is useless and untrue. What we really need to do is to calm down and cooperate with the China municipal government to understand the epidemic situation, so as to do everything possible to ensure that the epidemic situation will not come back. China himself did not want to see the outbreak of the epidemic, nor should he be responsible for it.

　　Mainstream national television stations have forwarded relevant reports.

　　XHDTV, American Spanish TV station: Horton said that many countries did not pay attention to the epidemic information obtained in January.

　　XHDTV, a Spanish television station in the United States, directly quoted Horton’s same period in the news material released by the International Video News Agency: "In the last week of January, we already knew about these situations, but most western countries, such as the United States, wasted the whole time in February and early March, which was a man-made tragedy in COVID-19. China doctors, scientists and world scientists cooperated, and we got this information in January, but other countries in the world did not pay attention to this information. "

　　British AI Araby TV: The editor-in-chief of The Lancet said that the world should work together to prevent and control the epidemic.

　　British Al Araby TV station quoted the news material released by the International Video News Agency as saying that China CCTV broadcasted an interview with Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, and compared the differences between China and the United States in responding to the epidemic. Horton said: "China’s decision to block Wuhan shows that the China government has taken decisive action in the face of an emergency."

　　Spanish national television: The person in charge of The Lancet said that "the most important thing now is to work together to eliminate the virus threat."

　　The International Channel, News Channel and Channel 1 of Spanish national television released reports entitled "Interview with Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet: Regret that the virus dispute has turned into a political struggle" and "Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet: China’s scientific development has reached the world’s leading level" respectively. According to the report, the head of the famous British medical magazine The Lancet said that the most important thing now is to work together to eliminate the virus threat.

　　Spanish national television news channel (Canal 24 Horas)↓

　　TVE Internacional)↓

　　Portuguese Independent Television News Channel (TVI 24)

　　Portugal’s independent television news channel (TVI 24) quoted Horton’s same period in the news material released by the international video news agency: "Western countries think that this virus can spread among people and protect us after causing domestic group immunity, but in fact this is a serious misjudgment."

　　Portugal SIC TV integrated channel ↓

　　Australian SBS TV: The editor-in-chief of The Lancet said that "it is a pity that the virus battle has turned into a political struggle."

　　The head of The Lancet, a famous British medical journal, said that he regretted that countries such as China and the United States were having geopolitical discussions on coronavirus, and the most important thing now was to work together to eliminate the virus threat.

　　Russian Business Consulting Television (RBC TV) reported "The Lancet"〉Editor-in-Chief: Western countries pay little attention to the epidemic.

　　The news channel of all-Russian national television broadcasting corporation (Rossiya 24) directly quoted Horton’s same period in the news material released by the international video news agency: "China does not want to see the outbreak of the epidemic, nor should it be responsible for it. But things have happened. Doctors and scientists in China have made the most outstanding contributions. They have given advice to the government, treated patients and protected the lives of China citizens. Unfortunately, some people accuse China of being the source of the spread of the epidemic. In fact, the accusation is useless and not true. "

　　Iranian English News TV:Horton accused western countries of turning a blind eye.

　　Press TV quoted the news material published by the international video news agency as saying that Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of the medical magazine The Lancet, accused the western countries of turning a blind eye: "In the last week of January, we already knew about these situations, but most western countries, such as the United States, wasted the whole February and early March, which is a man-made tragedy." Horton praised China’s response to the epidemic, saying that it has done better than other countries. Horton believes that China’s rapid and decisive response is due to the experience of SARS, and that China has the scientific strength and medical ability to deal with the epidemic.

　　

　　Belgium Club-RTL/Kidz-RTL TV Station ↓

　　Dutch RTL 5 TV station ↓

　　Luxembourg RTL TV ↓

　　Al Jazeera Balkans)↓

　　Astro Wah Lai Toi, Malaysia & Darr;

　　Newspapers, websites, radio stations and other media in mainstream countries have also reported on the interview.

　　Russian media:"Virus conspiracy theory" is ridiculous.

　　The Russian newspaper, the organ of the Russian state government, published a report entitled "Richard Horton said that the conspiracy theory on the origin of the virus is ridiculous". According to the report, in response to rumors such as "virus conspiracy theory", Horton said that these statements are very ridiculous, but we should also pay attention to them. The "virus conspiracy theory" is not good for fighting the epidemic. We must understand the origin of the virus and study it with a scientific attitude.

　　Newsvideo, a mainstream Russian news website, published reports entitled "Horton, Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet: China’s scientific development SARS reached the leading level in the world" and "Horton, Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet: China’s experience is to make quick and decisive decisions". According to the report, doctors and scientists in China have made the most outstanding contributions, and leaders of some countries criticized China, which is unfair and wrong. We should thank doctors and scientists in China for fighting the epidemic. "

　　The German website of European Times published a report entitled "Covid-19: Editor-in-Chief The Lancet criticizes conspiracy theories".

　　It is reported that Dr Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, a British medical journal, criticized the conspiracy theory against COVID-19 virus. In a video conversation with CCTV, Horton called the "virus conspiracy theory" ridiculous. We must understand the origin of the virus and study it with a scientific attitude, and we must not let such conspiracy theories disturb our thinking. The negative impact caused by such conspiracy theories is very serious.

　　Italian Daily: "The Lancet"〉The editor-in-chief accepted an exclusive interview: Thanks to China’s efforts in fighting the epidemic, international cooperation is crucial.

　　The article quoted Horton’s statement in an interview with the main station. Horton said that the decision made by the China government in the face of the epidemic emergency was very decisive, giving the world time to respond, and we should thank China for this. He pointed out that some people accused China of being the source of the epidemic, which was useless and untrue. In recent months, the whole world has been fighting against two kinds of epidemics, one caused by viruses and the other by false information. Finally, he stressed that the most important thing to deal with the epidemic is the cooperation among countries. We need to join hands with our Chinese colleagues to invest in global medical scientific research, which is a very important goal after the epidemic.

