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Volvo XC90 New Energy presents a stylish and elegant appearance with its unique design language. On the front face, the iconic Quake LED headlights complement the straight waterfall air intake grille, giving the vehicle a sense of power and technological charm. The overall style is exquisite and atmospheric, combining the clean lines and luxury of Nordic design, which leaves a deep impression. The details reveal the pursuit of environmental protection concepts, making the XC90 New Energy visually unique.

The sideways design is one of the distinguishing features of the Volvo XC90 New Energy. The body measures 4953mm x 1958mm x 1772mm and has a wheelbase of 2984mm, giving it a spacious interior and solid driving performance. The smooth and powerful lines on both sides outline the elegant profile of a luxury SUV. This model is matched with 275/45 R20 tires with moderate tire specifications, which not only provides good grip, but also complements the rim style, further enhancing the overall visual effect and driving stability.

In terms of interior, Volvo XC90 New Energy continues the simple style of Nordic luxury. The exquisite central control area is equipped with a 9-inch touch screen, which is clear and smooth to operate. It integrates functions such as multimedia system, navigation and phone, and supports automatic speech recognition, bringing convenient control experience to the driver. The steering wheel is made of high-quality leather material, providing a comfortable grip, while supporting manual up and down and front and rear adjustment to ensure the driver’s driving vision and comfort. In terms of seats, whether it is fabric or leather material, it reflects good comfort and durability. The front seats are rich in configuration, including heating, ventilation and massage functions, and the driver and passenger seats are also equipped with power seat memory to ensure the comfort of long-distance driving. The second row of seats also supports front and rear adjustment and backrest adjustment, providing high space utilization and flexibility. In addition, the front row is equipped with USB and Type-C interfaces, as well as wireless charging functions for mobile phones, meeting the diverse needs of modern technology users.

Volvo XC90 New Energy is equipped with a 2.0T turbocharged engine with a maximum power of 228 kilowatts and a maximum torque of 400 Nm, providing a strong power output. This engine is equipped with 310 horsepower and an 8-speed automatic transmission to ensure smooth and efficient driving of the vehicle.

Summarizing the evaluation of the owner of Autohome, we can conclude that he is full of praise for the exterior design of the Volvo XC90 new energy, especially the simple atmosphere of the body line and the iconic Thor’s hammer headlights and Viking axe, which make him very satisfied. The owner thinks that the design of the front of the car is particularly attractive, far exceeding the rear part. Such an excellent appearance and unique design details undoubtedly add endless charm to this luxury new energy SUV, making it stand out among many choices and become the ideal choice for the owner.

On April 29, 2016, at the third "April 29 Capital Cyber Security Day" Network and Information Security Expo in Beijing, Yidao Network announced that the era of password-free security authentication had begun. Photo courtesy /CFP

Security is the premise of development, development is the guarantee of security, and security and development should be promoted simultaneously. At the beginning of this century, Americans once said: "The biggest mistake in network security is that in the past twenty years, the first generation of users of information technology were not influenced by safe methods and viewpoints, but they will lead the next twenty years." We also need to think about how to establish a national awareness of cybersecurity and strengthen our faith and belief in national security.

In his speech, the Supreme Leader General Secretary analyzed and interpreted the basic laws of network security in a large space, expounded the essence and core elements of network security in an all-round way, excavated the universal connection and dialectical unity in the contradiction of network security attack and defense game, put forward the dialectics of network security, and pointed out the direction for the development of network security. The Central Network Information Office organized experts, scholars and insiders in the Internet field to conduct in-depth study and discussion on the issues of network security and development.

　Network security and literacy, starting with dolls.

Yang Lin, a researcher at a research institute of the People’s Liberation Army in Beijing, has a deep memory of the general secretary’s statement that "cyber security is for the people and cyber security depends on the people" and "I didn’t realize that risk is the biggest risk". He suggested strengthening the cultivation of cyber security awareness among the broad masses of the people. "The world outlook is formed at an early age, and the world outlook in cyberspace should also start from a doll. Starting from primary school, we should help our children establish a correct concept of network and security, cultivate and educate children with our own teaching materials, plant safe seeds in the process of growing up, and plant safe genes in the depths of their minds, so that the successors of the motherland can not only have strong network trust ability and network trust quality, but also build a solid network defense line in the depths of their minds and souls, so that children can grow up.

Jin Jianbin, secretary of the Party Committee of Tsinghua University School of Journalism and Communication, believes that the concept of network security involves countries, enterprises, organizations and individuals. In the network age, it is particularly important to ensure the security of national and basic service facilities. We can start from three aspects: first, improve the core technology configuration and research and development ability of the network. The second is to improve the management system, which is the foundation of ensuring safety. Now many loopholes come from imperfect management. Third, we should also pay special attention to several types of subjects: at the national level, we can make some strategic configurations to serve the country’s major strategies; At the enterprise level, we should ensure the safety of users and all aspects of data, and emphasize the social responsibility and national consciousness of enterprises; Personally, leading cadres and technical experts at all levels need to improve their awareness of network security. Power and ability mean risks and responsibilities. It is suggested that training on network security should be strengthened to improve the awareness of network security of leading cadres, and network security awareness, or network information literacy, should become the basic quality of cadres. Experts, scholars and researchers also need to enhance their awareness of network security. Although our current management is constantly strengthening, the reality is still not optimistic. On the one hand, the situation in the country is excellent, but on the other hand, there are many risk points at all levels from individuals to the country. Strengthening the awareness of network security of the whole people has become a major issue for the whole society.

Yun Xiaochun, who has been engaged in professional network security for a long time, has a very deep understanding: now the demand for network security is growing in all walks of life, and the whole society is shouting "internet plus". Then, after the appearance of "internet plus", there is a very big feeling from the perspective of security. Previously, it was said that network security is a security issue in cyberspace. After the "internet plus", security issues gradually penetrated into traditional fields from cyberspace, such as finance and finance.

　Technology to technology, technology to manage technology.

"If you don’t master the core hardware technology and operating system, there will be no secrets for an Internet power like China, and there will be no security." Zhang Xinjian, president of China Internet Service Place Industry Association, was deeply touched by the discussion of the core technology of the Supreme Leader General Secretary. China is in the forefront of the world in the field of Internet, but China is not the founder of Internet technology, and the core technology and root server of the Internet are still in the hands of developed countries such as Europe and America. He said that Internet security must be based on infrastructure with independent intellectual property rights, and China must persist in innovation-driven, strengthen basic research, and break through core technologies.

Xiao Xinguang, an "anti-virus veteran", is far-sighted that China should establish its own core technology in the information field as soon as possible. He believes that anti-virus engine is the core technology in network security detection technology. Complex structure, high development and maintenance, need to make up your mind to develop and have persistent maintenance, and mobile anti-virus engine is a new highland and new focus. "China’s network security technology is not unlicensed, but has reached or approached the international advanced level in terms of anti-virus engine, active defense, mobile security and security big data analysis. Although some single-point technical advantages are not worthy of our arrogance, there is no need to sell ourselves short. The superior technical points can be connected into superior technical points. If the competent safety enterprises can cooperate effectively, they can gradually form a benign safety ecology and industrial cluster. "

360 has a large number of users around the world, with not only more than 9 billion file samples, but also 9 million new samples every day. Therefore, it has some all-weather and all-round ability to perceive the network security situation and can serve the key infrastructure and security construction of the country. Shi Xiaohong, vice president of Qihoo 360, promised that 360 is willing to show its technical capabilities in big data, analytical capabilities, visualization, etc., promote big data sharing, participate in the security of key information infrastructure, and improve the country’s overall security and defense capabilities.