　　Japanese media: Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, refuted "conspiracy theory of virus origin" and "responsibility theory"

　　On May 2nd, Record China, the largest Japanese China information portal, published an article entitled "Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, refutes" conspiracy theory on the origin of virus "and" responsibility theory ". According to the report, Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, said that it is useless and untrue to accuse China of being the source of the epidemic, and China has many experiences worth learning from the world.

　　The Japanese video portal "Oricon" published an article entitled "The editor-in-chief of" The Lancet "thinks that the epidemic discussion should not be regarded as a part of geopolitical struggle". According to the report, Horton said that the COVID-19 epidemic is a common problem faced by mankind and should not be regarded as a part of geopolitical struggle.

　　South Korea’s "Asian Economy" website: Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, responds to "conspiracy theory of virus origin" and "responsibility theory"

　　The report quoted Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, as saying in an interview that the China government decided to block Wuhan in the face of an emergency. By blocking Wuhan, China allowed the world time to deal with the epidemic, which was not only the right decision, but also showed other countries how to deal with the urgent threat of the epidemic. We should thank China for its efforts in fighting the epidemic in Wuhan.

　　Official website RTSH, Albanian National Radio and Television Station: On the Origin of China’s Counterattack Virus.

　　The report focuses on Horton’s opposition to "the theory of virus origin" and "the theory of China’s responsibility" and his support for experts and medical workers in China, and emphasizes that the world should thank China for its positive actions and support China to make more cooperative voices in its post-epidemic work.

　　Indian media:The "conspiracy theory of virus origin" is untenable.

　　On May 3rd, official website, a mainstream Indian newspaper, forwarded a report entitled "The conspiracy theory of virus origin is untenable" by the Hindi Department of the reception desk. Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of the internationally renowned medical magazine The Lancet, said in an interview with the reception desk that "the conspiracy theory of virus origin" and "the responsibility theory" were nonsense and totally untenable.

　　Horton was quoted as saying that China’s blockade of Wuhan gave the rest of the world time to respond to the COVID-19 epidemic. Therefore, we should thank China for its efforts to fight the epidemic. However, the behavior of some western politicians is disappointing. They not only spread the "conspiracy theory of virus origin", but also criticize other countries or organizations without foundation. We should thank the doctors and scientists in China who fought the epidemic. Facing the epidemic, the international community should unite and cooperate.

　　The website of Daily Bells, the mainstream Tamil media in India, reported that the editor-in-chief of The Lancet said that a scientific investigation should be conducted on the origin of the virus.

　　Indian WION News Channel reported that Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of British medical magazine The Lancet, said that western countries ignored the warning of Covid-19 pandemic issued as early as January.

　　Kazakhstan’s national economic weekly, Kazakhstan Industrial News: The Lancet’s editor-in-chief accepts an exclusive interview with Bai Yansong; Richard Horton: The conspiracy theory on the origin of the virus is ridiculous.

　　Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, said that doctors and scientists in the United States have done a very good job in dealing with the epidemic, but what disappointed him was American politicians, who advocated conspiracy theories, supported some treatments without clear evidence, and publicly criticized other countries or organizations.

　　Turkish Economic Observer Network: Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, called conspiracy theories related to the source of the virus ridiculous.

　　According to the report, Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, pointed out that the decision of the China government to "blockade" Wuhan was very decisive in the face of an emergency. By "blocking" Wuhan, China has given countries around the world time to deal with the epidemic. This is not only the right decision, but also shows other countries how to deal with the urgent threat of the epidemic. Horton believes that China should be thanked for its efforts in fighting the epidemic.

　　At present, there are some people in the world who accuse China of being the source of the COVID-19 epidemic. Horton said that this accusation is useless and untrue. What we really need to do is to calm down and cooperate with the government of China, and do everything possible to ensure that the epidemic will not come back. China doesn’t want to see the outbreak, and it shouldn’t be responsible for it.

　　Iranian media: "lancet》The editor-in-chief called the conspiracy theory about the origin of the virus ridiculous.

　　Iranian Tasneem News Agency reported "Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet Medical Journal: Some American politicians’ remarks about COVID-19 are disappointing". According to the report, the "virus conspiracy theory" is unfavorable to the fight against the epidemic. We must understand the origin of the virus and study it with a scientific attitude.

　　Iranian mainstream media "Global Online" website published a report "Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet: The conspiracy theory about the origin of the virus is ridiculous".

　　Nigerian Hausa newspaper Leader: Richard Horton: Conspiracy theories about Covid-19 should not be spread.

　　On May 1st, Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet, a top international medical journal, accepted an exclusive interview with CCTV to respond to public concerns. In response to rumors such as "virus conspiracy theory", Horton said that these statements are very ridiculous. "Virus conspiracy theory" is not good for fighting the epidemic, and the negative impact caused by this conspiracy theory is very serious.

　　Regarding the remarks made by some politicians in the United States, Horton said that he greatly appreciated the scientific and medical development level in the United States, but he was disappointed by American politicians, who advocated conspiracy theories, supported some treatments without conclusive evidence, and publicly criticized other countries or organizations. This practice is useless. What we should do is to strengthen cooperation to deal with the challenges brought by the epidemic. Dividing countries and people cannot effectively deal with this threat facing all mankind.

　　In addition, Serbian Newsweek magazine, Pakistan’s FM98 China-Pakistan Friendship Network, Indonesia’s Elsinda Radio, Nepal’s Urban Online Network, Arabic News Network under North Macedonia’s ATV Media Group, Myanmar’s online media Opinion Leaders and other overseas mainstream media also forwarded the relevant reports of the reception desk.

　　Serbian mainstream media Nedeljnik)↓

　　Pakistan FM98 China-Pakistan Friendship Network Report ↓

　　IndiaRadio Elsinda, the largest private radio station in Nigeria, reported ↓

　　The Arabic news network Lajm, a subsidiary of North Macedonia ATV Media Group, reports ↓

　　Myanmar online media Opinion Leaders report ↓

　　Nepal Urban Online Network Report ↓

　　Interview with Bai Yansong in Hong Kong Media ReportHorton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet

　　Hong Kong Ta Kung Pao, Wen Wei Po, Hong Kong News, Phoenix Satellite TV Chinese Channel, Wireless News Channel, Cable News Channel, Hong Kong Wireless Financial Information Channel, Point News, Hong Kong people’s port and Hong Kong 01 and other media have also quoted CCTV Bai Yansong to interview Horton, editor-in-chief of The Lancet.

　　Ta Kung Pao: The editor-in-chief of The Lancet, "The virus conspiracy theory is untrue and blames China for being unreasonable" ↓

　　Wen Wei Po: Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet, "Europe and the United States ignore WHO’s early warning and cause man-made disasters" ↓

　　Hong Kong Cable News reported ↓

　　Hong Kong Radio News: The editor-in-chief of The Lancet said that China was not responsible for the outbreak and should find out the source and host of the virus ↓

　　The letter:The Lancet.Editor-in-Chief "China is not responsible for the outbreak"↓

　　Click on the news:The Lancet.Editor-in-Chief: It is useless and untrue to accuse China of being the source of the virus.↓

　　Hong Kong people and places: [fair comment]The Lancet.The editorial pointed out that many countries were not ready to deal with the new pneumonia epidemic and called for learning from China.↓

　　Hong kong 01:The Lancet.Editor-in-Chief: It is useless and untrue to accuse China of being the source of virus transmission.↓

　　Phoenix Chinese Channel↓

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In March 1957, East China Normal University will hold a large-scale academic seminar. At the request of the organizer of the conference, Qian Gurong, then a lecturer in the Chinese Department of East China Normal University, wrote the article "On Literature as Human Studies" the month before. In May of that year, this paper was published in Literature and Art Monthly (predecessor of Shanghai Literature).

On "Literature is Humanism" begins with a clear meaning-Gorky once suggested that literature should be called "Humanism". Later, Qian Gurong explained this: "We often quote Gorky’s opinion when explaining that literature must be described by people and create vivid typical images. But our understanding stops here, only knowing that we can’t take a step forward because we are stuck in emphasizing the importance of writing people. In fact, the meaning of this sentence is extremely profound. We can simply regard it as a master key to understand all literary problems. Whoever wants to go deep into the literature and art hall, whether he is a creator or a theorist, must master this key. Without this key, theorists cannot explain a series of phenomena in literature and art; If the creator forgets this key, he can’t write exciting real works of art. "

To be honest, "literature is human science" is the key to understand all literary problems. As a unique language art of human beings, how can literature settle down without "people"? This is common sense. But just because it is common sense, people tend to be ignorant of it and don’t ask for a very good solution. For example, as a proposition that anchors China’s values of modern and contemporary literature, whose mouth did "literature is a study of human" originally come from? For a long time, the academic community has been unable to agree. Even Qian Gurong, who used this key to open the door to China’s modern and contemporary literature, has experienced repeated explorations. Today, the answer he gave himself may not be convincing.

Collected Works of Qian Gurong

Qian Gurong’s initial answer was Gorky. The full text of On Literature as Human Studies is more than 30,000 words, and Gorky’s name is mentioned 33 times. The gesture of "I note the Six Classics" is self-evident. However, after reading this article, you will find that the actual effect is "six classics note me". Interestingly, as far as the view of humanitarian literature expressed by Qian Gurong is concerned, Gorky’s literary theory, which is the "Six Classics" that he quoted, that is, the "proletarian artistic authority" (Leninist), is not solid and powerful in supporting the thesis. Gorky’s theory is not completely compatible with Qian Gurong’s point of view in some specific discussion links, such as the task of literature, the motivation of literary creation, the abstraction or concreteness of people in literature, and especially the typical creative mode of literature. On the contrary, in the same article, Chernyshevski, another Russian writer cited by Qian Gurong, is in the same breath as the author.

As a matter of fact, searching for the whole paper on "Literature is a study of humanity" does not show the words "Literature is a study of humanity" or the sentences such as "Literature is a study of humanity" in the form of Gorky’s direct quotation. Looking up Gorky’s related writings and speeches, I found no such expression.

In this case, why did Qian Gurong associate "literature is human studies" with Gorky? Obviously, he equated Gorky’s suggestion that "literature is called’ humanism’" with "literature is humanism". And where does "calling literature’ human studies’" come from? Qian Gurong said: "It comes from Timofeev’s Principles of Literature." In 1953, the Principles of Literature, published by Pingming Publishing House, was mentioned in many places, and Gorky called literature a "human study". However, in this edition of Principles of Literature, Timofeyev did not annotate the origin of Gorky. It was not until 1959, that is, two years after "On Literature as Human Studies" was written, that Timofeyev indicated in the revised edition of "Principles of Literature" that Gorky’s statement came from the article "On Skills". In 1979, People’s Literature Publishing House published this article. According to this version, Gorky’s original words are not "calling literature" human studies ",but" literature is the best literature of "people’s studies" or "human studies".

It is necessary to point out that, from Gorky’s original words to Qian Gurong’s quotations, the semantics have changed a long time ago after being reported by many texts and translated in different languages. But one thing is certain, Gorky is not the original creator of "literature is human studies".

Because of this, since the publication of "On Literature as Humanism", the controversy about the real origin of "Literature as Humanism" has never stopped. As a party to the debate, Qian Gurong’s attitude has also gone through the process from "defense-persistence" to "doubt-correction" and even self-denial. Finally, he admitted that "Gorky may not have said that literature is a human study".

Of course, denying Gorky, Qian Gurong didn’t give up solving the mystery he created. He found a new answer: Dana.