　Standardize legislation and implement the responsibility system for network security

To promote the security and development of the Internet together, it is necessary to establish a basic legal system in the Internet field, one is the basic facility guarantee, and the other is the basic legal system. In recent years, China’s Internet legislation has made great progress, but it still lags behind the real development, which is the biggest security risk. Establish a basic legal system in the Internet field, protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and institutions, crack down on illegal and criminal activities using the Internet, establish and improve laws and regulations in the Internet field from the perspective of safeguarding national security and sovereignty, and safeguard the long-term stability of the country.

Fu Ruyi, chairman of Zhejiang Yuanwang Information, suggested implementing the top-level design of China’s information security system and put forward four specific measures. "First of all, strengthen the design of China’s information security guarantee system from the aspects of laws, regulations and policies, and clarify the functions and objectives at all levels; Secondly, improve the organizational system and management mechanism of information security management at all levels, and explore new ideas and methods of risk-driven security, problem-driven security and performance-driven security with the network information office as the leader, so as to form China’s information security governance system as soon as possible; Third, standardize healthy development through industrial planning and standard guidance, and at the same time build a reasonable mechanism at the market level, especially the talent attraction and incentive mechanism to avoid homogeneous development; Fourth, to grasp the bull’s nose of information security management is to solve the information security management problems with management guidance, a scientific and reasonable security index system and information security governance framework, and build a system with visible risks, tangible problems, responsibilities and operational processes in combination with China’s information security work to strengthen the implementation of responsibilities, improve management efficiency and solve existing problems in information security management. "

Strengthen social mobilization and build a network security space together. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader said that the maintenance of cyberspace needs the joint participation of the government, netizens and social organizations, so that all netizens in Qian Qian can participate in the action of maintaining network security. Network social organizations should do a good job in the fields of network security, financial security, cultural security and the health of minors in cyberspace, and be good at exerting the power of non-governmental organizations. Cooperate with relevant departments by means of social governance to effectively spread positive energy.

As a representative of industry organizations, Li Yuxiao, secretary general of China Cyberspace Security Association, said that in establishing a correct concept of cybersecurity, the association should not only take the lead, but also play a role of publicity and guidance. It is necessary to strengthen the confrontation exercise of network security, and plan to form an industry-wide security situation report, and do a good job in analysis, judgment and support. Continue to discover and organize network security talents and establish a nationwide network security emergency response mechanism. The association will guide the self-discipline behavior of the network security industry in the form of formulating and issuing self-discipline and autonomy initiatives and conventions for network security enterprises. The association will also play an active role in promoting exchanges and cooperation between international trade organizations. (Text/Zhao Yanwei)

　　CCTV News:Rainwater is the key period for Koharu management and Da Chun preparation for farming. Recently, the temperature has risen, and various agricultural production is under way in Jiangsu, Guizhou and Sichuan.

　　Huai ‘an, Jiangsu Province: Strengthening wheat field management to prevent "late spring cold"

　　As the temperature rises, wheat in Jiangsu Province will turn green, get up and jointing from south to north. However, the weather changes in rainy season, and there will be cold waves from time to time. The warm and cold weather is unfavorable for the growth of crops such as wheat. In Huai ‘an, Jiangsu and other places, agricultural technology experts went to the fields to guide farmers to focus on preventing the "late spring cold" freezing injury that may occur after wheat jointing.

　　Sihong, Jiangsu: Don’t miss the busy watermelon seedling raising in greenhouse during farming season.

　　In this watermelon planting cooperative in Yaogou Township, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, melon farmers are busy carrying, watering and planting seedlings recently.

　　There are more than 10 grafting workers like Chen Lijuan in the cooperative, and they can graft 30,000 to 40,000 watermelon seedlings a day. Ordinary watermelon can’t be planted with continuous cropping, but after grafting watermelon seedlings on gourd seedlings, it can not only realize continuous cropping, but also resist Fusarium wilt and improve yield. It is by this grafting technique that high-quality watermelon seedlings can achieve "early spring", ensure listing in April and May, and help melon farmers increase their income and get rich.

　　Bijie, Guizhou Province: Nursery, topdressing and pruning people are diligent in spring and seize the day.

　　In Bijie, Guizhou, fruit farmers in Baohe Community of Lishu Town are taking advantage of the dormancy of fruit trees in early spring to topdress, weed and prune pear trees, and strive for a bumper harvest this year. In the rose planting base in Qingshan Village, Xiangshui Township, flower farmers are busy pruning and fertilizing roses by households. The villager Long Jinfen’s family planted more than 10 acres of roses. In 2020, the output value of roses in her family exceeded 3,000 yuan.

　　Shiqian, Guizhou: People are busy with early spring ploughing and production.

　　Fengxing Vegetable and Fruit Cooperative in Qunfeng Village, Guorong Township, Shiqian County, Guizhou Province adopts the "Orchard Plus" interplanting mode to make full use of land resources. At present, more than 200 acres of fruit trees have been planted here, and various seasonal vegetables such as cabbage and pepper have been interplanted in the meantime. During the Spring Festival holiday this year, many staff members came to the cooperative early and began to prepare for spring ploughing.

　　Zitong, Sichuan: UAV helps prevent and control 170,000 mu of rape pests and diseases.

　　In Zitong County, Sichuan Province, due to the rapid warming of the weather, the flowering period of rape is advanced, and it is now in the critical period of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum prevention and control. However, a large number of young and middle-aged people in rural areas are working outside the home and celebrating the New Year on the spot, and there is a shortage of labor. During the Spring Festival, Zitong County Plant Protection UAV Brigade worked overtime and went to all parts of the county to carry out flight defense operations.

　　According to the staff, compared with the traditional manual pesticide control, the labor force and drug cost per mu of flying prevention work are reduced by 45%, which not only ensures the safety of oil production, but also alleviates the problem of rural labor shortage.

　　BEIJING, July 5 (Xinhua)-Confrontation and dialogue, conflict and compromise have always been two opposing and interdependent aspects in the international political arena. In the past six months in 2013, the global situation has been fluctuating, and there are many tense confrontations and dialogues that attract worldwide attention, from which we can find some threads of the development of the international situation.

　　The first US dollar dialogue: "No tie" lights up Sino-US diplomacy.

　　There is no 21-gun salute, no honor guard and welcoming ceremony, and there is no need to sit at the negotiating table … At the beginning of June this year, the meeting between the heads of state of China and the United States, unlike the previous "no tie", attracted the attention of Chinese people and the whole world.

　　On June 7-8, the Supreme Leader of president, China and US President Barack Obama met in California. This is the first face-to-face contact between the Chinese and American heads of state after the change of government.

　　The dialogue between the heads of state of China and the United States is very special. The meeting place was not the White House, but the picturesque California manor. The leaders of the two sides opened their shirts and collars without ties, saving all red tape. The "no tie" dialogue enabled the two heads of state to have heart-to-heart and in-depth exchanges on major issues in a relaxed and private environment.