How did Qian Gurong find Dana? There are related descriptions in his correspondence and interviews in his later years:

In July 2003, Qian Gurong said in a letter to literary critic Li Ling: "I remember that one day in the 1990s, I happened to read the English version of A History of English Literature written by Tanner. In the preface of the book, Tanner said in plain language:’ literature, it is the study of man’. Turner was born in 1828, 40 years earlier than Gorky. The invention right of the phrase’ literature is human studies’ should not belong to Gorky, but to Turner. "

In March, 2005, Li Shitao, a classmate from Qian Gurong, mentioned this matter again, and the expression was basically the same, adding that Dana’s History of English Literature was kept in his family.

In June 2014, Qian Gurong repeated the above words in an exclusive interview with Ma Xinfang, a reporter from Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, only emphasizing that "the book History of English Literature has always been in my family, but I didn’t read it".

Qian Gurong’s book-flipping in the 1990s was a rock-breaking event. The three key clues he came across while turning pages —— Dana, the preface of English History of English literature, and "literature, it is the study of man" —— refreshed people’s understanding of the origin of "literature is the study of man".

Danner, a famous French philosopher, historian and literary theorist, had a far-reaching influence on literary research in the 19th century. In China, Dana’s most famous literary theory work is Philosophy of Art, which was translated by Fu Lei.

The History of English Literature, written by Dana from 1864 to 1869, has no complete translation in China, and some chapters are scattered in books compiled by others. For example, the second volume of Selected Western Literary Theories edited by Wu Yifu contains the second chapter of the preface to the History of English Literature; The Interpretation of Shakespeare’s Plays compiled by Zhang Ke and Wang Yuanhua contains the "Shakespeare Theory" in the History of English Literature.

"literature, it is the study of man", according to Qian Gurong, comes from the preface of the English version of The History of English Literature. Literally, it can indeed correspond to the Chinese saying that "literature is human studies".

If we deduce from these three evidences, the invention right of "literature is human studies" will undoubtedly belong to Dana. Never thought, a new round of questioning appeared soon, and it was rigorous and powerful. In the first issue of China Social Sciences in 2010, Liu Weiqin, a professor at South-Central University for Nationalities, published a paper "Reflections on the Proposition that Literature is a Human Study", which revealed a surprising fact-the original version of Dana’s History of English Literature was in French, while Qian Gurong read the English version. The popular English version of The History of English Literature was translated by Henri Van Laun. However, Liu repeatedly read the preface of this translation, but failed to find the words "literature, it is the study of man". Liu then consulted the preface of the original French version of The History of English Literature, and failed to find a French sentence corresponding to "literature is human studies". Even the sentence closest to "literature is human" is far from its precise meaning.

What is the problem? Let’s take a closer look at Dana and his writings.

The English Version of Dana’s History of English Literature

In the history of western literary theory, Danner was deeply influenced by Comte’s positivism and Darwin’s evolution theory, and borrowed natural laws to explain literary phenomena earlier. The representative work of Dana’s literary theory is the preface to the History of English Literature. In this article, Dana systematically expounded his famous theory of "three elements" of literary development, and he advocated that literary creation is determined by three forces: race, environment and times, which constitute the "internal root", "external pressure" and "acquired momentum" of literary development. The History of English Literature takes English literature as an example to prove the theory of "three elements".

It is true that the preface of the History of English Literature can be regarded as an article on literary theory, but it should be classified into the categories of cultural anthropology and historical sociology. Because Dana pays more attention to the general mental state and national temperament that produce literary works, the writer’s psychology and character as an individual are often ignored by him. As Dana’s teacher St. Pevey commented: Mr. Dana’s research method did not touch the unique and specific individuals, and he always stayed outside, letting the so-called talents and talents escape from the mesh.

Furthermore, Dana’s research paradigm of literary theory, which pays attention to the whole nationality, runs counter to the description of "concrete, living people" in literary works advocated by Qian Gurong in On Literature as Human Studies.

Therefore, it is understandable that Qian Gurong’s new answer-Dana, which was sought by the original creator of "literature is human studies", was questioned.

A good guess, perhaps, Qian Gurong turned to another English version of the History of English Literature in the 1990s; Perhaps, in that version, the English translator has drawn up a title and added a new note for the preface of the book, and "literature, it is the study of man" is part of the title or note …

Perhaps, it’s just that Qian Gurong’s memory is biased. However, with the death of the old gentleman, these have become unsolved mysteries.

Perhaps, we should make a bolder guess: before the publication of On Literature as Human Studies, no one explicitly said that literature is human studies. As one of the most important propositions in modern and contemporary China literature, "Literature is the study of human beings" was invented by the discoverer Qian Gurong himself. Truth is largely a matter of courage. Qian Gurong found a key to understand literary problems with great theoretical courage, but his humility made him devote his time and energy to a fruitless task-to find the person who made the key.

A few days ago, Jiang Ge learned from the official that the pre-sale was officially opened. The pre-sale price started at 169,800 yuan, and the new car will be officially listed on September 23. Shangjie H5 is a combination of Huawei’s leading intelligent technology and SAIC’s profound car-making heritage. Its appearance is simple and atmospheric, its space is spacious and practical, its battery life meets the needs of the whole scene, and it is equipped with HUAWEI ADS 4 auxiliary driving system. According to the latest official data, Shangjie H5 opened a one-hour pre-sale order and exceeded 25,000 units.

In terms of appearance, the new car adopts the closed front face of new energy vehicles, and the latest brand logo is hung in the center of the front face. The roof is equipped with a laser radar, and the new car is also equipped with a luminous logo and a smart blue light. The overall appearance is full of technology.

From the side of the car body, the overall lines of the new car are relatively smooth, and the traditional door handle is adopted instead of the popular hidden door handle design. In terms of body size, the length, width and height of the new car are 4780/1910/1657 (1664) mm.

When we arrive at the rear of the car, we can see that the design of the rear of the new car also adopts simple design techniques. At present, the popular through-type taillight group, and the central part of the taillight is also equipped with the Shangjie brand logo.

In terms of interior, the new car adopts the popular minimalist design style, creating a fashionable and warm interior atmosphere. In terms of specific configuration, the front row of the new car is equipped with a liquid crystal instrument and a large-size floating central control panel. In addition, it is equipped with three flat-bottomed steering wheels, a wireless charging panel for mobile phones and a panoramic canopy.