　　In the two days, the time spent by the heads of state of China and the United States together exceeded eight hours. Diaoyu Island issue, South China Sea issue, cyber security, North Korean nuclear issue, economic cooperation … At this "no tie meeting", the two heads of state openly and frankly communicated and discussed many issues. The two sides not only talk about cooperation, but also avoid differences. The time, quality, depth and breadth of interaction are unprecedented.

　　As a result of the talks, the two heads of state agreed to work together to build a new type of relationship between China and the United States, promote the construction of a new type of military relationship between China and the United States, and respect each other and win-win cooperation. The handshake between China, the world’s largest developing country, and the leader of the world’s largest developed country, the Supreme Leader, and Obama at California Manor opened a new chapter in Sino-US "trans-Pacific cooperation".

　　Dialogue between the Korean and Korean authorities: it seems like a bright future, but the mountains are heavy.

　　In the first half of this year, the situation on the Korean Peninsula seemed to be on a "roller coaster", which rose and fell in just a few months, but suddenly turned around at the critical moment. However, even if you are willing to "talk", it is still full of twists and turns.

　　In the past few months, the situation on the peninsula has really made people sweat: North Korea conducted a nuclear test, South Korea-US military exercises, the hotline between South Korea and North Korea was cut off, North Korea restarted its nuclear reactor, and the Kaesong Industrial Park completely stopped running … All kinds of signs once made the outside world think that the Korean peninsula had reached a state of "war is imminent".

　　However, since May, North Korea has clearly expressed its willingness to talk to the international community by receiving the Japanese Prime Minister’s adviser and sending a special envoy to visit China. At the beginning of June, North Korea even abandoned its previous tough attitude and made a rare proposal for intergovernmental dialogue to South Korea.

　　The South Korean government quickly seized the opportunity of North Korea’s "goodwill". Just a few days later, the director-level working talks between the ROK and the DPRK were held in Panmunjom, paving the way for the next ministerial talks.

　　然而，就在外界看好局势发展的当口，情况却发生转折性变化。朝鲜以韩方会谈团长“级别过低”为由，单方面宣布取消原定于12日举行的当局会谈。

　　韩朝6月初的政府间对话就这样几乎在最后一刻中断，但7月4日，新的消息传来：韩朝一致同意于6日在板门店举行工作会谈。此外，朝鲜还表示愿意重返六方会谈。韩朝间看似“柳暗花明”、实则“山重水复”的沟通能否顺利继续，值得关注。

　　美国、阿富汗、塔利班：陷入“三角债”困局的谈判

　　12年前，美军进入阿富汗与塔利班武装人员作战，打响“9?11”袭击后的反恐战争“第一战”，就在历经12年战争、死伤数千人之后，阿富汗局势似乎初露和谈曙光，但却因美国、阿富汗政府、塔利班之间的“三角”纠葛搁浅。

　　6月18日，阿富汗塔利班宣布在多哈开设和谈办公室，随后有美国官员确认美方将与塔利班进行直接谈判。此举引起阿政府不满，阿总统卡尔扎伊19日宣布中止阿美《双边安全协议》协商进程，同时取消阿高级和平委员会赴多哈和谈安排。由于遭到阿政府强烈抗议，原定于20日举行的美国和塔利班首次会面被取消。

　　When the news of the talks was released, international public opinion was cautiously optimistic about it. Some analysts believe that the deep-seated reason for the delay in the negotiations is that the three parties have their own "wishful thinking", and the negotiations will be a dilemma with no end in sight.

　　Through negotiations, the United States wants the Taliban to publicly renounce its relations with Al Qaeda, end its violence in Afghanistan and recognize the Afghan Constitution. The United States should avoid giving people the impression of walking away and seek a dignified withdrawal from Afghanistan; The purpose of the Afghan government is to "woo" the Taliban, persuade them to lay down their arms, join the government-led reconciliation process, and maintain and consolidate the government’s orthodoxy and legal status; The Taliban, from the position of strength, tried to share power with the government through negotiations, so as to gain time, gradually expand and restore the Taliban regime.

　　The analysis believes that after more than 10 years of war, the balance of power among the three parties has undergone a fundamental change. Although the three parties came to the negotiating table under the banner of reconciliation process, they all wanted to get something that could not be achieved on the battlefield at the negotiating table, which doomed the negotiations to be difficult to make substantive progress.

　　Just when the negotiations ran aground, the violence cast a heavier shadow on them. On June 25, the presidential palace in Afghanistan was attacked by Taliban militants, and four armed men died in an exchange of fire with the police. This is an attack launched by the Taliban against the highest-level targets in Afghanistan since its offensive in April this year.

　　Although after the violence, US President Barack Obama and Afghan President Hamid Karzai reiterated their support for negotiations with the Afghan Taliban. However, it is still difficult to predict when the peace talks facing many variables will start. The peace process in Afghanistan remains worrying.

　　Difficult situation in Syria: domestic dialogue is hopeless and international conference is difficult to produce.

　　In the middle of 2013, the Syrian crisis, which lasted for more than two years, is still far from being resolved. Bashar al-Assad, who "sticks to" the presidency, has very different political views from the Syrian opposition. The two sides are still mired in the deadlock of confrontation and confrontation, and the road to dialogue and reconciliation is still long.

　　In January this year, Assad put forward a new peace initiative and transition plan, calling for national dialogue to end internal conflicts. However, Assad’s peace initiative did not bring dawn to the chaotic situation in Syria. The Syrian opposition said that unless Assad stepped down or did not have any preconditions, there would be no dialogue.

　　For more than half a year, the Syrian government forces and the opposition have continued to wage a tug-of-war in Syria’s major towns. The two sides have blamed each other on whether to use chemical weapons and whether to kill civilians indiscriminately. The extent to which the domestic security situation in Syria has deteriorated is not difficult to see from the latest data released by the United Nations-it is conservatively estimated that at least 93,000 people have died in the Syrian crisis.

　　In addition, the Geneva International Conference on Syria, which was expected to find a political solution to the Syrian crisis, was also delayed. Since the beginning of June, the United Nations, the United States, Russia, Syria and other parties have held many consultations, but still failed to reach an agreement on key issues such as the convening time and participants. On June 25th, the United Nations-Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria Brahimi said that the meeting scheduled for July could not be held as scheduled because the Syrian opposition was still not ready.

　　At the same time, at the beginning of June, when the war situation began to develop in favor of the Syrian government forces, more than a dozen countries, including the United States, decided to provide emergency military assistance to the opposition in Syria in order to "balance the domestic forces in Syria."

　　But there is no doubt that such a "balance" will only aggravate the antagonistic situation in Syria and make the political solution to the crisis farther away from Syria. When the two sides in Syria can start a dialogue and when the Syrian people can regain peace will remain a long-term problem.

　　Conclusion:

　　Take stock of the conversations worth reviewing in the first half of this year, including successes, failures and unresolved issues. No matter how fierce the confrontation is, "dialogue" is still a good way to solve problems and bridge the differences between the opposing sides. In the future, confrontation and conflict will inevitably continue in the international political arena, but people still hope that there will be more and more dialogues and communication in the international community in the future, injecting more "catalysts" for achieving peace and reconciliation.