The rear space looks extremely spacious and the seats look very comfortable. In addition, we also see that the rear row of the new car is not only equipped with a central armrest, but also provides an entertainment screen.

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In terms of power, the new car offers two options: pure electricity and extended range. The pure electric version is equipped with a battery pack with a capacity of 80kWh. The CLTC has a pure battery life of 655 kilometers and a comprehensive power consumption of 13.4kWh per 100 kilometers. The extended-range version has a pure battery life of 235 kilometers, a comprehensive battery life of 1360 kilometers and a comprehensive fuel consumption of 4.44L per 100 kilometers.

　　Summer has come in Fuzhou. With the temperature rising and catching up with the rainy season, mosquitoes are becoming more and more rampant. May-November is the epidemic season of dengue fever in China every year, so we should always be vigilant. Dengue fever can be prevented and controlled, and the key lies in prevention. So what is dengue fever? Let’s get to know it together ~

01

dengue

　　Dengue fever (DF) is an acute insect-borne infectious disease caused by dengue virus. It is also called "bone fracture fever" because of its severe pain, and it belongs to Class B legal infectious disease in China. The high incidence season of dengue fever is summer and autumn, which generally increases gradually from May, and the peak period is from August to October. The incubation period is 3-15 days, usually 5-8 days, and the whole population is generally susceptible.

Dengue fever does not spread from person to person!

　　Dengue virus is mainly transmitted to humans through the bite of female Aedes aegypti (mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) carrying the virus, and generally does not spread directly from person to person. The perennial monitoring found that there was a vector of dengue fever in Fuzhou — — Aedes albopictus

02

clinical symptoms

　　[Sudden high fever] The body temperature rises to 39℃ ~ 40℃ within a day or two, and it often lasts for a week.

　　【 "Body Pain 】 I feel headache, eye socket pain, muscle joint and bone pain, and the whole person feels very tired.

　　["Redness"] The skin on the face, neck, chest and limbs is red, which seems to be "drunk", and even conjunctival congestion and superficial lymphadenopathy appear.

　　★ The incubation period of dengue fever is generally 3 ~ 15 days, and most of them are 5 ~ 8 days. Patients and recessive infected people are the main sources of infection. Patients are contagious from 1 day before onset to 5 days after onset.

　　★ After some people are infected with dengue virus, the virus exists in the blood but does not get sick, that is, recessive infection, but it can also transmit the virus to others through Aedes mosquitoes.

Special reminder

　　The symptoms of dengue fever are similar to those of colds and flu. Pay attention to the following three differences:

　　1. The fever caused by dengue fever is generally "high fever", and the body temperature can often reach 39℃ or even 40℃.

　　2. In addition to fever, patients with dengue fever are often accompanied by bone pain, headache, muscle pain, rash, bleeding spots, and some patients may also have gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and stomachache.

　　Besides fever, the symptoms caused by cold are often accompanied by symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and cough.

　　If you have a history of living abroad or have fever or rash after returning to Rongrong in areas with epidemic situation in China, please be sure to go to a medical institution with a fever clinic (consultation room) as soon as possible, and actively inform the medical staff of mosquito bites or the history of living abroad in the past two weeks, and never take medicine by yourself or see a doctor in a small clinic.

03

What should I do if I am infected with dengue fever?

　　If you are accidentally infected with dengue virus, don’t be too alarmed. Dengue fever patients generally have a good prognosis, and can basically recover after timely treatment, but there are also reports of a few serious cases of death, so please take scientific precautions. Dengue fever patients should pay attention to the following points:

　　Pay attention to rest.

　　Use acetaminophen (such as paracetamol) to treat pain, and avoid using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen and aspirin).

　　When staying at home or in hospital, do a good job in mosquito isolation, including using mosquito nets and screen doors, wearing long-sleeved clothes, spraying mosquito repellent and other measures to reduce unnecessary outdoor activities.

　　If you find any serious symptoms, please contact a doctor as soon as possible!

　　The mortality rate of typical dengue fever is less than 1%, but if it is not treated in time, it will become severe and the mortality rate will exceed 20%.

　　Therefore, no matter the severity of the illness, seek medical advice in time! Seek medical attention in time! Seek medical attention in time! Is the best way to deal with it

04

How to prevent dengue fever?

　　At present, there is no approved and registered vaccine for dengue fever, and there is no specific antiviral drug. Mosquito control is the key to prevent dengue fever.

　　(1) Environmental governance

　　Clean up all kinds of stagnant water at home. Water bottles should be changed for aquatic plants every 5-7 days, and no stagnant water should be left on the flowerpot chassis. The terrace outside the building, outdoor potholes, tree holes, bamboo tubes and other accumulated water, should be regularly dredged, leveled and filled with potholes, rummaged pots and cans, and cleaned up waste tires and other measures. For stagnant water that cannot be removed for a long time, a corrosion inhibitor can be put in to kill larvae.

　　(2) Physical prevention and control

　　Use light, sound, electricity and other physical methods to kill, trap or drive away mosquitoes, such as optical traps and electric mosquito swatter.

　　(3) Chemical control

　　Use mosquito-repellent incense, repellent, aerosol insecticide and other commonly used chemicals to kill and repel mosquitoes.

　　(4) Biological control

　　Ornamental fish are stocked in ponds and lotus tanks, carp and grass carp are stocked in paddy fields and irrigation ditches, and mosquito larvae are eliminated by stocking fish.

　　(5) Personal protection

　　During the epidemic season in dengue endemic areas, screen doors and screens should be installed indoors, and mosquito nets should be used when sleeping. Try to minimize going out during the peak hours of mosquito activities. When going out, such as going to parks, green belts and other places, you should wear long-sleeved clothes and trousers, and apply mosquito repellent drugs to exposed skin and clothes. You should also avoid staying too long in places with more outdoor mosquitoes such as shade, grass and gazebo. Avoid traveling to Southeast Asia, Africa, America and other regions during the period of high incidence of mosquito-borne infectious diseases.