In March 1957, East China Normal University will hold a large-scale academic seminar. At the request of the organizer of the conference, Qian Gurong, then a lecturer in the Chinese Department of East China Normal University, wrote the article "On Literature as Human Studies" the month before. In May of that year, this paper was published in Literature and Art Monthly (predecessor of Shanghai Literature).

On "Literature is Humanism" begins with a clear meaning-Gorky once suggested that literature should be called "Humanism". Later, Qian Gurong explained this: "We often quote Gorky’s opinion when explaining that literature must be described by people and create vivid typical images. But our understanding stops here, only knowing that we can’t take a step forward because we are stuck in emphasizing the importance of writing people. In fact, the meaning of this sentence is extremely profound. We can simply regard it as a master key to understand all literary problems. Whoever wants to go deep into the literature and art hall, whether he is a creator or a theorist, must master this key. Without this key, theorists cannot explain a series of phenomena in literature and art; If the creator forgets this key, he can’t write exciting real works of art. "

To be honest, "literature is human science" is the key to understand all literary problems. As a unique language art of human beings, how can literature settle down without "people"? This is common sense. But just because it is common sense, people tend to be ignorant of it and don’t ask for a very good solution. For example, as a proposition that anchors China’s values of modern and contemporary literature, whose mouth did "literature is a study of human" originally come from? For a long time, the academic community has been unable to agree. Even Qian Gurong, who used this key to open the door to China’s modern and contemporary literature, has experienced repeated explorations. Today, the answer he gave himself may not be convincing.

Collected Works of Qian Gurong

Qian Gurong’s initial answer was Gorky. The full text of On Literature as Human Studies is more than 30,000 words, and Gorky’s name is mentioned 33 times. The gesture of "I note the Six Classics" is self-evident. However, after reading this article, you will find that the actual effect is "six classics note me". Interestingly, as far as the view of humanitarian literature expressed by Qian Gurong is concerned, Gorky’s literary theory, which is the "Six Classics" that he quoted, that is, the "proletarian artistic authority" (Leninist), is not solid and powerful in supporting the thesis. Gorky’s theory is not completely compatible with Qian Gurong’s point of view in some specific discussion links, such as the task of literature, the motivation of literary creation, the abstraction or concreteness of people in literature, and especially the typical creative mode of literature. On the contrary, in the same article, Chernyshevski, another Russian writer cited by Qian Gurong, is in the same breath as the author.

As a matter of fact, searching for the whole paper on "Literature is a study of humanity" does not show the words "Literature is a study of humanity" or the sentences such as "Literature is a study of humanity" in the form of Gorky’s direct quotation. Looking up Gorky’s related writings and speeches, I found no such expression.

In this case, why did Qian Gurong associate "literature is human studies" with Gorky? Obviously, he equated Gorky’s suggestion that "literature is called’ humanism’" with "literature is humanism". And where does "calling literature’ human studies’" come from? Qian Gurong said: "It comes from Timofeev’s Principles of Literature." In 1953, the Principles of Literature, published by Pingming Publishing House, was mentioned in many places, and Gorky called literature a "human study". However, in this edition of Principles of Literature, Timofeyev did not annotate the origin of Gorky. It was not until 1959, that is, two years after "On Literature as Human Studies" was written, that Timofeyev indicated in the revised edition of "Principles of Literature" that Gorky’s statement came from the article "On Skills". In 1979, People’s Literature Publishing House published this article. According to this version, Gorky’s original words are not "calling literature" human studies ",but" literature is the best literature of "people’s studies" or "human studies".

It is necessary to point out that, from Gorky’s original words to Qian Gurong’s quotations, the semantics have changed a long time ago after being reported by many texts and translated in different languages. But one thing is certain, Gorky is not the original creator of "literature is human studies".

Because of this, since the publication of "On Literature as Humanism", the controversy about the real origin of "Literature as Humanism" has never stopped. As a party to the debate, Qian Gurong’s attitude has also gone through the process from "defense-persistence" to "doubt-correction" and even self-denial. Finally, he admitted that "Gorky may not have said that literature is a human study".

Of course, denying Gorky, Qian Gurong didn’t give up solving the mystery he created. He found a new answer: Dana.

How did Qian Gurong find Dana? There are related descriptions in his correspondence and interviews in his later years:

In July 2003, Qian Gurong said in a letter to literary critic Li Ling: "I remember that one day in the 1990s, I happened to read the English version of A History of English Literature written by Tanner. In the preface of the book, Tanner said in plain language:’ literature, it is the study of man’. Turner was born in 1828, 40 years earlier than Gorky. The invention right of the phrase’ literature is human studies’ should not belong to Gorky, but to Turner. "

In March, 2005, Li Shitao, a classmate from Qian Gurong, mentioned this matter again, and the expression was basically the same, adding that Dana’s History of English Literature was kept in his family.

In June 2014, Qian Gurong repeated the above words in an exclusive interview with Ma Xinfang, a reporter from Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, only emphasizing that "the book History of English Literature has always been in my family, but I didn’t read it".

Qian Gurong’s book-flipping in the 1990s was a rock-breaking event. The three key clues he came across while turning pages —— Dana, the preface of English History of English literature, and "literature, it is the study of man" —— refreshed people’s understanding of the origin of "literature is the study of man".

Danner, a famous French philosopher, historian and literary theorist, had a far-reaching influence on literary research in the 19th century. In China, Dana’s most famous literary theory work is Philosophy of Art, which was translated by Fu Lei.

The History of English Literature, written by Dana from 1864 to 1869, has no complete translation in China, and some chapters are scattered in books compiled by others. For example, the second volume of Selected Western Literary Theories edited by Wu Yifu contains the second chapter of the preface to the History of English Literature; The Interpretation of Shakespeare’s Plays compiled by Zhang Ke and Wang Yuanhua contains the "Shakespeare Theory" in the History of English Literature.

"literature, it is the study of man", according to Qian Gurong, comes from the preface of the English version of The History of English Literature. Literally, it can indeed correspond to the Chinese saying that "literature is human studies".

If we deduce from these three evidences, the invention right of "literature is human studies" will undoubtedly belong to Dana. Never thought, a new round of questioning appeared soon, and it was rigorous and powerful. In the first issue of China Social Sciences in 2010, Liu Weiqin, a professor at South-Central University for Nationalities, published a paper "Reflections on the Proposition that Literature is a Human Study", which revealed a surprising fact-the original version of Dana’s History of English Literature was in French, while Qian Gurong read the English version. The popular English version of The History of English Literature was translated by Henri Van Laun. However, Liu repeatedly read the preface of this translation, but failed to find the words "literature, it is the study of man". Liu then consulted the preface of the original French version of The History of English Literature, and failed to find a French sentence corresponding to "literature is human studies". Even the sentence closest to "literature is human" is far from its precise meaning.

What is the problem? Let’s take a closer look at Dana and his writings.