Language is an important tool for human beings to express their communication and thinking. Language reflects people’s thoughts, and people use language to communicate, express and create. The daily language used by human beings is called natural language, which includes vocabulary, pronunciation, semantics and grammar. The language used for machine programming is called computer language, which consists of numbers, characters and grammatical rules. Human natural languages are in different languages and belong to different language families, and computer languages are also divided into various categories according to different writing rules. Language intelligence, the ability of people to communicate and think in writing through language dialogue, is regarded as an aspect of human intelligence. In contrast, a machine (computer) has the ability to recognize computer language, run programs and perform operations, and computer language can be regarded as a language inherent in the machine. If the computer can understand the natural language as a "foreign language", realize the translation of natural language, understand and execute people’s commands, and even talk to people, can it be considered that the computer has language intelligence similar to that of people? This paper will answer this question.

Definition of natural language and computer language

The language used in human daily life is called natural language. Humans use language to express ideas, communicate and describe objects. As a carrier, language carries the connotation of words. Many languages of human beings belong to different language families, but languages can correspond and translate with each other. Every language is a system including vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation, in which vocabulary is used to express itself according to grammatical rules. As the philosopher and linguist Chomsky said in Language and Mind, "People who know a certain language have mastered a set of rules system, which assigns sounds and meanings to countless possible sentences in a certain way." However, individuals who use natural language may not be aware of the rules and connotations of this language system: "People who know the language are not aware that they have mastered these rules or are using them, and there is no reason to assume that this knowledge of language rules can be brought into consciousness."

The acquisition of natural language is based on life and social interaction. The process for children to master a language is to get in touch with words and sentences through a large number of dialogues, acquire sentence models in conversations and chats, and then master grammar. It can be seen that the learning of natural language is from semantics to grammar. Therefore, some scholars discuss language acquisition from the standpoint of human language talent theory. For example, Chomsky thinks that there is a natural universal grammar in the human brain, which exists in a place called language acquisition device. He tried to explain the relationship between language research and human nature, and thought that language reflected the process of human mind and determined all aspects of ideological characteristics and development.

From the perspective of language system, natural language is both stable and changeable. On the premise that a language exists, its vocabulary and basic grammar are stable. At the same time, the language is constantly updated, derived and developed due to the changes of the times and environment during its inheritance and use.

Computer language refers to the language that uses numbers and characters to write programs according to the prescribed grammatical rules, so that computers can do all kinds of work. It includes machine language, assembly language, high-level language and so on. In different ways of thinking about programming and programming models, statements composed of characters and grammatical rules perform operations according to instructions. The original intention of computer language design is to enable people to better control and operate computers. At present, every action and step made by all computers are carried out according to the program compiled by computer language. The operation of a computer is a process of accepting input, matching objects and outputting answers. In the execution operation, the calculator must first understand the input commands of people, and translate the natural language. The source code of the application program is translated into the target code machine language by the interpreter of the corresponding language, and then the compilation operation is carried out to translate the program source code into the target code machine language.

It can be said that computer language is the medium of man-machine dialogue. Computer language can recognize and translate natural language, perform operations and output results in its construction, and the translation process is the key to man-machine cooperation and even man-machine dialogue. The machine can only continue to perform operations after understanding the commands input by human beings. Before the emergence of intelligent machines, people’s input instructions to machines were single, but today’s intelligent machines have gradually tried to understand people’s commands through voice and image recognition. At present, this ability mainly depends on corpus analysis, enhanced matching search and deep learning.

If the vocabulary of natural language is regarded as a set of symbols and its grammar is regarded as the rules for the use of symbols, then computer language is also the use of symbols and rules. The encoding and decoding of computer input and output, as well as the operation in human-computer interaction, are also similar to the process of using language to listen, read, write and communicate with people. In this sense, computer language seems to be the natural language of computers. If the computer is truly intelligent, then in its view, human natural language can be regarded as a foreign language. But can computers be intelligent?

To compare natural language with computer language, an important perspective is to distinguish the internal logic of natural language and computer language from their logical systems. Logic is an important connotation of language, and the logical structure and grammatical system of a language are the root causes that distinguish it from other languages and languages.

Logic in Natural Language and Computer Language

In the use of natural language, ambiguity and ambiguity are inevitable, and there are misunderstandings and deviations in translation between languages. Scholars want to solve the ambiguity and ambiguity of words in expression and find the common deep structure in human language, so they invented formal language by using mathematical methods for reference. The original intention of formal language is that people want to make logic have a set of universal symbols like mathematics, so as to try to establish a universal and unambiguous language. Through this language, all thinking and reasoning can be transformed into calculus and become as accurate as mathematics. Logicians try to accurately describe the world described by natural language with formal systems and symbols, so as to make more accurate reasoning, analysis and judgment. Therefore, in the study of logical language, it also includes the study of natural language generative grammar.

Natural language can be regarded as a symbol system, in which words are symbols to express ideas under the cultural background. However, the logic in natural language is not only grammatical structure, but also semantic. The ambiguity and vagueness of some words in our daily expression are difficult to judge in grammar, but they can be simply solved by context and the introduction of context. Wittgenstein thinks that natural language is used to express objects, the meaning of a proposition or sentence comes from its real object, and the process of learning language is to master the relationship between words and objects. We can’t get meaning from a single word, but through association and activity, so natural language has meaning under certain environment and specific rules of the game.

Therefore, the logic of natural language has one more dimension than that of formal language. Natural language is a part of human mind, and the logic contained in words is the unique logical ability of human mind. As Wittgenstein pointed out, a single vocabulary and grammatical structure cannot convey complete meaning. The acquisition of natural language can’t be achieved only by learning the logical structure of language. Therefore, mind is an important concept in the acquisition of natural language.