The English Version of Dana’s History of English Literature

In the history of western literary theory, Danner was deeply influenced by Comte’s positivism and Darwin’s evolution theory, and borrowed natural laws to explain literary phenomena earlier. The representative work of Dana’s literary theory is the preface to the History of English Literature. In this article, Dana systematically expounded his famous theory of "three elements" of literary development, and he advocated that literary creation is determined by three forces: race, environment and times, which constitute the "internal root", "external pressure" and "acquired momentum" of literary development. The History of English Literature takes English literature as an example to prove the theory of "three elements".

It is true that the preface of the History of English Literature can be regarded as an article on literary theory, but it should be classified into the categories of cultural anthropology and historical sociology. Because Dana pays more attention to the general mental state and national temperament that produce literary works, the writer’s psychology and character as an individual are often ignored by him. As Dana’s teacher St. Pevey commented: Mr. Dana’s research method did not touch the unique and specific individuals, and he always stayed outside, letting the so-called talents and talents escape from the mesh.

Furthermore, Dana’s research paradigm of literary theory, which pays attention to the whole nationality, runs counter to the description of "concrete, living people" in literary works advocated by Qian Gurong in On Literature as Human Studies.

Therefore, it is understandable that Qian Gurong’s new answer-Dana, which was sought by the original creator of "literature is human studies", was questioned.

A good guess, perhaps, Qian Gurong turned to another English version of the History of English Literature in the 1990s; Perhaps, in that version, the English translator has drawn up a title and added a new note for the preface of the book, and "literature, it is the study of man" is part of the title or note …

Perhaps, it’s just that Qian Gurong’s memory is biased. However, with the death of the old gentleman, these have become unsolved mysteries.

Perhaps, we should make a bolder guess: before the publication of On Literature as Human Studies, no one explicitly said that literature is human studies. As one of the most important propositions in modern and contemporary China literature, "Literature is the study of human beings" was invented by the discoverer Qian Gurong himself. Truth is largely a matter of courage. Qian Gurong found a key to understand literary problems with great theoretical courage, but his humility made him devote his time and energy to a fruitless task-to find the person who made the key.

　　BEIJING, Beijing, September 14 (Reporter Zhang Ni) In recent years, with the promotion of burden reduction in primary and secondary schools, the school hours of primary schools in many areas have advanced to around 3: 30. However, children leave school early and parents leave work late, which makes many parents feel embarrassed — — It is unrealistic to ask for leave, and there are many concerns about the custodian. How should we solve the "3: 30 problem"?

　　Parents are worried about picking up their baby after school at 3: 30.

　　"When I get to school, I have a headache. My wife and I both go to work. The off-duty time is five or six o’clock, but children usually leave school at three or four o’clock, and picking up children has become a problem." Mr. Wang, a citizen who lives in Haidian District, Beijing, said that every time he started school, he began to worry about picking up the baby.

　　Mr. Wang’s son is in the fourth grade. Before that, Mr. Wang’s mother helped to pick him up, but in the past two years, because his mother was in poor health, he had to pick him up with his wife.

　　"Now the school has after-school activities three days a week, and the school time is relatively late. I will rotate with my wife for the remaining two days. Whoever is not busy will pick up the children in advance." Mr. Wang said that because the school is close to home, he and his wife planned to let the children go to school by themselves after they entered the fifth and sixth grades, but he was still a little worried.

　　Mr. Wang’s experience is also a portrayal of the real life of many young parents. In order to solve the problem, many elderly people took the initiative to take over the heavy responsibility of receiving the baby. Ms. Shen, 66, is one of them.

　　Ms. Shen lives in Haidian District. Her grandson is in the first grade of primary school this year. Because both her son and daughter-in-law have to work, the job of picking up and dropping off the children is given to her.

　　"I have to go back and forth between home and school several times a day, and I have to walk on the road for nearly an hour a day." Ms. Shen said that because she is in good health, she can accept it, but I am afraid that the elderly who are in poor health will be a little overwhelmed.

　　"Last year, my son asked for a second child, and I hired a nanny to take the second child at home. I can still be busy when I send the boss. When the second child starts to go to kindergarten, I have to pick up two. Without a nanny, I will definitely be too busy." Ms. Shen said.

　　Market demand gives birth to trusteeship fever

　　The problem of parents picking up their children has also left business opportunities for off-campus hosting institutions, and the fees of such institutions are expensive.

　　A few days ago, the reporter consulted a primary school care institution in Zhongguancun, Beijing, and learned that the cost of hosting a primary school student in this institution is 1,480 yuan per month, while the student’s meal fee is calculated separately, which is the charging standard for each meal in 20 yuan. In this way, if a primary school student has dinner once a day in a custody institution, the monthly expenses add up to nearly 2,000 yuan, which is not a small expense for many parents.

　　Even so, because of the large demand, the number of custody places of custody institutions is also very popular.

　　"The number of students we can accept is limited, so we usually start to register in mid-August, and there will be very few places left when the school starts." A staff member of the agency told reporters.

　　For such a custodian, parents also have their own concerns.

　　"One depends on whether the price charge is acceptable. In addition, if we really want to send our children to such a custody institution, we must also check the qualifications, safety facilities, the level of teachers, the quality of food, etc. We are all concerned." Mr. Wang expressed his concern.

　　The teacher vomited: it is very tiring to organize after-school activities.

　　In the first half of this year, the Ministry of Education issued the Guiding Opinions on Doing a Good Job in After-school Services for Primary and Secondary School Students. Among them, it is clear that we should give full play to the role of the main channel of after-school service in primary and secondary schools. The majority of primary and secondary schools should make full use of their advantages in management, personnel, venues and resources, and take the initiative to assume the responsibility of students’ after-school service.

　　The reporter learned that after-school expansion activities have been carried out in primary schools in many areas, including Beijing. However, in the process of school implementation, there are also many practical problems.

　　Lin Lin (pseudonym), who works as an English teacher in a primary school in Chaoyang District, Beijing, said in an interview that her primary school will hold community activities three days a week, but because of the limited resources of teachers in the school, some interest activities need to be outsourced to hire teachers.

　　"Schools should also increase their funding, not only paying the class fees of external teachers, but also paying some remuneration to the class teachers." Lin Lin said.

　　"Community activities usually disrupt classes, and it is difficult for teachers to manage classroom discipline. Therefore, each class should be equipped with a class supervisor. Once the class is over, children like to have classes in disorder, so the class supervisor must always be nervous to prevent danger." Lin Lin told reporters that he will arrive at school at seven o’clock every day, and his usual workload is already very heavy. Coupled with the arrangement of extracurricular activities, he is very tired at the end of the day.

　　After school at 3: 30, did the students reduce their burden?

　　On the one hand, the school leaves school early, on the other hand, the students’ schoolwork burden has not really been alleviated. Many primary school students hurried to the off-campus cram school after leaving the school gate. Xiaoding, who is in the sixth grade this year, is one of them.

　　"I don’t have cram schools now except Monday and Sunday, and I have extracurricular classes the rest of the time." Xiaoding told reporters.

　　Xiaoding’s school is a key primary school in Beijing. It will finish school before three o’clock every Tuesday and Friday, but he still has cram schools to attend. Usually, Xiaoding goes to cram school by bike every time he comes home from school to pack his things, and many students in the class have similar situations.

　　"We are under great pressure as parents. Some of our children’s classmates were recruited by key middle schools in the fourth and fifth grades. If they can’t be recruited, they can only participate in computer allocation, which is quite anxious." Mr. Zhu, who lives in Haidian District, expressed emotion in an interview.