The computer language used by the machine is also a formal language. It is the language that people first gave to the machine and became the pre-existing language in it. When computers understand and execute human commands, they need to translate natural languages into computer languages that can be understood by machines, and then carry out program operations. Formal description of natural language is very important for mechanical imitation of computer programs, but understanding imitation is different from mechanical imitation. Mechanical imitation involves formal nature, while comprehension imitation involves quasi-semantic nature. At present, computers are mainly based on mechanical imitation and talk to people’s natural language through logical language. Therefore, although the processing of natural language by computer can be regarded as a kind of translation, at present, this kind of translation is different from the mutual translation between two languages in natural language.

In the process of disambiguation, computers need a lot of knowledge, including linguistic knowledge (morphology, syntax, semantics, context, etc.) and common sense cognition about the world. This has also caused two main difficulties in natural language processing at present. Measuring computer language from the perspective of natural language is highly formalized, which makes its ability to describe context limited, and it cannot convey multi-layer information like natural language. Therefore, although formal language has advantages in accuracy, its contextual shaping ability and expressive power are inevitably weaker than natural language. In the understanding of natural language, it is difficult for formal language to fully describe how lexical devices are related to syntactic structures, thus forming the meaning of sentences, which is also an important reason for errors in computer recognition of natural language. Of course, with the development of corpus construction and corpus linguistics, the rationalism method based on syntactic-semantic rules, which was mainly used by computers in dealing with natural languages, has taken a back seat. Nowadays, the natural language processing technology has introduced statistical mathematics methods, and gradually reduced errors with the support of matching search and automatic learning methods.

Cognitive science holds that thinking and cognition are logical operations of knowledge, while computerized natural language analysis mainly depends on the expression of logical language. From the perspective of behaviorism, if the machine has a computer language, and it is constantly strengthened and more accurate in the operation execution and use the day after tomorrow, it is a kind of acquisition and consolidation. In this sense, computer language seems to be its natural language for computers. However, although natural language and computer language each contain many kinds, the reasons for their diversity are different. Different from the differences of history, culture and region, computer language is developed for different needs when writing programs. Therefore, the connotation of natural language and computer language is different. Fundamentally speaking, the mind embodied by natural language is different from that expressed by computer language.

Natural language and mind

If natural language is the tool of human expression and the medium of thinking, then the relationship between natural language and mind is inseparable. To a certain extent, people’s ability to use language is one of the manifestations of mental ability. Mind is different from intelligence. Mind is a part of intelligence, which refers to people’s abilities of perception, feeling, memory, learning, understanding and innovation.

Mental ability includes the understanding of natural language. When using natural language in daily life, we can get the pronunciation, image and connotation of the described object at the same time. In our daily life, whenever we hear someone describe something or see someone pointing to an object, we will remember what this thing is called and say the same words when we refer to that thing again in the future. We can also experience all kinds of emotions and feelings in the sentence from other people’s voices, movements, expressions and eyes, as well as body movements, tones and tones. That is to say, in natural language, the meaning of words is not limited to the meaning of a single word, but also includes the appearance of the referent, pronunciation, the intention of the narrator and the context at that time. The meanings of natural language are fully embodied in social communication and dialogue. A comprehensive grasp of these meanings requires mental ability, and vice versa. As Chomsky said: the surface rule of words forming sentences is grammar, but the real meaning of sentences is reflected in the deep structure. The deep structure is related to the surface structure through some mental operations. In other words, the connection between all words, sounds and meanings of natural language is based on the grammatical structure on the basis of mind.

Furthermore, the study of natural language is also a reflection of mental ability. Psychologists represented by Chomsky believe that language and grammatical structure are the essence and characteristics of human mind. No matter how different language users are in individual experience and ability, they will complete the task of constructing language theory system in a very similar way. We are endowed with cognitive structure and language ability in our minds, and gradually strengthen our grasp of grammar rules in the application of acquired knowledge. "On a basic level, we humans are not learning languages. The real situation is that languages grow up in our minds."

Different from Chomsky, Quine’s language theory is based on empiricism and behaviorism. He opposes both the thorough empiricism reductionism and the pure transcendental knowledge. He believes that the reason why language can express meaning depends on the acquisition of behavior, and people’s mental ability embodied in language behavior is gradually acquired. The mental ability to master and use a language is acquired and can be strengthened through training. In Quine’s view, our ability to master language comes from public knowledge, which is a kind of inheritance of human common experience and knowledge background, rather than a priori existence: "Even if we want to talk about a unique quality of sensory awareness, most of us have to turn to public objects, the color of oranges, the taste of rotten eggs, and so on. To continuously access the previous sensory data, it also depends on the reference object. Of course, we should explore the sensory awareness and sensory stimulation behind the daily discourse about objects, but these are the background of concept formation or language, not their underlying structure. "

According to Chomsky’s theory, the initial inner nature that we give to an intelligent computer can be counted as its innate "mind", of course, such a mind is given by people and is incomplete. According to Quine’s theory, under the premise of being constructed, the computer has acquired the knowledge background and can continuously strengthen its language ability in learning, which seems to mean that it is possible to obtain real intelligence in intensive learning, including the same level of language intelligence as people.

Machine language and mind

In the famous Turing test of artificial intelligence, if a person can have a long enough conversation with a machine, if the interlocutor can’t tell whether the answer comes from a machine or a person, then it is judged that the machine is intelligent. It can be seen that the main ability of Turing’s intelligent computer is the ability to understand and use language. The test defines the intelligence of the machine as several aspects: the machine should be able to answer the questions of input text; Be able to explain the meaning of words; Able to understand sentences composed of words; Be able to translate one language into another. Language ability is an important criterion to judge whether a computer has intelligence. It can even be said that from the mechanism of Turing test, language ability can be equated with intelligence.