　　Mr. Zhu also has a daughter who has just entered the sixth grade. Because he is worried that his child will be sent to a bad middle school, he began to take his child to take some key middle school exams very early.

　　"In fact, children have very little homework in school and can finish it soon, but we also reported three or four extracurricular classes to our children, so it is not easy." Mr. Zhu said that as long as the child’s junior high school is not solved one day, his heart will always be hanging.

　　How to solve the problem?

　　On the one hand, the state advocates reducing the burden and letting students leave school early. On the other hand, schools and parents are faced with various implementation problems. How to solve the contradictions?

　　In fact, in recent years, many local governments have introduced relevant policies to solve the problem.

　　For example, Beijing, Chengdu and other places have established a financial guarantee mechanism. Public primary schools in Shanghai generally provide free after-school care services to students who have difficulties in family care. Qingdao and other places "take the school family Committee as the leading factor and the school participates in cooperation" and rely on the school’s premises and equipment to carry out after-school service.

　　"Solve ‘ 3: 30 problem ’ It is still necessary to let the school play an active role and carry out more extracurricular activities, but this requires a policy tilt, focusing on giving teachers subsidies and improving teachers’ enthusiasm. " Gu Mingyuan, honorary president of China Education Association, stressed in an interview with Zhongxin. com.

　　Gu Mingyuan analyzed that while the government gives financial support to schools, it should also give them autonomy in running schools. "Education should also be shared, so that schools can fully tap and utilize all social resources, even including inviting parents with special skills to participate in after-school activities. Children should not be pushed to training institutions because of school."

　　Chu Zhaohui, a researcher at the China Academy of Educational Sciences, believes that students should also be given some time for independent activities, rather than just "going to school — — Going home is a two-point and one-line life, and the part that is in contact with society is missing.

　　"In the process of children’s growth, it is not only the school that has an educational role, but also the society. Education should return to a normal state, so that children can participate in social activities independently and find their own interests." Chu Zhaohui said.

　　In addition, Chu Zhaohui emphasized that if the disguised junior high school entrance examination still exists, then the children are still tied to the examination and academic performance, so it is difficult to really reduce the burden. (End)

1905 movie network news At present, many movies at home and abroad rely on grand scenes, exquisite special effects, thrilling blasting and so on to win the audience’s attention, but few movies really rely on actors’ acting skills and stories themselves to win both box office and word of mouth. Today, Xiaobian will recommend several movies that you can never get tired of watching.

First, the game of wise men who decide life and death:

This is a film adapted from real historical events in Britain. The story tells the most famous conversation in British history. The two sides of the conversation were ian Paisley, the leader of democratic unionist party in Northern Ireland, and martin mcguinness, a politician of the New Finland Movement. The conversation took place in Britain during the turbulent period, when the British people were under the threat of death every day, and the meeting between the two politicians decided whether thousands of people could spend a peaceful period safely.

This one-and-a-half-hour-long film, from the very beginning, explains the reasons for the meeting between the two men, to how the political team behind it arranged the space for them to be alone behind the scenes, and finally, how the two men reached an agreement in mutual sarcasm and disputes, without delay.

One of the highlights of the film is that the scene of their conversation is placed in the back seat of a commercial vehicle. During the short hour of escorting ian Paisley to the airport, the political team needs to race against time to create opportunities for peace talks between the two, including arranging special drivers and setting up roadblocks to extend the time, because it is related to the lives of tens of millions of people and the future of Britain.

The second wonderful thing is the dialogue between the two people, which sounds like sarcasm, but in fact they are playing games with each other. Both of them stick to their political opinions and have no intention of giving in. But in the end, the two sides finally compromise for peace, but this compromise is not a concession of political opinions. Just as at the end of the film, Ian made Martin apologize for the explosion in Britain as a condition for peace, but Martin refused, and this refusal touched Ian and made him realize that their insistence on politics was actually the same.

The lines of the whole movie are particularly logical, and it is difficult for people to imagine how the real scene developed at that time, but it is precisely because of the images that this historic moment can be highly restored, which is the unique charm of the movie.

Second, the intrigue for the truth:

This suspense masterpiece from Spain was released in China this year, and it was once a double harvest at the box office. The story is about a mother who dressed as a lawyer to investigate her son’s death, and finally the truth came out.

In the film, the hero and heroine are in a closed room, trying to find each other’s loopholes with language. The hostess and mother use superb conversation skills to win the trust of the man first, and then slowly let the man tell the truth himself, while the suspect of the other man fabricates one story after another to try to cover up the facts, but in the end, she can’t resist the psychological defense line and is broken by the woman. After he tells the truth, the woman leaves the room. He didn’t realize that the lawyer who just walked into the room was not a real lawyer. In the last shot, he looked out of the window and looked at a pair of middle-aged men and women who were watching him in the opposite window. The woman took off her costume and the man’s face gradually emerged with a look of surprise.

This masterpiece, which scored 8.7 on Douban, is different from other suspense films. It takes conversation as the main line, and the two people perform different versions of the story in the intrigue between words. But in the end, the audience can only distinguish the truth by virtue of their dialogue, which can be described as an extraordinary brain-burning film.

Three, spying on the secret tit for tat:

This is a realistic work that reflects the fragile emotional relationship between people at present. The story mainly tells a series of unexpected stories about seven good friends at a dinner because of a game.

The setting of seven people in the film is two couples, a pair of lovers and a man who is afraid to bring his partner to meet his friends. At the dinner table, the hostess, who is a psychologist, suggested that everyone play a game. The rule of the game is that everyone should put their mobile phones on the dinner table and share any phone calls or text messages all night. Imagine that in this information-oriented era, mobile phones have almost become the most special private space for everyone. As the movie said, it is like a Pandora’s box. Once opened, I don’t know what will happen. It is in this game that everyone’s unknown secrets begin to surface. There is no loyalty between husband and wife, no trust between friends, and everyone tries to defend with pale and powerless language, but all broken relationships are like broken mirrors, which can not be healed by just a few words.

This high-scoring movie, which also scored 8.6 on Douban, is almost a dialogue. Everyone connects lies with the truth in series. Only by watching this movie seriously can the audience sort out this complicated relationship between people. At the end of the movie, they will inevitably sigh that in the current information age, although the relationship between people has been expanded, it is so fragile, and everyone needs a Pandora’s Box of their own to load things that they don’t want to be known.

Fourth, the strange story of staggered space:

This is a complete brain-burning film. There are nearly ten protagonists in the same room, and the relationship between them depends on the dialogue between the characters. In the first half of the film, it will bring people a sense of seeing things in a fog, but it will make people feel more and more jittery later, especially when everyone talks about the strange phenomenon when the comet comes. The ensuing power outage causes everyone to leave the house and meet the same themselves in the street for help. This series.

It is reported that when the film was filmed, the director only provided information about the relationship between the actors and characters, and what the lines should say and what they need to do all depended on the improvisation of the actors, which shows how amazing the performance of this group of old actors is in front of the camera. Compared with the previous two films, this part adds sci-fi elements to it, and leads the audience into a world with wide brain holes through similar stories of the same characters in different timelines and different spaces.

　　Recently, the COVID-19 epidemic has spread in many countries around the world, causing market concerns about corporate performance and economic growth. The Federal Reserve announced that it would cut the federal funds rate by 50 basis points to 1% & mdash; 1.25% range, this is the first time the Fed has cut interest rates this year. China’s central bank did not follow suit and suspended the open market operation. Experts believe that China has guided the interest rate reduction in advance, and there is still room for monetary policy.

　　At 23: 00 Beijing time on March 3, the Federal Reserve suddenly lowered its benchmark interest rate by 50 basis points to 1.00%— 1.25%, while reducing the excess reserve ratio (IOER) by 50 basis points to 1.1%.　

　　Although the Fed cut interest rates three times last year, the relevant decisions were made by the interest rate meeting. The sudden announcement of interest rate cuts exceeded market expectations. Subsequently, the UAE and Saudi Arabia announced a 50 basis point interest rate cut; On the morning of March 4th, Beijing time, the HKMA in Hong Kong and Macau also announced a 50 basis point interest rate cut.

　　On March 4th, the People’s Bank of China suspended its open market operation. Experts in the industry believe that in response to the COVID-19 epidemic, China has guided the interest rate reduction ahead of schedule, and there is still room for monetary policy.

　　Multinational central banks start to cut interest rates.

　　The United States is not the first country to start cutting interest rates.

　　Before the Fed cut interest rates, central banks in Australia, Malaysia and other countries announced interest rate cuts.　

　　Earlier, the Fed’s interest rate cut expectations have already appeared, but the market expects the Fed to announce this decision at the interest rate meeting in March. The sudden announcement of interest rate cuts outside the interest rate meeting exceeded market expectations.　

　　It is not uncommon for the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates since last year. Although this is the first interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve in 2020, it is also the fourth interest rate cut operation since last year. The previous three interest rate cuts occurred in July, September and October of 2019.

　　Judging from the operation in the history of the Federal Reserve, it is rare to cut interest rates urgently. Ming Ming, chief researcher of fixed income of CITIC Securities, said that the Fed chose to cut interest rates urgently, usually when it encountered a major risk event. Since 1994, there have been nine emergency interest rate cuts in the history of the Federal Reserve. The latest emergency interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve dates back to October 8, 2008, because the collapse of Lehman Brothers triggered concerns about economic recession. In the 11 years since then, the Fed has not taken similar actions. Therefore, it is clearly believed that the announcement of the emergency interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve this time may mean that the assessment of the current risk state within the Federal Reserve has reached a certain level.

　　Loose expectations have been warming up around the world. Recently, the Bank of Japan purchased a record 101.4 billion yen ETF on March 2, and said that it would provide sufficient liquidity to the market through appropriate market operations and asset acquisition to ensure the stability of the financial market; The European Central Bank also expressed its readiness to take appropriate and targeted measures and take corresponding actions against potential risks if necessary.

　　Monetary policy is based on me.

　　After the Federal Reserve cut interest rates, China’s central bank did not follow suit and suspended open market operations.　

　　On March 4th, the central bank announced that the total amount of liquidity in the banking system is at a reasonable and sufficient level, and no reverse repurchase operation will be carried out today.

　　Color, chief economist of Founder Securities, believes that the COVID-19 epidemic appeared earlier in China, and the China government has taken effective measures to prevent and control the epidemic, such as medium-term lending facility (MLF) "interest rate reduction", reverse repurchase operation, refinancing rediscount, special refinancing, etc., to maintain a reasonable and sufficient liquidity. The interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve and other central banks is a lagging policy after the epidemic. China’s central bank is already a pioneer and does not have to follow.

　　As early as February 1, the central bank made it clear that it would set up a special refinancing loan of 300 billion yuan to provide financial institutions with low-cost funds and support financial institutions to provide credit support at preferential interest rates for enterprises. Before the financial market opened on February 3, the central bank predicted the timing and scale of liquidity in advance. Subsequently, on February 3 and 4, the central bank put sufficient supply liquidity into the market, and the accumulated liquidity in the two days reached 1.7 trillion yuan, which exceeded market expectations.

　　At the same time, China took the lead in "cutting interest rates", but different from the Fed’s interest rate cut, China guided the open market operating interest rate, MLF interest rate and LPR quotation to be lowered in a "relay" manner. On February 3rd, while carrying out a record 1.2 trillion yuan reverse repurchase operation, the interest rates of the current 7-day and 14-day reverse repurchase operations both dropped by 10 basis points, which exceeded market expectations. On February 17th, the winning bid rate of the 200 billion MLF operation carried out by the People’s Bank of China was lowered by 10 basis points; On February 20th, the one-year LPR decreased by 10 basis points to 4.05%, and the one-year LPR decreased by 5 basis points to 4.75%.

　　For example, at the end of July last year, when the Federal Reserve announced a rate cut, China did not follow suit, and also suspended the open market operation on the same day.

　　There is room for countercyclical regulation

　　Recently, Liu Guoqiang, deputy governor of the People’s Bank of China, said in an interview with the media that as one of the few countries in the major economies to implement normalized monetary policy, China still has sufficient monetary policy space and sufficient reserves in the toolbox, so it is confident and capable of hedging the impact of the epidemic.

　　Under this premise, the expectation of lowering the benchmark deposit interest rate has also increased, but the market is still controversial.

　　Liu Guoqiang said that the benchmark deposit interest rate is the "ballast stone" of China’s interest rate system, and it will be kept for a long time. In the future, it will be adjusted in a timely and appropriate manner according to the deployment of the State Council, taking into account the fundamental conditions such as economic growth and price level.

　　However, it has been pointed out recently that lowering MLF and other methods should be used to drive down the financing cost of the real economy. At this time, lowering the benchmark deposit interest rate is a "turning back" in the interest rate marketization process. Many economists also believe that the effect of lowering the benchmark deposit interest rate may be limited.

　　In this regard, Wen Bin believes that it is residents and corporate deposits that really affect bank costs, accounting for more than 60% of bank liabilities. The change of MLF interest rate is more to convey the intention of monetary policy, which has limited effect on reducing the overall debt cost of banks, not to mention the frequent change of MLF interest rate. The high capital cost of banks also restricts the downward trend of LPR. Therefore, it is very necessary and urgent to lower the deposit interest rate, and we can’t think that lowering the deposit interest rate is the retrogression of interest rate marketization. On the contrary, the central bank’s "anchoring" of the deposit benchmark interest rate is still the core element and proper meaning of monetary policy.　

　　Liu Guoqiang said that next, targeted cuts to required reserve ratios will be selected for the banks that meet the service standards in inclusive finance in 2019 to release long-term liquidity. Recently, the COVID-19 epidemic has spread in many countries around the world, causing market concerns about corporate performance and economic growth. The Federal Reserve announced that it would cut the federal funds rate by 50 basis points to 1% & mdash; 1.25% range, this is the first time the Fed has cut interest rates this year. China’s central bank did not follow suit and suspended the open market operation. Experts believe that China has guided the interest rate reduction in advance, and there is still room for monetary policy.

　　At 23: 00 Beijing time on March 3, the Federal Reserve suddenly lowered its benchmark interest rate by 50 basis points to 1.00%— 1.25%, while reducing the excess reserve ratio (IOER) by 50 basis points to 1.1%.