If intelligence must master language ability, as mentioned above, although the natural language used by human beings has vague and ambiguous contents, its expressive power is indeed stronger than that of formal language. If a computer wants to have real intelligence, it must have the ability to understand natural language in different contexts. However, this ability is almost impossible in the existing technology. Dreyfus mentioned in What Computers Can’t Do that one of the difficult problems for machines to acquire intelligence is to solve the ambiguity in language. Although there is now the support of enhanced matching search and big data, the ambiguity problem of natural language has been partially solved on the surface. However, if we can really understand and use a language by referring to the way we use natural language, we need to master the necessary reasoning rules (including expert knowledge reasoning and common sense reasoning), but also have the ability to understand and comprehend the context. With this ability, you can be considered to have a mind and intelligence.

When discussing machine intelligence and mind, many researchers hope to get inspiration from the generation and structure of human intelligence. From simple development to complex thinking, human intelligence seems to have rules to follow, but if you consider it carefully, even the simplest and most elementary intelligence involves the cooperation of millions of brain cells and muscle cells on a large scale. These simple behaviors are embedded with too much intelligence, which are deep mental abilities that are not realized in daily speech and behavior. Language intelligence, as one of them, if we consider the source of language mechanism and its role in the sudden qualitative change of human intelligence, at least two basic problems will appear: first, the core semantic content of the smallest meaningful element, including the simplest element. Second, the principle of allowing unlimited combinations of symbols. If we want to analyze the physiological structure and logical structure produced by human mind step by step, we will try to endow the machine with mind by imitating this structure. It is bound to face two dilemmas: first, the human brain is a black box that cannot be completely mastered; Second, the mind, as a non-physical but real existence, is an elusive existence for technology.

From the standpoint of mentalism, it is impossible for a computer to have the same mental ability as human beings, although it can acquire more sophisticated and accurate natural language processing technology with the development of technology, and it can understand all instructions of natural language in operation and execution. From the standpoint of behaviorism, if a machine has the same language ability as human beings and can understand and express natural language, it seems that it can be considered as a machine with mind. However, the inevitable problems in the transformation between natural language and formal language also indicate that imitation based on behaviorism cannot be exactly the same as human beings.

conclusion

With the development of technology, the number of natural language texts that can be processed by computers has been increasing. Under the application requirements of text mining, information extraction, cross-language information processing, human-computer interaction and so on, the research on computer natural language processing is also advancing. However, natural language is directional and logical in description and expression, and conveys and carries culture. This means that natural language is not only a combination of some words and symbols, but also different from formal language. Although natural language is also used under certain logical grammar and has the functions of communication, exchange, expression and creation, it also has cultural attributes. The acquisition of a language not only includes the use of words and grammatical rules, but also includes the understanding and recognition of a culture. At this level, no matter how much the existing intelligent machines deal with natural languages, they have not yet possessed real intelligence. Therefore, we can take the normal use of language as extremely clear empirical evidence to prove that other creatures have the same mind as us, but not as discriminatory evidence of the source of mind and human ability.

Descartes said that "language is the core symbol of human thinking", which means that language ability and human thinking ability are inseparable and language ability is the representation of human mind. He also pointed out that two important abilities of human mind, understanding and will, cannot be realized by machines (automata). Because the mind has no substance, it is impossible for automata to create the mind by imitating the surface structure anyway. Descartes’ prediction is still correct today, although it lacks the integrity of argument. The use, expression and creation of language is an important content of human intelligence. If the intelligent machine in the future will have the same or even stronger intelligence as human beings, then it must have the same understanding and application ability as human language ability. This can’t be done at the existing computer language level. As for whether machines can learn "foreign languages" by new breakthrough technologies in the future, that is another question.

References:

Dreyfus. What Computers Can’t Do: The Limits of Artificial Intelligence [M]. Joint Publishing Company, 1986.

Noam Chomsky. Language and Mind [M]. Renmin University of China Press, 2015.

Selected Works of Noam Chomsky Chomsky’s Philosophy of Language [M]. The Commercial Press, 1992.

Noam Chomsky. Some Problems of Syntactic Theory [M]. China Social Sciences Press, 1986.

Quine. Words and Objects [M]. Renmin University of China Press, 2012.

Wittgenstein. Philosophical Studies [M]. The Commercial Press, 2000.

Frege. Selected Works of Frege’s Philosophy [M]. The Commercial Press, 2006.

　　CCTV News:Smuggled goods are commonly called parallel imports by consumers. Customs anti-smuggling personnel said that the purchase of smuggled watches has the risk of safeguarding rights, and if the amount involved is large, it will also bear corresponding legal responsibilities.

　　In recent years, with the increase of people leaving the country, some people will also buy watches for their own use or bring them to relatives and friends abroad. If you buy watches abroad, you should declare them to the customs in accordance with state regulations when you enter the country. Watches with a price below 5,000 yuan are not subject to tax, and those with a price between 5,000 yuan and 10,000 yuan should pay 30% postal tax, and the tax rate above 10,000 yuan is 60%.

　　Zhou Peng, Chief of Anti-smuggling Section of Post Office of Nanjing Customs Anti-smuggling Bureau Jinling Branch.: "If you don’t declare, if you bring one or two watches and evade taxes of less than 100,000 yuan, you will be subject to administrative punishment by the customs. Once you bring more watches and evade taxes of more than 100,000 yuan, you will be suspected of smuggling ordinary goods and articles and a fine of 1 to 5 times of tax evasion."

　　Then, if domestic consumers buy watches for the sake of being cheap and knowing that they are smuggled, do they also have to bear corresponding legal responsibilities?

　　Wu Weimin, Director of Investigation Department of Anti-smuggling Bureau of Hangzhou Customs.: "If consumers know that they are smuggling watches, it also constitutes the crime of smuggling. If tax-related individuals buy more than 100,000 and units buy more than 200,000, they must be investigated for criminal responsibility."

　　Si Bo, Chief of Investigation Department of Tianjin Customs Anti-smuggling Bureau: "The purchase of smuggled watches has a great impact on consumers, such as the warranty and later maintenance of watches."

　　Therefore, customs officers suggest that consumers must buy imported high-end watches from regular shops and channels in order to protect their legitimate rights and interests.