　　Although the Fed cut interest rates three times last year, the relevant decisions were made by the interest rate meeting. The sudden announcement of interest rate cuts exceeded market expectations. Subsequently, the UAE and Saudi Arabia announced a 50 basis point interest rate cut; On the morning of March 4th, Beijing time, the HKMA in Hong Kong and Macau also announced a 50 basis point interest rate cut.

　　On March 4th, the People’s Bank of China suspended its open market operation. Experts in the industry believe that in response to the COVID-19 epidemic, China has guided the interest rate reduction ahead of schedule, and there is still room for monetary policy.

　　The United States is not the first country to start cutting interest rates.

　　Before the Fed cut interest rates, central banks in Australia, Malaysia and other countries announced interest rate cuts.

　　Earlier, the Fed’s interest rate cut expectations have already appeared, but the market expects the Fed to announce this decision at the interest rate meeting in March. The sudden announcement of interest rate cuts outside the interest rate meeting exceeded market expectations.

　　It is not uncommon for the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates since last year. Although this is the first interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve in 2020, it is also the fourth interest rate cut operation since last year. The previous three interest rate cuts occurred in July, September and October of 2019.

　　Judging from the operation in the history of the Federal Reserve, it is rare to cut interest rates urgently. Ming Ming, chief researcher of fixed income of CITIC Securities, said that the Fed chose to cut interest rates urgently, usually when it encountered a major risk event. Since 1994, there have been nine emergency interest rate cuts in the history of the Federal Reserve. The latest emergency interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve dates back to October 8, 2008, because the collapse of Lehman Brothers triggered concerns about economic recession. In the 11 years since then, the Fed has not taken similar actions. Therefore, it is clearly believed that the announcement of the emergency interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve this time may mean that the assessment of the current risk state within the Federal Reserve has reached a certain level.

　　The Fed’s interest rate cut quickly triggered a wave of "following" interest rate cuts. The United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia immediately announced a 50 basis point interest rate cut. China’s Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions adopted the linked exchange rate system, so they also announced interest rate cuts soon. On March 4th, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority announced that it would cut its benchmark interest rate by 50 basis points to 1.50%, and said that it would continue to pay attention to market conditions, maintain the orderly operation of Hong Kong’s currency and foreign exchange markets, and ensure the stability of Hong Kong’s currency according to the linked exchange rate system. The Macao Monetary Authority also announced on March 4th that it would lower the basic interest rate of the discount window by 50 basis points to 1.50%. The Macao Monetary Authority said that since the Macao pataca is linked to the Hong Kong dollar, in order to maintain the effective operation of the linked exchange rate system between Hong Kong and Macao, the policy interest rate changes of the two places must be basically the same. Therefore, the Macao Monetary Authority followed the Hong Kong Monetary Authority to adjust its basic interest rate synchronously.

　　Loose expectations have been warming up around the world. Recently, the Bank of Japan purchased a record 101.4 billion yen ETF on March 2, and said that it would provide sufficient liquidity to the market through appropriate market operations and asset acquisition to ensure the stability of the financial market; The European Central Bank also expressed its readiness to take appropriate and targeted measures and take corresponding actions against potential risks if necessary.

　　Monetary policy is based on me.

　　After the Federal Reserve cut interest rates, China’s central bank did not follow suit and suspended open market operations.

　　On March 4th, the central bank announced that the total amount of liquidity in the banking system is at a reasonable and sufficient level, and no reverse repurchase operation will be carried out today.　

　　Color, chief economist of Founder Securities, believes that the COVID-19 epidemic appeared earlier in China, and the China government has taken effective measures to prevent and control the epidemic, such as medium-term lending facility (MLF) "interest rate reduction", reverse repurchase operation, refinancing rediscount, special refinancing, etc., to maintain a reasonable and sufficient liquidity. The interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve and other central banks is a lagging policy after the epidemic. China’s central bank is already a pioneer and does not have to follow.

　　As early as February 1, the central bank made it clear that it would set up a special refinancing loan of 300 billion yuan to provide financial institutions with low-cost funds and support financial institutions to provide credit support at preferential interest rates for enterprises. Before the financial market opened on February 3, the central bank predicted the timing and scale of liquidity in advance. Subsequently, on February 3 and 4, the central bank put sufficient supply liquidity into the market, and the accumulated liquidity in the two days reached 1.7 trillion yuan, which exceeded market expectations.

　　At the same time, China took the lead in "cutting interest rates", but different from the Fed’s interest rate cut, China guided the open market operating interest rate, MLF interest rate and LPR quotation to be lowered in a "relay" manner. On February 3rd, while carrying out a record 1.2 trillion yuan reverse repurchase operation, the interest rates of the current 7-day and 14-day reverse repurchase operations both dropped by 10 basis points, which exceeded market expectations. On February 17th, the winning bid rate of the 200 billion MLF operation carried out by the People’s Bank of China was lowered by 10 basis points; On February 20th, the one-year LPR decreased by 10 basis points to 4.05%, and the one-year LPR decreased by 5 basis points to 4.75%.　

　　For example, at the end of July last year, when the Federal Reserve announced a rate cut, China did not follow suit, and also suspended the open market operation on the same day.

　　There is room for countercyclical regulation

　　Obviously, the further easing of global monetary policy has opened up space for domestic monetary policy. Compared with Europe and America, the Bank of China has more room for conventional monetary policy easing.　

　　Recently, Liu Guoqiang, deputy governor of the People’s Bank of China, said in an interview with the media that as one of the few countries in the major economies to implement normalized monetary policy, China still has sufficient monetary policy space and sufficient reserves in the toolbox, so it is confident and capable of hedging the impact of the epidemic.　

　　Under this premise, the expectation of lowering the benchmark deposit interest rate has also increased, but the market is still controversial.

　　Liu Guoqiang said that the benchmark deposit interest rate is the "ballast stone" of China’s interest rate system, and it will be kept for a long time. In the future, it will be adjusted in a timely and appropriate manner according to the deployment of the State Council, taking into account the fundamental conditions such as economic growth and price level.　

　　However, it has been pointed out recently that lowering MLF and other methods should be used to drive down the financing cost of the real economy. At this time, lowering the benchmark deposit interest rate is a "turning back" in the interest rate marketization process. Many economists also believe that the effect of lowering the benchmark deposit interest rate may be limited.

　　In this regard, Wen Bin believes that it is residents and corporate deposits that really affect bank costs, accounting for more than 60% of bank liabilities. The change of MLF interest rate is more to convey the intention of monetary policy, which has limited effect on reducing the overall debt cost of banks, not to mention the frequent change of MLF interest rate. The high capital cost of banks also restricts the downward trend of LPR. Therefore, it is very necessary and urgent to lower the deposit interest rate, and we can’t think that lowering the deposit interest rate is the retrogression of interest rate marketization. On the contrary, the central bank’s "anchoring" of the deposit benchmark interest rate is still the core element and proper meaning of monetary policy.　

　　Liu Guoqiang said that next, targeted cuts to required reserve ratios will be selected for the banks that meet the service standards in inclusive finance in 2019 to release long-term liquidity.